Variability of pesticide residues in crop units

The results of 89 new field trials and 11 supervised trials were considered, together with 91 sets of residue data evaluated earlier. The datasets consisted of 22,643 valid residue data. As all variability factors calculated from individual sample sets are affected by the uncertainties of sampling and analysis, the average of the P(0.975)/R(ave) (97.5th percentile of the residue population divided by the average residues in the lot) values gives the best estimate for the variability factor. The Harrell-Davis (H-D) method gave an average value of 2.89 for the variability factor for all samples, while the average variability factors obtained from samples derived from the new field and supervised trials were 2.8 and 2.7 with the IUPAC and H-D methods respectively. The number of residue values below the LOQ in a sample set significantly affects the observed variability factors. It was found that datasets containing over 20% non-quantifiable residues might not reflect the true variability of the residues. Mixing of treated and non-treated commodities may significantly increase the apparent variability. Consequently, only datasets of known origin and consisting of well-quantifiable residues should be used for estimation of the variability factor. Samples taken from marketed lots may not represent a single lot, and thus they have limited value in estimating the variability factor. The large number of residue data confirms the applicability of the default variability factor of 3 adopted by the FAO/WHO for deterministic estimation of the acute intake of pesticide residues.     

中国食品中农药MRL标准对急性膳食暴露评估需求的研究

为了评估当前国内相关农药最大残留限量(MRL)标准及我国居民的急性膳食暴露风险水平,采用FAO/WHO农药残留专家联席会议(JMPR)推荐的农药残留急性膳食暴露评估方法,利用我国居民大份额膳食消费数据、国内登记农药的规范残留试验数据和JMPR推荐的农药毒理学数据,对我国普通人群、0~6岁儿童和育龄妇女的农药残留摄入情况进行了急性膳食暴露评估。结果表明:白菜中的虫螨腈和丙森锌、甘蓝中的高效氯氰菊酯和灭多威对三类人群的国家估算急性暴露水平(NESTI)均大于急性参考剂量(ARf D);香蕉中的氟硅唑对0~6岁儿童和普通人群的NESTI分别为ARf D值的300%和160%;苹果中的二氰蒽醌、甘蓝中的高效氯氟氰菊酯、花椰菜中的阿维菌素及番茄中的丙森锌仅对0~6岁儿童有较高的急性膳食暴露风险;儿童相比其他人群摄入农药残留的急性膳食暴露风险更高、概率更大。建议我国采取相应的风险管理措施,降低农药残留摄入的急性膳食风险,同时尽快完善短期膳食消费数据库和农药残留数据库,在制定农药MRL标准时进行相应的急性膳食暴露评估,以保障消费者的农药急性膳食暴露风险在可接受水平。     

福建省主产区普通白菜中农药残留水平及膳食暴露风险评估

为评估福建省主产区普通白菜中农药残留水平及对人体的膳食暴露风险,采用现有的标准检测方法,对在福建省主产区采集的88个普通白菜样品中的68种农药残留进行了检测分析,并对检出农药进行了短期和长期膳食暴露风险评估。结果显示：88个普通白菜样品中,共有68个样品检出了农药残留,总检出率为77.27%;共检出27种农药,其中杀虫剂18种,杀菌剂9种;检出2种及2种以上农药残留的样品占检出农药残留样品总量的83.82%,存在农药多残留现象。利用相关农药的毒理学数据——急性参考剂量(ARfD)和每日允许摄入量(ADI)、农药残留数据和普通白菜的膳食消费量数据,评估了所检出农药的短期和长期膳食暴露风险。其中,短期膳食暴露风险值(%ARfD)范围为0～90%,长期膳食暴露风险商贡献率(RQc%)范围为0～46%。研究表明,福建省主产区普通白菜中的农药残留水平较低,通过食用该地区生产的普通白菜对消费者的农药残留膳食暴露风险整体在可接受范围内。     

国际食品法典加工农产品中农药最大残留限量现状分析

加工农产品中的农药残留信息对于国际贸易及进行更精确的膳食摄入风险评估均非常重要.本文重点介绍了国际食品法典关于制定加工农产品中农药最大残留限量(MRL)和开展膳食摄入风险评估所遵循的一般原则、数据要求、评估方法以及加工农产品分类等信息.国际食品法典委员会目前共制定了586项加工农产品中的农药MRL标准,其中针对谷物碾磨...     

Harmonised pesticide risk trend indicator for food (HAPERITIF): The methodological approach

To provide a harmonised European approach for pesticide risk indicators, the Sixth EU Framework Programme recently financed the HAIR (HArmonised environmental Indicators for pesticide Risk) project. This paper illustrates the methodology underlying a new indicator-HAPERITIF (HArmonised PEsticide RIsk Trend Indicator for Food), developed in HAIR, for tracking acute and chronic pesticide risk trends for consumers. The acute indicator, HAPERITIF(ac), is based on the ratio between an estimated short-term intake (ESTI), calculated as recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO), and the acute reference dose (ARfD); the chronic indicator HAPERITIF(chr) is based on the ratio between an estimated daily intake (EDI) and the admissible daily intake (ADI). HAPERITIF can be applied at different levels of aggregation. Each level gives information for proper risk management of pesticides to reduce the risk associated with food consumption. An example of application using realistic scenarios of pesticide treatments on a potato crop in central-northern Italy is reported to illustrate the different steps of HAPERITIF.     

Comparison of adherence tendencies of pesticide residues sprayed on small-, medium-, and large-sized tomatoes

Crop field trials were conducted to investigate the residues of sprayed pesticides on the different sizes of tomatoes. Pesticide residue data in tomatoes varied due to different locations of the three crop fields selected and/or physicochemical properties of the three pesticides tested. The pesticide residue levels in the medium- and small-sized tomatoes were 1.5 and 2.4 times higher than the level in large-sized tomatoes under similar spray conditions, whereas amount of pesticides adhered per unit surface area were approximately equal among all three sizes of tomatoes. The results of this study suggested that the differences in pesticide residue levels were due to differences in the degree of specific surface area of each tomato size. Resultant residue data of medium-sized tomatoes demonstrated a proportional relationship between pesticide residue levels and the specific surface area of tomatoes.     

比例推算法在国际食品法典农药最大残留限量评估中的应用

比例推算是指农药使用剂量与收获后农产品中的农药残留量之间具有一定的比例关系。假定该施药剂量与残留量的比例推算关系独立于作物类型、农药种类和施药方式,则超过临界良好农业规范(cGAP)标签范围±25%的施药剂量所导致的农药残留量将可以按比例进行归一化调整,从而增加了可用于评估农药最大残留限量(MRL)的残留数据。对国际食品法典农药残留委员会(CCPR)将比例推算应用于评估农药MRL的历史背景、制定过程以及最终提交给国际食品法典委员会(CAC)审议的比例推算应用指导原则的具体内容进行了综述,总结了采用比例推算法评估MRL的10项指导原则。使用比例推算法有利于增加评估农药MRL时的残留数据,推进农药MRL标准的制定进程。     

香辛料中农药残留限量标准制定现状

香辛料是国际贸易中重要的特殊农产品，为保证食品安全，无论是发展中国家还是发达国家都加强了对香辛料中农药残留的研究和管理，并建立了一系列限量(MRLs)标准，这些标准的建立保证了香辛料的产品质量及安全性，同时也有利于促进相关农产品的国际贸易。文章对目前主要国际组织及重要香辛料贸易国家在制定香辛料中农药MRL标准时所遵循的原则、作物分类方式以及具体的MRL标准进行了比较，讨论了中国完善香辛料中农药MRL标准的必要性，旨在促进统一的全球性MRL标准的制定，以保证香辛料中农药残留摄入风险可控及国际贸易的顺利进行。     

A review of the effect of different application rates on pesticide residue levels in supervised residue trials

Residue trial data reported by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) have been reviewed to establish whether or not the resulting residues in harvested commodities are proportional to the pesticide application rate used on the crop. Numerous sets of trials were identified where the only parameter varied was application rate or spray concentration. Analysis of this database in terms of application rate, spray concentration, formulation type, preharvest interval, crop, pesticide, residue level and application type confirms that residues scale with application rate (proportionality principle). It is anticipated that use of the proportionality principle by regulators and those interested in evaluating pesticide residue data will improve pesticide risk assessment.     

Prediction of agrochemical residue data on fruit using an informatic system (PARDIS model)

A 'step-by-step' method was used to develop a simplified procedure for calculating pesticide residue levels on fruit at harvest by considering the application of the compound and the relevant routes of loss. The model is applicable to cases where the most important exposure route is by direct spray to the canopy of the crop and where uptake into the plant by the roots can be disregarded. The exposure dose is calculated by considering the proportion of total crop cover represented by the fruits. The loss processes considered are photodegradation, uptake, volatilization and washoff.The outputs of the model were compared with measured residues of pesticides on pear. Analysis of the model fit demonstrates that the model predicted the measured data with a good level of accuracy for four of seven investigated pesticides. The predicted/observed quotients are close to 1, as is the modelling efficiency, and there are no great differences between the predicted and observed values. Taking into account the extreme simplicity of the model and the complexity of the environmental processes considered, these results encourage further research into the modelling of residue behaviour in food commodities.The objectives of this work were to produce a tool to predict pesticide residues in products of plant origin, to complement monitoring of pesticide levels and to be useful in evaluating the effect of government policies on food safety. All predicted values were below the maximum levels fixed for pesticide residues in pear, as amended in Council Directives 86/362/EEC and 90/642/EEC. Copyright (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.     

虫螨腈及其代谢物溴代吡咯腈在芥菜上的残留行为与膳食风险评估

为评价虫螨腈及其代谢物溴代吡咯腈在芥菜中的残留行为与膳食摄入风险,在山西、北京、吉林、河南、安徽、贵州6地进行了规范残留试验,建立了快速、简便的检测芥菜中虫螨腈残留的气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)方法及检测芥菜中溴代吡咯腈残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法,研究了虫螨腈及溴代吡咯腈在芥菜中的最终残留和消解动态,并就两种农药对中国不同人群的长期及短期膳食摄入风险进行了评估。结果表明:在0.01~30 mg/kg添加水平范围内,虫螨腈及溴代吡咯腈的平均回收率分别在89%~105%和97%~104%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 分别在2%~4%和1%~3%之间;两种化合物在芥菜叶和根中的检测方法定量限 (LOQ) 均为0.01 mg/kg。虫螨腈在芥菜叶中的消解动态符合一级反应动力学方程,消解半衰期为4.2~5.9 d;溴代吡咯腈的消解动态因拟合曲线符合性太差无法进行一级反应动力学方程拟合。100 g/L虫螨腈悬浮剂以推荐最高剂量(有效成分105 g/hm2)施药2次、施药间隔期5 d、采收间隔期14 d,膳食消费量为97.5%位点处,芥菜叶中虫螨腈残留对3~5岁儿童和普通人群长期膳食摄入风险的贡献率分别为0.49%和2.47%,说明通过芥菜摄入虫螨腈及其代谢物残留对人体产生的长期膳食摄入风险较小;而短期膳食摄入风险评估结果表明,芥菜叶中虫螨腈对中国1~6岁儿童和普通人群均存在不可接受的短期膳食摄入风险,且对1~6岁儿童的风险远高于对普通人群。选择不同施药方式下的最终残留量数据进行评估,将可能导致风险评估结果产生较大差异,施药剂量或施药次数的增加会大幅提高农药残留的短期膳食摄入风险,建议可通过延长采收间隔期的方法降低农药的短期膳食摄入风险水平。     

食品中农药残留风险评估述评

文章从以下几方面就我国食品中农药残留风险评估相关问题进行了评述:1)食品中农药残留风险评估的意义及其科学依据；2)如何认识食品中农药残留风险评估各组成部分之间的关系；3) 食品中农药残留风险评估三要素 (毒理学、残留化学、膳食消费) 及其重要性；4) 食品中农药残留风险评估的情景、尺度和数据要求；5) 如何得出科学合理的评估结论。结合上述问题的讨论，就目前我国在食品中农药残留风险评估和风险管理研究中常见的问题进行了分析，并提出了针对性的改进建议。     

加工过程对大米中农药残留影响的荟萃分析

采用荟萃分析方法探讨加工过程对大米中农药残留的影响,获得的响应比可为膳食风险评估提供加工因子。通过对多个数据库进行文献检索、数据采集、荟萃分析计算,以获得不同加工方法对大米中农药残留影响的响应比及相关参数。结果表明:单一加工方法中,脱壳、碾磨、抛光、浸泡、清洗1次、清洗2次、清洗3次、普通蒸煮和高压蒸煮的响应比分别为0.376、0.310、0.212、0.518、0.450、0.338、0.162、0.356和0.144,其中脱壳、碾磨和抛光的响应比均小于0.4,可有效降低大米中的农药残留量;随着清洗次数增加,清洗对农药残留量的去除效果增强;高压蒸煮对降低农药残留量的效果最佳;而浸泡效果较差。组合加工方法的响应比与单一加工方法响应比的乘积基本一致。所获得的响应比作为加工因子用于食品安全风险评估中,可提升大米风险评估结果的准确性,并可为大米中农药最大残留限量标准的制定以及居民安全膳食引导提供参考。     

浙江省芹菜中农药多残留水平及累积急性膳食摄入风险初评

为明确浙江省各地区芹菜中农药残留水平以及对人群的膳食摄入风险,采用蔬菜中农药残留的标准检测方法,对在浙江省各地区采集的210个芹菜样品进行了检测,并就其累积急性膳食摄入风险开展了初步评估。结果表明:210个芹菜样品中共检出35种农药,检出率为94.8%,其中杀虫剂23种,杀菌剂11种,除草剂1种;97.1%的样品中的农药残留量低于其在芹菜中的最大残留限量 (MRL),残留水平整体较低;检出4种及4种以上农药残留的样品占总样品量的54%,存在农药多残留现象。采用相对强度系数 (RPF) 法将具有相同作用机制的农药分组,依据各农药的毒理学数据计算了各组农药的累积当量浓度,并针对不同人群进行了累积急性膳食摄入风险评估。结果显示:拟除虫菊酯类、三唑类、有机磷类、烟碱类及氨基甲酸酯类农药对儿童的急性膳食摄入风险 (%ARfD) 分别为60.35%、46.96%、20.15%、20.76%和12.40%;对一般人群分别为51.70%、40.20%、17.25%、17.77%和10.65%;所检出5类农药对各群体的%ARfD值均小于100%,表明芹菜中农药残留量及膳食摄入风险总体处于可接受水平。     

Pesticide residue analysis and its relationship to hazard characterisation (ADI/ARfD) and intake estimations (NEDI/NESTI)

Over 800 pesticides are currently approved for use in one or more EU countries. The maximum residue levels (MRL) for agricultural pesticides are derived from field trials conducted under good agricultural practice (GAP). The MRL is a legally enforceable limit related to GAP. The results from field trials would only be used to establish MRLs if the estimated intake of residues did not exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) or acute reference dose (ARfD). However, the MRL is not linked to the ADI or ARfD, and could result in intakes considerably below the ADI/ARfD. This disconnection between hazard characterisation (ADI/ARfD) and potential exposure assessment (MRL) means that risk characterisation of pesticide residues is less transparent than for other chemicals present in human food. Residue levels at or below the MRL would not give intakes that exceed the ADI/ARfD but, despite this, there is public concern over such residues. Residue levels above the MRL have to be analysed on a case-by-case basis to determine if the intake could exceed the health-based limits. Other causes of public concern, such as the presence of multiple residues, are currently under investigation.     

食品中农药残留膳食暴露评估若干问题探讨

文章从中国制定食品中农药最大残留限量(MRL)标准和进行农药残留膳食暴露评估常用的术语及模型出发，就相关研究及数据选择中易出现的问题，如定义不准确、数据选择偏差、模型模糊、结论依据不足等进行了分析评述，提出了作者的见解和观点，以期加深理解，达成共识，正确应用风险评估原则，完善风险评估研究方法，从而提高风险评估对食品中农药残留管理的支撑水平。     

基于点评估方法的渤海湾产区苹果中农药残留膳食暴露风险研究

为评估渤海湾产区苹果中主要农药的残留情况及其产生的风险,在山东、辽宁及河北3个主要省份的150个生产基地进行了苹果样品采集与测定分析,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。结果表明:93.3%的苹果样品检出有低浓度农药残留,经最大残留限量值(MRL)判定后100%合格,82.0%的样品中农药残留种类在3种及以下;共检出17种农药残留,大多为低毒或无毒农药,无禁用和高毒农药。采用点评估方法,选择检出率在20%以上的多菌灵、毒死蜱、啶虫脒和戊唑醇进行不同消费人群暴露点评估。结果显示:4种农药的急性和慢性摄入风险均为儿童高于成年人,绝大多数女性人群的摄入风险高于男性;4种农药急性摄入风险均高于慢性摄入风险,风险水平由高到低为多菌灵毒死蜱戊唑醇啶虫脒,但点评估结果均远低于100%,说明通过食用苹果摄入的农药残留极其微量,不会对人体产生急性或慢性风险。     

国际食品法典委员会食饲两用商品分类及其农药残留评估现状

本文梳理了国际食品法典委员会(CAC)用于农药残留评估的食饲两用商品的分类，介绍了食饲两用商品中农药残留评估技术及其最大残留限量推荐方法。通过对一个评估实例的剖析，进一步阐明了FAO/WHO农药残留联席会议(JMPR)的评估技术，为提高我国相关领域技术提供借鉴，并基于国内实际提出了建议。     

中药材上农药应用现状及其炮制加工过程对农药残留的影响

中医药是我国独特的医药资源,中药材作为中医药的重要组成部分,其质量安全广受关注。在中药材病虫草害防治过程中,由于农药不规范使用导致的农药残留问题直接影响着中药材产品质量安全甚至出口贸易。本文对我国中药材上农药登记情况及残留限量(maximum residue limit,MRL) 标准进行了概述,并重点归纳了炮制加工过程对中药材中农药残留的影响,同时就中药材上农药使用和管理等方面的相关问题进行了讨论,提出了降低农药残留污染的相关措施。旨在明确中药材从采收到入口全过程中农药残留的变化规律,以期为加强对中药材中农药残留的控制,降低农药残留污染风险以及为我国中药材上农药使用和管理提供参考。     

香蕉中农药多残留分析及短期膳食摄入风险评估

为掌握我国香蕉中农药残留情况及其短期膳食摄入风险,测定了采自香蕉主产省份生产基地及市场的196份香蕉样品中的农药残留,评估了所检出农药对我国成人和1～～6岁儿童的短期膳食摄入风险.结果表明:香蕉全果中咪鲜胺(42.86％)、吡唑醚菌酯(40.82％)、吡虫啉(34.69％)及多菌灵(27.55％)的检出率较高;就农药类...