氢气在发动机中的应用研究

氢气作为最清洁、最环保、可再生的能源,将其应用于发动机可大大减少大气污染和缓解石油资源短缺的问题。但由于氢气燃烧速度快、着火极限范围宽,在应用于发动机时常常出现回火、爆震等异常燃烧,从而影响发动机的性能和正常使用。本文通过对一台ZS1100单缸机燃用氢气燃料的试验基础上,系统地研究了氢气发动机混合气形成方式。剖析了氢气发动机异常燃烧机理,总结了异常燃烧的抑制技术。通过试验指出了发动机的点火提前角、压缩比对发动机的性能和异常燃烧的影响。     

燃氢发动机的爆震燃烧问题

随着经济和社会的高速发展,车辆的有害排放物给环境造成了严重的危害.氢气是可再生能源,作为车用发动机的替代燃料,排放的唯一有害气体是NO.但是,氢气的燃烧扩散速度太快,形成爆震燃烧的几率比汽油大得多,爆震问题是设计氢气燃料发动机要考虑的最重要的因素之一,在分析和试验的基础上,为控制氢发动机的爆震提供了参考条件.     

1110氢气发动机的研制

根据氢气的特点,利用常柴生产的ZS1110柴油机进行改制、试验,进而研制开发出1110氢气发动机,并用于用户现场。主要介绍了1110氢气发动机的主要性能指标、关键技术、结构特点及试验结果。     

氢气直喷对发动机燃烧及排放性能的影响

基于一台高压直喷汽油机,将汽油直喷喷射器替换为氢气直喷喷射器,试验研究了发动机燃用氢气与汽油时的燃烧和排放特性差异。采用空气稀释,进一步分析了氢气发动机稀薄燃烧模式下热效率提升潜力及氮氧化物排放特性,明确了氢气燃料对发动机燃烧及污染物排放的影响规律。结果表明,当量燃烧模式下,相比汽油发动机,氢气发动机的燃烧持续期明显缩短,有效热效率降低,NO_x排放升高,CO及总碳氢（total hydrocarbon, THC）排放显著降低。提高氢气发动机的过量空气系数有助于改善有效热效率。在中等负荷工况下,过量空气系数为2.7时有效热效率可达43.5%。增大过量空气系数,氢气发动机能够在保持较高燃烧稳定性的情况下显著降低NO_x排放。在低负荷工况下,当过量空气系数大于2.3时NO_x排放最低可降低至44×10^-6。     

燃料重整制氢及其应用方式的比较

燃料重整制氢是一种通过催化剂使得燃料经过化学反应产生氢气的制氢方法,所制取的氢气可以作为质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的原料,也可以直接参与发动机燃烧。本文主要介绍了几种不同燃料重整制氢机理,以及氢气在车用发动机上的应用方式。分析表明,发动机掺氢燃烧可以加速火焰燃烧,缩短燃烧期,改善发动机的性能。同时,还可以起到减少尾气排放的作用。因此,发动机掺氢燃烧是燃料重整的最有效应用方法。     

车用发动机燃用天然气掺氢燃料的性能计算分析与研究

为了研究天然气掺氢发动机的燃烧特性,从模拟试验的角度运用大型发动机软件建立了6缸火花点火天然气掺氢发动机的虚拟样机,并经过试验验证该模型基本准确.通过仿真计算得出,天然气发动机在掺入氢气之后,提高了燃烧速度,明显拓宽了发动机的稀燃极限.在掺入氢气30 %(体积百分比)时,发动机的综合性能指标较好;提高压缩比,指示热效率得到提高.     

燃料重整制氢及应用的研究现状和展望

燃料重整制氢是应用催化剂使燃料经过复杂的化学反应生成氢气的制氢方法。本文介绍了氢燃料相对于其他燃料的优缺点及燃料重整制氢的研究现状,论述了混氢燃料发动机相对于传统发动机所具有的优势,指出了重整制氢是未来发动机发展的重要趋势。     

“武藏8号”氢气车的开发

日本武藏工业大学最近开发了“武藏8号”氢气车.它以液态氢作为发动机燃料.1970年以来,该大学机械工程系内燃机研究室一直从事氢气发动机的研制工作,迄今已开发出1～7号氢气车.这次开发“武藏8号”车时得到了日产柴油机公司的协助,将日产BD30型柴油机改造成燃用氢的发动机,并装在Fair1ady牌汽车上.其     

混氢体积分数对汽油机性能影响的试验研究

在一台加装了电控氢气喷射系统的发动机上就过量空气系数为1.1时进气混氢体积分数对发动机性能的影响进行了试验研究。在发动机转速为1 400 r/min的条件下,调整了氢气的喷射脉宽,使氢气占进气的体积分数依次为01、%、3%4、.5%和6%。试验结果表明:混氢后发动机制动热效率升高,在混氢体积分数为6%时,发动机制动热效率比纯汽油机时平均提高14.53%;滞燃期与快速燃烧持续期缩短;缸压峰值增加,缸压峰值位置所对应的曲轴转角提前;发动机循环变动降低。在混氢体积分数较小时,CO排放随混氢比的增加而减少,但混氢体积分数为6%时的发动机CO排放有所升高;混氢后发动机HC排放减少,但NOx排放有所增加。     

氢气／柴油发动机NOx和微粒排放特性的数值模拟

在柴油引燃氢气／柴油发动机中,氢气的引入会对氢气／空气混合气氛围中的柴油雾化特性和燃烧特性产生直接的影响,进而对发动机的排放产生影响．应用改进的KIVA．3V程序,对氢气／柴油发动机的N0x和微粒排放特性进行了模拟研究,分析了氢气的引入对氢气／柴油发动机N0。和微粒排放的影响．结果表明：低负荷时,氢气替代部分柴油后,发...     

Research and development of hydrogen fuelled engines in China

The present paper introduces the role of vehicles in the context of Chinese economy, Chinese energy security, Chinese environment and the sustainable development of China; expounds that hydrogen is the promising alternative fuel for vehicles in China; and points that developing hydrogen fuelled engine vehicle is inevitable for the further development of Chinese vehicle industry. Then, the paper reviews the research and development of hydrogen fuelled engines in China, and reports the most achievements obtained by Chinese researchers in the field of the hydrogen fuelled engines which involve hydrogen-enriched gasoline engine, hydrogen-enriched diesel engine, hydrogen-(compressed) natural gas dual (HNG/HCNG) fuel engine, and pure hydrogen internal combustion engine (H₂ICE).     

A simulation and design tool for hydrogen SI engine systems—Validation of the intake hydrogen flow model

A simulation and design tool applicable to hydrogen powered spark ignition engine systems is introduced in this paper. This software is applicable to single and multi-cylinder engines under steady state or transient operating conditions, and is capable of simulating one-dimensional unsteady chemical species transport through intake and exhaust engine ducting, the induction and combustion of those chemical species, and the engine performance characteristics and emissions which are produced. Results are presented from validation studies carried out on a 1.6 l spark ignition engine converted to operate with manifold-fuelled gaseous hydrogen. These experimental results validate the ability of the simulation to accurately describe the transport of gaseous hydrogen through engine intake ducting, and the displacement of intake air due to hydrogen introduction.     

Enhancing the performance of a spark-ignition methanol engine with hydrogen addition

This paper investigated the effect of hydrogen addition on enhancing the performance of a methanol engine at part load and lean conditions. The experiment was conducted on a modified spark-ignited engine equipped with an adjustable dual-fuel injection system. The engine was run at an engine speed of 1400 rpm with two hydrogen volume fractions in the intake of 0% and 3%. The test results illustrated that the engine cyclic variation was eased and the brake thermal efficiency was enhanced after the hydrogen blending. Besides, the hydrogen enrichment was effective on reducing the flame development and propagation periods. HC and CO emissions were generally reduced after the hydrogen blending. NOx emissions from the hydrogen-blended methanol engine could be dropped to a low level when the engine was run under high excess air ratios.     

氢发动机喷氢控制算法设计

在分析喷氢正时和喷氢量对氢发动机工作性能影响的基础上，设计了喷氢控制算法，并基于Pareto秩和决策偏好相结合的全自动标定算法，进行了喷氢提前角和喷氢脉宽电控系统的软硬件设计。实现了随工况变化动态寻优，使氢发动机动力性、经济性与排放等综合性能达到优化的目标。     

Advantages of the direct injection of both diesel and hydrogen in dual fuel H2ICE

The turbocharged Diesel engine is the most efficient engine now in production for transport applications with full load brake engine thermal efficiencies up to 40-45% and reduced penalties in brake engine thermal efficiencies reducing the load. The secrets of the turbocharged Diesel engine performances are the high compression ratio and the lean bulk combustion mostly diffusion controlled in addition to the better use of the exhaust energy. Despite these advantages and the further complications of hydrogen in terms of abnormal combustion phenomena and displacement effect, the most part of the dual fuel Diesel-hydrogen engines has been developed so far injecting hydrogen in the intake manifold or in the intake port, and then injecting the Diesel fuel in the cylinder to ignite there a homogeneous mixture. This paper shows how a latest production common-rail Diesel engine could be modified replacing the Diesel injector by a double injector as those proposed by Westport since more than two decades for CNG first and then for CNG and hydrogen to provide much better performances. A model is first developed and validated versus extensive high quality dynamometer data for the Diesel engine only covering with almost 200 points the load and speed range. This model replaces the multiple injection strategy with a single equivalent injection for the purposes of the brake efficiency results still providing satisfactory accuracy. The model is then used to simulate the dual fuel operation with a pilot Diesel followed by a main hydrogen injection replacing the Diesel fuel with the hydrogen fuel and using the same parameters for start and duration of the equivalent injection at same percentage load and speed. While the top load air-to-fuel ratio of the Diesel is a lean 1.55, the top air-to-fuel ratio of the hydrogen is assumed to be a stoichiometric 1. Within the validity of these assumptions it is shown that the novel engine has better than Diesel fuel conversion efficiencies and higher than Diesel power outputs. These results clearly indicate the development of the direct injection system as the key factor where to focus research and development for this kind of engines.     

Experimental study of effect of hydrogen addition on combustion of low caloric value gas fuels

The effect of hydrogen on the premixed combustion of low calorific value gas in cylinder was carried out. The engine bench test system was built, and the effects of hydrogen on the pressure in cylinder, the characterization parameters of flame stability, flame shape, combustion cycle variation, flame surface structure and development were studied. The experimental results show that adding hydrogen to low calorific value gas fuels can increase laminar flame propagation rate, increase heat release rate, improve engine volumetric efficiency and reduce engine cycle variation. With the increase of hydrogen fraction, the maximum cylinder pressure of the engine rises, the corresponding crankshaft angle moves forward, and the flame development period and the rapid combustion period of the engine working cycle are reduced. The flame propagation rate of hydrogen blended low calorific value gas is larger, which enhances the strength of the vortex blob in cylinder to some extent. The increase of hydrogen fraction in mixture increases the flame propagation velocity, and enhances the effect of the combustion process on vortex intensity in cylinder, which increasing the effect of vortex blob on the flame surface structure. With the increase of hydrogen fraction, the vortices of the flow field in the cylinder increase, the time of which the flame surface reaches the same fold is in advance, and the flame development period is shortened.     

Optimization control of hydrogen engine ignition system based on ACO-BP

With the development of new energy, hydrogen fuel engines have become a research boom in the automotive field. But there are abnormal problems such as backfire and pre-ignition during the combustion of hydrogen engines. This paper is based on the Ant Colony Optimization-Back Propagation (ACO-BP) algorithm to study the influence of different speed and load conditions on the ignition advance angle, so as to optimize the control of the hydrogen engine. The experimental system is established on a hydrogen engine converted from a 492Q gasoline engine. The prediction of the optimal ignition advance angle was obtained through experiments, and the optimal ignition MAP diagram of the hydrogen engine is constructed. The optimal ignition advance angle under different working conditions can effectively avoid the occurrence of hydrogen engine pre-ignition. The accuracy reaches 0.0018209 when the training reaches 14 times, the fitness between the actual value and the predicted value of ACO-BP training is 0.99921, the verification accuracy reaches 0.99913, and the test accuracy reaches 0.99932. Compared with the three optimization methods, the convergence speed and error accuracy of ACO-BP are significantly better than the BP neural networks and Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation (GA-BP). This method realized the model of the nonlinear mapping model from hydrogen engine speed and load to optimal ignition advance angle, which is of great significance for solving the problem of abnormal combustion in hydrogen engine.     

氢发动机喷氢控制算法设计

在分析喷氢正时和喷氢量对氢发动机工作性能影响的基础上,设计了喷氢控制算法,并基于Pareto秩和决策偏好相结合的全自动标定算法,进行了喷氢提前角和喷氢脉宽电控系统的软硬件设计。实现了随工况变化动态寻优,使氢发动机动力性、经济性与排放等综合性能达到优化的目标。     

A comparative study on performance of the rotary engine fueled hydrogen/gasoline and hydrogen/n-butanol

The comparative study on performance of the hydrogen/gasoline and hydrogen/n-butanol rotary engines was conducted in the present paper. Considering the stable operation of the engine, for both hydrogen/gasoline case and hydrogen/n-butanol case, the operating conditions were set at: 4000 rpm (engine speed), 35 kPa (intake pressure) and 30 °CA BTDC (spark timing). The total excess air ratio of mixture was maintained at 1.0 through all the tests. The testing results displayed that hydrogen enrichment improved performance of both gasoline and n-butanol rotary engines. To be more specific, brake thermal efficiency was increased, flame development and propagation periods were shortened, the coefficient of variation in flame propagation period was decreased, and the emissions of HC and CO were decreased. NOx emissions were mildly increased after hydrogen addition. Besides, hydrogen/n-butanol rotary engine possessed the similar performance to hydrogen/gasoline rotary engine.