聚乳酸的合成与性能研究

以乳酸单体为原料,采用直接缩聚法合成了具有较高粘均分子质量的聚乳酸,用红外光谱、H—NMR等方法初步表征了聚乳酸的结构。研究了聚乳酸的亲水性和降解性。结果表明,聚乳酸的水接触角和吸水率分别为79．30和2．8％,说明聚乳酸具有一定的亲水性。聚乳酸在降解过程中表现为体型降解特点。粘均分子量和降解温度对聚乳酸的降解规律影响不大,但低分子量聚乳酸及聚乳酸在较高降解温度下的降解程度和初期降解速率明显大于高分子量聚乳酸及较低降解温度。本文还研究了聚乳酸粘均分子量在降解过程中的变化情况。     

Substrate interactions during anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX by the mixed cultures under nitrate reducing conditions

The enriched BTEX-degrading bacteria were used to investigate the substrate interactions during anaerobic biodegradation of all the possible BTEX binary combinations. Beneficial and detrimental substrate interactions were observed in comprehensive mixtures of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene. The amendment of toluene or ethylbenzene could stimulate benzene degradation. Lower concentrations of m-xylene would enhance the degradation of benzene, whereas degradation of benzene was inhibited with higher concentrations of m-xylene. The simultaneous presence of toluene and ethylbenzene could stimulate the degradation of each other. The addition of toluene stimulated o-xylene degradation, whereas the amendment of ethylbenzene inhibited the degradation of o-xylene. Lower concentrations of toluene or ethylbenzene would enhance the degradation of m-xylene and p-xylene, whereas higher concentrations of toluene or ethylbenzene had a slight inhibitory effect on m-xylene and p-xylene degradation. The amendment of benzene, m-xylene or p-xylene would inhibit the degradation of other BTEX compounds. When the concentration of BTEX mixtures was over 150mg/l, the degradation of benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene was severely inhibited.     

Degradation of n-butyl benzyl phthalate using TiO2/UV

n-Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) has been classified as endocrine disrupting compound and priority pollutant. Effects of TiO(2) dosage, pH, initial BBP concentration and co-existing substances on the degradation of BBP by TiO(2)/UV process were investigated. The optimal TiO(2) dosage and pH value for the BBP degradation were 2.0gL(-1) and 7.0, respectively. The degradation rate of BBP by TiO(2)/UV process could be fitted pseudo-first-order kinetics. The effects of co-existing substances on the degradation rate of BBP revealed that some anions (such as BrO(3)(-), ClO(4)(-) and Cr(2)O(7)(2-)) could enhance BBP degradation, and other anions would restrain BBP degradation. The sequence of inhibition was PO(4)(3-)>CO(3)(2-)>NO(3)(-)>SO(4)(2-)>Cl(-). The cations K(+), Na(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) had the restrained effect on the BBP degradation, and the effect of Ca(2+) was the strongest among four cations tested. The organic compounds acetone and methanol decreased the degradation rate of BBP. The major intermediates of BBP degradation were identified as mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate and phthalic acid, and a primary degradation mechanism was proposed.     

Studies on α-amylase induced degradation of binary polymeric blends of crosslinked starch and pectin

A blend matrix of crosslinked starch and pectin was prepared and characterized by infra-red (IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared blends were investigated kinetically for water sorption studies and α-amylase induced degradation adopting a gravimetric procedure. Based on the experimental findings, a plausible mechanism including both diffusion and surface enhanced degradation was suggested and degradation profiles were interpreted. The influence of various factors such as chemical architecture of the blend, pH and temperature of α-amylase solution were examined for the swelling and degradation kinetics of crosslinked starch–pectin blends. The effect of concentration of enzyme solution was also studied on the degradation profile of the blends. A correlation was established between the extent of degradation and water imbibing capacity of the degrading blends.     

纳米TiO2基催化剂在环保功能路面应用的研究进展

TiO2光催化纳米粒子因其具有捕捉和分解空气污染物的能力,作为清洁功能型材料被广泛应用于路面中,且前景可观。在近几年国内外研究的基础上,对纳米TiO2应用于路面降解汽车尾气的研究进行了较全面总结。首先介绍了纳米TiO2光催化降解汽车尾气的作用机理;其次对纳米TiO2的改性理论和改性效果进行了总结和论述;然后介绍了纳米TiO2降解NOx的研究情况以及掺杂纳米TiO2的路面的尾气降解性能和路面使用性能;最后对目前该领域存在问题进行探讨,并展望了将纳米TiO2应用于路面降解汽车尾气的发展趋势。     

大颗粒纳米晶TiO2的制备与降解硝基苯的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了大颗粒TiO2为光催化剂,并通过XRD、SEM、BET等方法对制备的催化剂结构进行了表征,研究了硝基苯溶液光催化降解的影响因素,并根据降解机理讨论了降解过程中的中间产物.结果表明:大颗粒TiO2催化剂有比较高的活性,同时硝基苯初始浓度、降解环境、溶液pH值方面对降解过程有影响.     

聚萘二甲酸乙二酯的热降解动力学——Ⅰ非等温热降解动力学

在氮气氛中采用热重分析的方法对聚萘二甲酸乙二酯(PEN)的热降解动力学进行了研究。采用Friedman和Chang两种单一加热速率方法对活化能Ea、反应级数n和频率因子Z等降解反应动力学参数进行了分析。讨论了降解机理以及加热速率和计算方法对降解温度和降解动力学参数的影响。由单一加热速率法得到的Td、Tdm和(dα/dt)m,以及Ea和ln(Z)值均随加热速率的增加而增加,n值则随加热速率略有变化。随加热速率的提高,聚合物的降解由分解控制转变为扩散控制过程。     

聚苯乙烯在应力作用下的降解动力学及降解机理研究

了聚苯乙烯在振动磨中的力降解动力学和降解机理，对Ｂａｒａｍｂｏｉｍ所推导的聚合物力降解动力学方程进行了修正。修正方程可更准确地描述本乙烯在振动磨中降解时的分子量变化过程。实验结果表明，聚苯乙烯在振动磨中的降解机理依赖于聚苯乙烯所受的应力强度。当应力强度较不时的聚苯乙烯的降解机理是人规断链过程；在应力强度较大时，聚苯乙烯的降解机理则是分子链多和同时发生断裂的一个非无规断链过程。     

Application of graphene quantum dots as green homogenous nanophotocatalyst in the visible-light-driven photolytic process

Environmental pollution has become one of the greatest problems worldwide, and photocatalysts have attracted a great deal of attention as one solution to this problem. In the present study, we report a novel environmentally friendly property of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as efficient nano-materials for the degradation of organic pollutant dyes based on the photocatalytic behavior of GQDs under visible-light irradiation. GQD samples were derived from citric acid by a pyrolysis procedure. The synthesized GQDs were characterized by various techniques including transmission electron microscopy, UV–Vis absorption, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements. The photocatalytic degradation of Celestine Blue (CB) was studied using GQDs under visible light irradiation. The effect of pH value, contacting time, dosage of GQDs, and initial dye concentration on the degradation kinetics of CB was systematically investigated. MS analyses were conducted to determine the degradation products evolving during the photocatalytic degradation. The possible mechanisms of degradation of CB based on GQDs under visible light are discussed as well.     

Degradation of alachlor in aqueous solution by using hydrodynamic cavitation

The degradation of alachlor aqueous solution by using hydrodynamic cavitation was systematically investigated. It was found that alachlor in aqueous solution can be deomposed with swirling jet-induced cavitation. The degradation can be described by a pseudo-first-order kinetics and the degradation rate was found to be 4.90 × 10⁻² min⁻¹. The effects of operating parameters such as fluid pressure, solution temperature, initial concentration of alachlor and medium pH on the degradation rates of alachlor were also discussed. The results showed that the degradation rates of alachlor increased with increasing pressure and decreased with increasing initial concentration. An optimum temperature of 40 °C existed for the degradation rate of alachlor and the degradation rate was also found to be slightly depend on medium pH. Many degradation products formed during the process, and some of them were qualitatively identified by GC–MS.     

TiO2 mediated photocatalytic degradation studies of Reactive Red 198 by UV irradiation

Photocatalytic degradation of an aqueous solution of azo dye (Reactive Red 198) used in textile industries by UV irradiation was investigated. The effect of initial dye concentration, TiO(2) loading, pH and H(2)O(2) on degradation rate was ascertained and optimized conditions for maximum degradation were determined. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation was found to follow a pseudo-first order according to Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The degradation experiment under optimized reaction conditions was investigated under sunlight.     

超声降解有机磷农药的研究进展与比较分析

有机磷农药的毒性强,研究降解有机磷农药的有效方法已受到学术界的极大重视。对超声降解有机磷农药的机理进行了简介,综述了超声降解甲胺磷等五类农药的研究进展,比较分析了降解效果与关键物理参数之间的关系。依据对比分析结果提出了超声技术应用于农药降解时需重视的关键技术问题以及发展趋势。     

Degradation of gas-liquid gliding arc discharge on Acid Orange II

The effects of pH value, initial concentration of dye solution and temperature on the degradation efficiency of Acid Orange II (AO7) using gas-liquid gliding arc discharge were investigated. The influences of pH value and temperature on degradation efficiency were not apparent. Increasing initial solution concentration caused the decrease of degradation rate and the increase of absolute degradation quantity. Considering energy efficiency and absolute degradation quantity, the gas-liquid gliding arc discharge is fit for treating high concentration organic wastewater. A possible mineralization pathway was proposed through the analysis of intermediate products detected by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) and ion chromatograph (IC). Hydroxyl radicals reacted with the azo linkage-bearing carbon of a hydroxy-substituted ring, leading to the cleavage of -C-N- and degradation of AO7. The solution biodegradability was significantly improved (BOD(5)/COD from 0.02 to 0.43). The toxicity of intermediate products was lower than that of the initial Acid Orange II.     

TiO2／膨胀石墨复合材料的制备及光催化性能的研穷

采用快速升温法制备出以膨胀石墨为载体的TiO2／膨胀石墨光催化剂，用SEM及XRD对其表面形貌及结构进行表征，研究了光催化剂在紫外光照射下的催化能力，探讨了目标降解物溶液的初始浓度及其pH值对光催化剂的降解能力的影响。结果发现，负载量为10％的光催化剂对40mg／L的亚甲基兰溶液5h的光降解率达到58．83％，甲基橙为51．12％。     

Enzymatic degradation of starch thermoplastic blends using samples of different thickness

The material studied was a thermoplastic blend of corn starch with a poly(ethylene-vinyl alcohol) copolymer, SEVA-C. The influence of both the material's exposed surface and enzyme concentration on degradation kinetics was studied. As alpha-amylase is present in the blood plasma, experiments were performed, varying the material thickness and the alpha-amylase between 50 and 100 units/l, at 37 degrees C, lasting up to 90 days. Four different batches using SEVA-C and starch samples of different thickness were performed. The positive correlation between degradation rate and the exposed material surface was confirmed, since thin films with larger exposed surfaces were degraded faster than thick square plates having the same total mass. The degradation extent depends on the total amount of amorphous starch present in the formulation rather than on the amount of enzyme used and the minimum thickness to ensure maximum degradation was estimated to be close to 0.25 mm.     

双阳极光电催化氧化降解2,4-二氯苯酚的研究

为提高高级氧化技术对内分泌干扰物的降解和矿化性能,首次研究了(TiO2/Ti-Fe)-石墨毡双阳极光电协同催化氧化体系,并考察了其对2,4-二氯苯酚的光催化氧化降解性能.研究了电流在TiO2/Ti-Fe两阳极上的分配,外加电压,pH等主要因素对2,4-二氯酚降解效率的影响及反应过程中H2O2的生成及积累情况.实验结果表明,本体系不仅具有较高的H2O2生成效率和较强的光催化氧化降解性能,而且该体系可以在较宽的pH范围内工作.在较低的电流密度下反应60 min,2,4-二氯酚的降解率可达95%以上,而矿化率高达80%.     

Selective photocatalytic degradation of aquatic pollutants by titania encapsulated into FAU-type zeolites

The selective photocatalytic degradation of charged pollutants in water was achieved on titania encapsulated into FAU-type zeolites. The electrostatic attraction of cationic substrates and repulsion of anionic substrates by the negatively charged zeolite framework facilitated the selective photocatalytic degradation of charged substrates. The hybrid zeolite-titania photocatalysts were prepared through the ion-exchange method. The titania clusters were mainly well distributed within the cavities of FAU-type zeolites whereas no TiO(2) nanoparticles aggregates were observed on the external surface of zeolite crystals. The hybrid zeolite-titania photocatalysts were characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The selective degradation of charged pollutants was investigated by employing three pairs of oppositely charged substrates. The comparison between the cationic and anionic substrates clearly showed that the degradation rates for the cationic substrates on the hybrid photocatalysts are markedly higher than those for the anionic substrates. Among the cationic substrates, the smaller cations such as tetramethylammoniums were preferentially degraded. This enabled the selective removal of cationic substrates among the mixture. Such a selective photocatalytic degradation of water pollutants may provide a useful strategy for the development of economical photocatalytic process by targeting only the most recalcitrant pollutant.     

Photocatalytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soil surfaces using TiO(2) under UV light

The photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYRE) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on soil surfaces in the presence of TiO(2) using ultraviolet (UV) light source was investigated in a photo chamber, in which the temperature was maintained 30 degrees C. The effects of various factors, namely TiO(2), soil pH, humic acid, and UV wavelength, on the degradation performance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. The results show that photocatalytic degradation of PAHs follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Catalyst TiO(2) accelerated the photodegradation of PHE, PYRE and BaP significantly, with their half-lives being reduced from 533.15 to 130.77h, 630.09 to 192.53h and 363.22 to 103.26h, respectively, when the TiO(2) content was 0.5%. In acidic or alkaline conditions, the photocatalytic degradation rates of the PAHs were greater than those in neutral conditions. Humic acid significantly enhanced the PAH photocatalytic degradation by sensitizing radicals capable of oxidizing PAHs. Photocatalytic degradation rates of PYRE and BaP on soil surfaces with 2% TiO(2) were different at UV irradiation wavelengths of 254, 310 and 365nm, respectively. The synergistic effect of UV irradiation and TiO(2) catalysis was efficient for degradation of PAHs in contaminated soil.     

Evaluation of prestressed basalt fiber and hybrid fiber reinforced polymer tendons under marine environment

This paper studies the degradation of the tensile properties of prestressed basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) and hybrid FRP tendons in a marine environment. Two levels of prestressing toward typical prestressing applications were applied in the experiment. The variations of tensile strength, elastic modulus and the relevant coefficient of variation (CV) were first investigated. The effect of prestressing on tensile property degradation was discussed. The characteristics of prestressed hybrid FRP tendons in a marine environment simulated by a salt solution were clarified. Moreover, a prediction model of BFRP tendons with different levels of prestressing in a marine environment was proposed. The results show that the BFRP tendons’ superior resistance to salt corrosion and the degradation rate of their tensile strength is nonlinearly proportional to the prestressing ratios, whereas the elastic modulus remains constant regardless the prestressing ratio and aging duration. Although prestressing on BFRP tendons accelerates degradation, it can still lower the variation of the strength of the BFRP tendon. Hybridization can lower the degradation rate of basalt and carbon FRP (B/CFRP) without prestressing, whereas basalt and steel-wire FRP (B/SFRP) exhibit much faster degradation due to the internal corrosive steel wires. The model regression by the Napierian logarithm equation well represents the degradation trend of BFRP tendons under different levels of prestressing.     

类产碱假单胞菌对不同型号PVA的降解特性研究

对类产碱假单胞菌降解不同型号PVA(0588,1788,2088,1750,1799)的降解效果及降解特性进行了研究。采用UV2900紫外分光光度计测吸光度法测定了各型号PVA的降解率,同时研究了PVA的分子量和醇解度、PVA浓度、接种菌种浓度、摇瓶转速等对PVA降解率的影响。结果表明:醇解度一定时,高聚合度PVA的降解效率远低于低聚合度PVA;而聚合度一定时,醇解度对降解率的影响不明显。在培养温度为30℃,培养时间为72 h,摇瓶转速为180 rad/min,PVA的质量浓度为0.5 g/L,接种菌的体积分数为4.0%时,PVA的降解率可达90.15%。