热弹性马氏体相变中的高温内耗峰

采用不完全相变内耗(IF)测量法, 在Cu-Al-Ni-Mn-Ti合金马氏体相变中获得双内耗峰, 即低温内耗峰和高温内耗峰. 高温内耗峰主要出现在频率小于0.050 Hz的范围, 其位置对应于相对动力学模量的拐点位置; 高温内耗峰峰值在测量频率范围内与振动频率成反比关系, 满足经典的Belko和Delorme模型; 高温内耗峰具有明显的反常应变振幅效应, 其峰值随变温速率的增大而增大, 这些都说明高温内耗峰的形成与相转变量有关.     

热处理工艺对NiTi形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响

对成分（at）为Ti－51．28％Ni合金的相变过程用电阻、金相法进行了研究．发现该合金加热过程中发生M→R＋M→B2转变，冷却时则有M→R＋M→B2转变．并用电阻－温度曲线测定了不同热处理工艺条件下合金的相变温度，讨论了固溶时效处理制度对马氏体相变及R相变的影响，也讨论了提高合金形状记忆效应稳定性的各种方式，结果表明，“高温固溶，中温时效”是有利于该合金马氏体相变的最佳热处理工艺．也是提高其形状记忆效应的有效途径。     

Ni47Ti44Nb9合金相变及拉伸变形行为

利用电阻法和不同温度下的系列拉伸研究了Ni_(47)Ti_(44)Nb_9合金的相变及拉伸变形行为。结果表明:合金的拉伸变形行为强烈地依赖于拉伸变形温度。在Ms点以下,发生马氏体变体的再取向,其临界屈服应力随温度降低出现一极小值,在Ms和M_s~δ温度区间,应力诱发马氏体相变,其临界屈服应力随温度升高而降低。在略高于M_s~δ温度,延伸率出现一极小值,而在M_s~δ和Ms之间延伸率出现一极大值。形变使马氏体的逆相变点显著升高。     

富钛的镍钛形状记忆薄膜的相变行为及影响因素

本文研究射频磁控溅射镍钛形状记忆薄膜相变行为和性能。在一定化学成分下,晶化退火温度对富钛薄膜的相变过程及相变温度有很大影响。富钛薄膜的葙变温度一般较高,马氏体相在一定化学成分下,晶化退火温度对富钛薄膜的相变过程及有很大的影响。「富钛薄膜的相变温度一般较高。马氏体相变温度在室温之上。在富钛薄膜中有可能出现双马氏体峰。富钛薄膜在循环或者时效时,相变特性和结构显示了良好的稳定性。研究结果表明,富钛的镍钛     

Cu-Zn-Al合金中贝氏体相变的机制及应用

对以往Cu-Zn-Al合金贝氏体相变机制的工作加以评述。相变驱动力计算的结果表明,Cu-Zn-Al合金中贝氏体相变在热力学上不可能按切变机制发生,只能以扩散过程:B′→B_1′+α进行;形成无序的贝氏体可能有序化。综合贝氏体相变热力学、晶体学、动力学、成分变化和内耗研究以及贝氏体的有序性,提出Cu-Zn-Al合金中贝氏体由扩散机制形成,虽然其晶体学在表面上符合马氏体相变晶体学的表象理论。简介Cu-Zn-Al贝氏体相变中出现可供工业应用的逆形状记忆效应。     

Co_(66)Fe_4V_2Si_8B_(20)金属玻璃的结构弛豫和晶化的研究

用倒扭摆、DSC和TEM研究了金属玻璃Co_(66)Fe_4V_2Si_5B_(20)的结构弛豫和晶化过程。在结构弛豫阶段,内耗与温度近似呈指数增加,激活能有一较宽分布。预退火后内耗降低,但在预退火温度以下的降温和升温过程中内耗有回复性,长期等温退火内耗趋近一平衡值。用局域结构单元切变变换模型讨论了内耗的微观机制。在晶化过程中,从500 ℃至650 ℃出现三个内耗峰与DSC分析的三个放热峰对应,内耗峰高与(?)/f,呈线性关系,在峰温附近切变模量发生软化。认为相转变的内耗是在晶化进行时,外加切应力促进或加速接近临界的晶核界面运动所引起的能量损耗。另用TEM观察了非晶微观结构的变化。     

Co_(66)Fe_4V_2Si_8B_(20)金属玻璃的结构弛豫和晶化的研究

用倒扭摆、DSC和TEM研究了金属玻璃Co_(66)Fe_4V_2Si_5B_(20)的结构弛豫和晶化过程。在结构弛豫阶段,内耗与温度近似呈指数增加,激活能有一较宽分布。预退火后内耗降低,但在预退火温度以下的降温和升温过程中内耗有回复性,长期等温退火内耗趋近一平衡值。用局域结构单元切变变换模型讨论了内耗的微观机制。在晶化过程中,从500 ℃至650 ℃出现三个内耗峰与DSC分析的三个放热峰对应,内耗峰高与(?)/f,呈线性关系,在峰温附近切变模量发生软化。认为相转变的内耗是在晶化进行时,外加切应力促进或加速接近临界的晶核界面运动所引起的能量损耗。另用TEM观察了非晶微观结构的变化。     

退火温度对冷变形Ti_(50)Ni_(45)Cu_5形状记忆合金马氏体相变及力学性能的影响

使用透射电镜(TEM),动态热机械分析(DMA)以及示差扫描量热法(DSC)等测试方法对固溶态25%冷变形Ti_(50)Ni_(45)Cu_5合金400℃/1 h,500℃/1 h,600℃/1 h,700℃/1 h退火态的组织结构,马氏体相变特征以及力学性能进行分析,并在实验中对比使用DSC与DMA两种测试方法用于马氏体相变测试。结果表明,随着退火温度升高,Ti50Ni45Cu5合金的强度、硬度降低,塑性升高,400℃/1 h退火态合金有最高的强度和硬度,分别为996 MPa和HV 280,700℃/1 h退火态合金有最好的延伸率27.8%。随着退火温度升高,合金的马氏体相变温度因为合金内位错密度降低,孪晶晶界减少及内应力减少,逐渐从54.5℃下降至37.7℃。400℃/1 h,500℃/1 h,700℃/1 h退火态合金均发生B19-B19'马氏体相变,而600℃/1 h退火态合金由于Ti3Ni4相的析出B2-B19'马氏体相变转变为B2-B19-B19'两步马氏体相变。两步马氏体相变的B2-B19相变部分和B19-B19'相变部分均在DMA模式测试出,而DSC模式只检测出B2-B19相变部分,DMA模式更适合于本实验测试马氏体相变。     

高阻尼Fe-Cr-Al合金在磁场和应力场下的阻尼行为

本文研究了热处理工艺、合金成份、外磁场以及不同应力振幅对Fe-Cr-Al铁磁性合金阻尼特性(内耗)影响。合金的阻尼性能是用大应力扭摆仪(倒摆,振动频率约20Hz)测得的。研究结果表明,随应力振幅(τ_(max))增加,合金阻尼性能(内耗)明显增高并达到最大值(出现峰值),应力振幅继续增加,合金阻尼性能开始下降或在一定应力范围维持不变,之后缓慢降低。热处理工艺和合金的成份对内耗——应力(Q~(-1)～τ_(amx))曲线特征影响尤为明显。 Fe-Cr-Al合金内耗——应力曲线出现的峰值随外磁场增加而下降,当合金磁化饱和时内耗——应力曲线内耗峰完全消失,即合金由于磁机械滞后效应所引起内耗已不存在,此时合金的阻尼性能最低。     

马氏体相变理论及其研究进展

金属及其合金在不同条件下(温度),具有不同的晶体结构。在发生变化结构的同时,不发生成分变化及分解,在本质上与元素的同素异性转变与化合物的多形性转变相同。这种相变可能概括称为金属及合金的多形性转变。然而马氏体相变又具有本身特点,即原子进行无扩散的位移,并新相与母相间存在以切变应力维持的点阵连续性。因此,马氏体相变又有别于一般金属中的同素异型性转变及化合物的多形性的转变和在某些合金中发生的块状转变。     

The effects of cold rolling on the martensitic transformation of an equiatomic TiNi alloy

The effects of cold rolling on the martensitic transformation of an equiatomic TiNi alloy have been studied by internal friction and shear modulus measurements, hardness test and TEM observation. The martensite stabilization can be induced by cold rolling at room temperature. A variety of deformed martensite structures has been observed. Both deformed martensite structures and deform-induced dislocations/vacancies are considered to be related to the martensite stabilization. The hardness test results also support this viewpoint. After the occurrence of the first reverse martensitic transformation of B19′ → B2, the martensite stabilization dies out and the transformation temperatures are depressed by retained dislocation on subsequent thermal cycles. Experimental results indicate that the martensite stabilization can depress the rate of martensitic transformation in the equiatomic TiNi alloy.     

Isothermal martensitic transformation in Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C alloys at subzero temperatures

A survey of experimental work on the isothermal martensitic transformation in the presence of prior martensite is given in Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C alloys having subzero Ms (Mb) temperatures. Low temperature dilatometric measurements are correlated with internal friction measurements in the 5 to 200 K temperature range. This study will show that this transformation can be discussed in terms ofC-curve behavior as in Fe-Ni-Mn alloys. Nevertheless, in Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C alloys internal stresses created by the austenite-to-martensite transformation during cooling play an important part in the development of the isothermal transformation. Furthermore, internal friction is shown to be proportional to expansivity thus indicating that the internal friction technique can be applied successfully for the study of phase transformations.     

Internal friction due to thermoelastic martensitic transformation

A physical model and phenomenological treatment are developed to derive an expression for internal friction associated with the thermoelastic martensitic transformation. Special attention is given to the effect of pseudoelastic hysteresis(h), which has never been previously addressed. The amplitude dependence of the internal friction is discussed in various ranges of stress amplitude with respect to the critical stresses (σ_cl, σ_c2) for stress-induced martensitic transformation. In the case where the applied stress amplitude is much higher than the critical stresses, the internal friction, due to stress-induced martensitic transformation, is found to be linearly dependent upon the reciprocal of the stress amplitude, in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Ni-Ga-Fe-Co铁磁形状记忆合金的磁性转变和马氏体相变

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) such as NiMnGa, FePd and FePt are attractive as a new magnetic actuator material. They show a large magnetic-field-induced strain of 3% - 9% due to the variant rearrangement. Recently, the present authors have reported that in the Ni-Ga-Fe alloy the martensitic transformationfrom the B2 and/or the L21 structures into a seven-layer or five-layer modulated structure occurs upon cooling. In this alloy system, however, it is impossible to obtain a martensite phase at RT with a Curie temperature (To) higher than 100℃. In this work, the effects of substitution of Co for Ni on the martensitic and magnetic transformations, crystal structures and phase equilibria in Ni-Ca-Fe alloys were studied. Ni-Ga-Fe-Co alloys were prepared by induction melting under an argon atmosphere. Small pieces of specimens were taken from the ingot and homogenized at 1433 K for 24 h followed by quenching in water. The obtained specimens were aged at 773 K for 24 h and then quenched. The compositions of each phase were determined by energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (El)X). The martensitic transformation temperatures and Tc were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement. The crystal structure of martensite phase was observed by X-ray diffractmeter (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Curie temperature Tc was increased with increasing Co content while the martensitic transformation temperature slightly decreased. In the Ni(54-x) Ga27 Fe19 Cox, Tc increases from 303 K to 408 K with increasing CO content from x=0 to x=6. The crystal structure of the martensite phase and the phase equiribria in the Ni-Fe-Ga-Co alloys will be also presented.     

A study of B2↔B19↔B19′ two-stage martensitic transformation in a Ti50Ni40Cu10 alloy

The B2↔B19↔B19′ two-stage martensitic transformation in a Ti₅₀Ni₄₀Cu₁₀ alloy has been investigated by electrical resistivity, DSC, X-ray diffraction and internal friction measurements. The shear modulus of B19 martensite has an unusually low value over a broad temperature range between the two shear modulus minima. The B2↔B19 transformation is thus proposed to proceed under the condition of deep shear modulus softening. X-ray diffraction results show that the B19↔B19′ is an incomplete transformation and that the monoclinic angle β of B19′ martensite will increasing with decreasing temperature. This indicates that the B19↔B19′ transformation has the characteristic of the continuously monoclinic distortion of B19′ martensite, which is similar to that of the continuously rhombohedral distortion of R-phase. The opposite behavior observed in electrical resistivity and DSC measurements for B2↔B19 and B19↔B19′ transformations is also discussed.     

Influence of Zn Addition on Microstructures and Martensitic Transformation in CuZr-based Alloys

Compositional dependences on microstructures and martensitic transformation behaviors in(Cu_(0.5)Zr_(0.5))_(100-x)Zn_x(x=1.5,2.5,4.5,7.0,10.0,and 14.0at.%)alloys were investigated.It was found that CuZr martensites were present in the present alloys.With increasing Zn content,the volume fractions of CuZr martensitic crystals and B2 CuZr phase gradually decrease and increase,respectively.With the addition of high Zn contents(i.e.,7.0,10.0,and 14.0at.%),the matrix proves to be eutectic.Thermal analysis results show that the initial martensitic transformation temperature(M_s)decreases from(412±5)K to(329±5)K as the Zn content increases from 1.5at.% to14.0at.%.The values of Msof Cu-Zr-Zn shape memory alloys are inversely proportional to the number and concentrations of valence electrons(i.e.,e_v/a and c_v),respectively,implying that the martensitic transformation in CuZrZn alloys could be of electronic nature.     

Shear modulus and internal friction in a Cu-0.17% Zr alloy and pure copper subjected to equal-channel angular pressing

The effect of temperature on the shear modulus and low-frequency internal friction of pure copper and a Cu-0.17 wt % Zr alloy subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is studied in the temperature range 100–550 K. In both materials, ECAP significantly decreases the shear modulus. It is found that the temperature dependences of the shear modulus of the alloy and pure copper are qualitatively similar and those of the internal friction are markedly different. Possible mechanisms responsible for the anomalous behavior of the elastic moduli and internal friction in the materials subjected to ECAP are discussed.     

Tb对多晶Ni_(52.5)Mn_(23.5)Ga_(24)合金马氏体相变和磁感生应变的影响

研究了添加不同量的Tb对多晶Ni52.5Mn23.5Ga24的马氏体相变和磁性能的影响,发现合金的马氏体相变温度显著提高,而在不加外应力的作用下合金的磁感生应变值却有所下降。     

Comparison of shape memory characteristics of a Ti-50.9 At. Pct Ni alloy aged at 473 and 673 K

The effect of aging on transformation and deformation behavior, i.e., the transformation temperatures, shape memory behavior, and multistage martensitic and R-phase transformations, was investigated for a Ti-50.9 at. pct Ni alloy aged at a low temperature (<600 K) rarely used for practical applications and at a high temperature (>600 K) conventionally used for practical applications. It was found that there are many differences between aging at 473 and 673 K. The martensitic and R-phase transformation temperatures significantly varied depending on aging time and temperature. It is found that two-stage R-phase and multistage martensitic transformations appear in both the specimens aged at 473 and 673 K, respectively. The two-stage R-phase transformation appeared by aging at 473 K over 36 ks, while the multistage martensitic transformation (MSMT) appeared by aging at 673 K in the range of aging times between 1.2 and 36 ks. It is found that the critical stress for slip increases with increasing aging time in specimens aged at 473 K, while that of specimens aged at 673 K increases with increasing aging time until reaching a maximum, then it decreases with a further increase in aging time. It is also found that the critical stress for slip is superior for specimens aged at 473 K than that for specimens aged at 673 K. It was confirmed that dense and fine lenticular precipitates of about 10 nm in length were formed through aging, resulting in superior shape memory characteristics.