饱和多孔介质近场波动分析的一种黏弹性人工边界

采用有限模型数值方法求解能量开放系统中的波动问题时,虚拟人工边界的处理方式对计算结果的准确性和精度具有重要的影响.本文针对无限域饱和多孔介质中波传播问题的人工边界处理方式进行了研究,提出了饱和多孔介质近场波动分析的一种黏弹性人工边界处理方法.在考虑多孔介质中固相和液相的相互作用的情况下,通过在人工边界处分别施加反映固相和液相介质波传播效应的弹簧及阻尼来模拟饱和多孔介质中波的能量辐射效应影响.算例表明,本文建议的黏弹性人工边界具有较好的模拟效果.     

弱形式时域完美匹配层——滞弹性近场波动数值模拟

本文旨在构建适用于滞弹性近场时域波动有限元模拟的高精度人工边界条件：完美匹配层（Perfectly Matched Layer：PML）,其中阻尼介质时域本构基于广义标准线性体建立.与以往研究不同,本文采用复坐标延拓技术变换弱形式波动方程构建了可直接用有限元离散的弱形式时域PML,规避以往独立对无限域内波动方程及界面条件进行延拓可导致的PML场方程和界面条件匹配不合理引发数值失稳、计算精度低下等问题.其次,针对PML中多极点有理分式与频域函数乘积的傅里叶反变换难以计算的问题,利用PML精度对复坐标延拓函数中延拓参数微调不敏感这一特点,明确给出了参数微调准则以规避多重极点,进而利用有理分式分解给出了一种普适、简便的计算方法,极大地简化了PML计算.基于该方法可实现任意高阶PML.最后,将本文构建滞弹性PML与高阶勒让德谱元（高精度集中质量有限元）结合得到滞弹性近场波动谱元离散方案.基于算例验证了滞弹性PML的计算效率、精度及新离散方案的长持时稳定特性.新离散方案可应用于计入实际介质阻尼的地震波动正、反问题数值模拟,提高波形模拟的精度以及地下波速结构反演的精度和可靠性.     

局部透射边界在稳态波动有限元模拟中的应用

本文将局部透射边界和集中质量有限元技术结合起来形成一个模拟稳态近场波动的力学模型。这一模型中任一节点的运动仅与其邻近的节点耦联。这一特点导致稳态波动有限元模拟的一种十分简便和有效的算法。本文将以基底固定的弹性层内的出平面波动为例阐明这一算法,并用一种新的局部透射边界模拟行进波动。     

求解双相和黏弹性介质波传播方程的间断有限元方法及其波场模拟

间断有限元（Discontinuous Galerkin：DG）方法具有低数值频散、网格剖分灵活、能模拟地震波在复杂介质中传播等优点.因此,本文将一种新的DG方法推广到双相和黏弹性等复杂介质的地震波场模拟,发展了求解Biot弹性波方程和D'Alembert介质波动方程的DG方法.首先通过引入辅助变量将Biot双相介质弹性波方程和D'Alembert介质波动方程转化为关于时间-空间的一阶偏微分方程组,然后对该方程组进行DG空间离散,得到半离散化的常微分方程组.最后,对此常微分方程组,应用加权的Runge-Kutta格式进行时间推进计算.数值结果表明,DG方法可以有效地求解Biot双相介质弹性波方程和D'Alembert介质波动方程,并能很好地压制因离散求解波动方程而产生的数值频散,获得清晰的各种地震波震相.     

透射边界高频耦合失稳机理及稳定实现——SH波动

就大型近场波动的高效数值模拟而言,稳定实现高阶人工边界是一个尚未圆满解决的问题.本文针对使用多次透射公式的SH波动集中质量有限元模拟,依据GKS定理的群速度解释,进一步阐明了人工边界与内域离散格式耦合所导致高频失稳的机理,即两者支持群速度指向内域的外行高频平面谐波,波动能量自发地从人工边界进入內域,从而导致失稳,而这类谐波是由集中质量有限元离散引入的.本文提出了消除此种耦合失稳的一种方法:通过修改有限元刚度阵来改变内域离散格式,并保证修改格式的精度不低于原有格式的精度.理论分析和数值实验表明此法能稳定实现透射边界.本文研究结果具有推广应用前景.     

二维饱和孔隙介质的三场有限元方法

根据流固两相混合物连续介质力学理论,采用伽辽金加权残值法,选取固相位移,液相位移,孔隙不压作为场变量,对固液两相耦联方程进行有限元离散化,得到解耦方程组。然后在时域上采用Ｗｉｓｏｎ－θ进行了逐步积分,得到一种分析二维饱和孔隙介质地震反应的三场有限元方法。     

内域波动数值模拟的显式方法

如何更精确高效地模拟大型、复杂系统内域的波动是发展和完善近场波动数值模拟技术的一个重要研究课题。内域波动的数值模拟通常采用计算量较小的显式方法,但现有的时空解耦显式有限元方法的精度只有二阶;低精度不仅影响数值模拟的精度,而且制约着计算效率的提高。鉴于此,本文旨在探索内域波动数值模拟具有更高精度且稳定的显式方法。作者发展了内域波动数值模拟的现有显式有限元解耦技术,提出了一种高精度且稳定的显式数值模拟方法。     

稳态SH波动的有限元模拟

将离散的局部透射边界与集中质量有限元方法相结合, 以模拟无限介质中的稳态波动。这种结合使有限元模型中的任一节点与其它节点(除邻近节点外)解耦, 从而使高效率的高斯消去法得以实施, 大大减少了计算机内存和计算时间。首先, 针对成层弹性介质中的稳态SH波动, 详细讨论该方法的列式及其计算精度;然后, 介绍如何减少计算机内存和计算时间的具体算法;接着以若干简单例子说明该方法的具体实施过程;最后, 简要讨论了需要进一步研究的若干问题。      

弱形式时域完美匹配层

应用高精度人工边界条件可有效提升近场波动数值模拟计算效率.完美匹配层是吸收层形式高精度人工边界条件,匹配层内场方程和界面条件通常分别采用复坐标延伸技术变换强形式无限域内波动方程和界面条件得到,亦曾将无限域界面条件当作匹配层界面条件.场方程和界面条件构建过程相互独立,可能出现匹配不合理而引发数值失稳、计算精度低下等问题.本文提出采用复坐标延伸技术变换弱形式无限域波动方程以构建完美匹配层的方法.弱形式波动方程耦合了波动方程及界面条件,进而规避了变换后所得场方程与界面条件之间的匹配不合理问题.新方法可直接建立弱形式匹配层,在此基础上亦可给出强形式匹配层.弱形式便于有限元离散,强形式便于有限差分离散.基于弱形式完美匹配层,结合勒让德谱元建立了弹性介质近场波动谱元模拟方案.利用算例验证了新方案的精度及数值稳定性.本文工作可直接推广至多相耦合介质近场波动数值模拟.     

基于Comsol的饱和多孔介质动力方程的数值模拟及应用

两相饱和多孔介质的动力响应问题在地震工程领域具有重要的研究意义,由于涉及到固相和液相的动力耦合,使得该问题的求解尤为复杂。本文利用Comsol在求解多场耦合问题上的优点,针对Biot饱和多孔介质u-U耦合形式下的波动方程特征,经过一系列微分算子运算和矩阵变换得到导数形式下的波动方程,基于Comsol Multiphysics提供的广义偏微分方程模式对变形后的波动方程进行求解,并把改进后的无限元边界应用到无限域动力问题的模拟中。通过与饱和多孔介质动力响应的解析解进行对比,验证模型求解技术的可行性和正确性,并在此基础上讨论饱和土地基中空沟隔振效果与饱和土体参数孔隙率、泊松比的关系。通过研究分析,可以为饱和土地基中空沟隔振设计提供一些有价值的参考。     

多次透射公式在衰减波场中的实现

在多次透射公式的基础上，引进一衰减系数，用来模拟外行的衰减波，将透射公式推广到考虑衰减波入射时的情形；并对衰减波入射时两种极限情形下(理想稳态和理想暂态情形)的反射系数进行了分析. 结果表明, 多次透射公式对弱衰减波仍可适用，对于强衰减波则需应用加衰减系数的多次透射公式进行透射．最后，通过两相介质两个数值实验, 验证了该边界条件在模拟衰减波时的精度．      

Multi—transmitting formula for attenuating waves

The MTF is extended to case of attenuating incident wave by introducing an attenuation coefficient.The reflection coefficients of this modified MTF and MTF are evaluated and compared when an attenuating wave impinges on the boundary,and the results demonstrate that MTF can be used to absorb slightly attenuating waves and the modi-fied MTF is more capable of absorbing heavily attenuating waves than MTF.The accuracy of modified MTF is also tested by numerical examples of fluid saturated porous media.     

弹性波数值模拟的延迟边界方法

在地震波场的波动方程数值模拟中,由于计算量的限制,必须加入人为的边界,使模拟计算可以在一定的空间范围内进行. 由于边界节点上的波场值不能像模拟区域内部的节点一样使用中心差分来计算,使其计算精度大大降低,从而产生边界反射. 为了消除边界反射,本文提出了延迟边界方法,根据弹性波在传播方向上等距离质点的等相位延迟性质和振幅衰减特性,由内部波场的时空分布,推算出边界波场的相位延迟的大小和振幅衰减系数,从而提高边界节点上的波场值计算精度,消除边界反射的产生.     

衰减雷达波有限元偏移

高频雷达波在地球介质中有较强的衰减,反演中不可忽略．为此文中首先给出了含衰减项的雷达波的有限元方程及其偏移理论．用有限差分法或有限元法可正演合成雷达波资料,加入一定的扰动后用含衰减项的雷达波有限元方程做偏移,实例结果表明,考虑衰减项的偏移结果能使界面更好地归位,这为提高探地雷达地质解释的分辨率提供了可能性,为逐渐地实现符合雷达波自身动力学特点的处理系统奠定了基础．     

基于混合有限元格式的完美匹配层与多次透射公式人工边界比较研究

介绍了完美匹配层(PML)人工边界可以吸收不同频率和任意角度入射波的原理以及PML人工边界的构造方法. 在此基础上，将PML人工边界应用于地震波动数值模拟的速度应力混合有限元格式中，探讨了PML应用的可行性，并通过数值试验研究了PML人工边界的反射率，比较了PML人工边界与多次透射公式(MTF)人工边界应用于体波和面波模拟中数值反射的差异，对两种边界的透射效果进行了分析. 结果表明， 尽管数值离散后PML人工边界不再保持完美匹配特性，但PML人工边界在近场波动数值模拟中可获得比MTF人工边界更为理想的吸收效果，在角点透射、大角度掠射情形下尤为明显；PML人工边界在混合有限元格式的数值算法中，未见失稳等不良反应，比MTF人工边界有更好的稳定性；在合理选择参数的情况下，PML人工边界的运算量可接受.      

Comparison of perfectly matched layer and multi-transmitting formula artificial boundary condition based on hybrid finite element formulation

The theory of perfectly matched layer (PML) artificial boundary condition (ABC), which is characterized by absorption any wave motions with arbitrary frequency and arbitrarily incident angle, is introduced. The construc- tion process of PML boundary based on elastodynamic partial differential equation (PDE) system is developed. Combining with velocity-stress hybrid finite element formulation, the applicability of PML boundary is investi- gated and the numerical reflection of PML boundary is estimated. The reflectivity of PML and multi-transmitting formula (MTF) boundary is then compared based on body wave and surface wave simulations. The results show that although PML boundary yields some reflection, its absorption performance is superior to MTF boundary in the numerical simulations of near-fault wave propagation, especially in corner and large angle grazing incidence situations. The PML boundary does not arise any unstable phenomenon and the stability of PML boundary is better than MTF boundary in hybrid finite element method. For a specified problem and analysis tolerance, the computa- tional efficiency of PML boundary is only a little lower than MTF boundary.     

饱水介质波动分析的谐波输入初始间断的处理方法

本文以饱水两相介质的土力学模型为研究对象,在假定两相介质为弹性介质条件下,采用了显式有限元法和透射边界进行了饱和弹性半空间动力响应问题的研究。为避免谐波输入初始间断的影响,文中提出了一个处理函数,并以弹性半空间为算例,对饱水介质和单相介质分别进行了在底边界P波垂直入射时的动力响应分析,验证了该处理函数的有效性和实用性。     

Acoustic viscoelastic modeling by frequency-domain boundary element method

Earth medium is not completely elastic, with its viscosity resulting in attenuation and dispersion of seismic waves. Most viscoelastic numerical simulations are based on the finite-difference and finite-element methods. Targeted at viscoelastic numerical modeling for multilayered media, the constant-Q acoustic wave equation is transformed into the corresponding wave integral representation with its Green’s function accounting for viscoelastic coefficients. An efficient alternative for full-waveform solution to the integral equation is proposed in this article by extending conventional frequency-domain boundary element methods to viscoelastic media. The viscoelastic boundary element method enjoys a distinct characteristic of the explicit use of boundary continuity conditions of displacement and traction, leading to a semi-analytical solution with sufficient accuracy for simulating the viscoelastic effect across irregular interfaces. Numerical experiments to study the viscoelastic absorption of different Q values demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the method.     

THE APPLICATION OF PML BOUNDARY CODITIONS IN THE SIMULATION OF SEISMIC WAVE BY THE HIGH-ORDER STAGGERED-GRID FINITE DIFFERENCES AT THE TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MEDIA

In the realm of the numerical simulation, finite difference method and finite element method are more intuitive and effective than other simulation methods. In the process of simulating seismic wave propagation, the finite differences method is widely used because of its high computational efficiency and the advantage of the algorithm is more efficient. With the demand of precision, more and more researchers have proposed more effective methods of finite differences, such as the high-order staggered-grid finite differences method, which can restore the actual process of wave propagation on the premise of ensuring accuracy and improving the efficiency of operation. In the past numerical simulation of seismic wave field, different models of isotropic medium are mostly used, but it is difficult to reflect the true layer situation. With the research demand of natural seismology and seismic exploration, the research on anisotropic media is more and more extensive. Transversely isotropic(TI)media can well simulate the seismic wave propagation in the formation medium, such as gas-bearing sandstone, mudstone, shale et al., the character of TI media is reflected by introducing the Thomsen parameters to reflect its weak anisotropy of vertical direction by using Thomson parameter. Therefore, studying the process of seismic wave propagation in TI media can restore the true information of the formation to the greatest extent, and provide a more reliable simulation basis for the numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation. In the geodynamic simulation and the numerical simulation of the seismic wave field, under the limited influence of the calculation area, if no boundary conditions are added, a strong artificial boundary reflection will be generated, which greatly reduces the validity of the simulation. In order to minimize the influence of model boundaries on the reflection of seismic waves, it is often necessary to introduce absorbing boundary conditions. At present, there are three types of absorption boundary conditions: one-way wave absorption boundary, attenuation absorption boundary, and perfectly matched layer(PML)absorption boundary. In terms of numerical simulation of seismic waves, the boundary absorption effect of PML is stronger than the first two, which is currently the most commonly used method, and it also represents the cutting-edge development direction of absorption boundary technology. The perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary is effectively applied to eliminating the reflective waves from model boundaries, but for transversely isotropic medium, the effect of the absorbing is not very well. For this reason, the elastic dynamic wave equations in transversely isotropic media are derived, and we describe a second-order accurate time, tenth-order accurate space, formulation of the Madariaga-Virieux staggered-grid finite difference methods with the perfectly matched layer(PML)are given. In addition, we have established vertical transversely isotropic(VTI)media and arbitrary inclined tilted transversely isotropic(TTI)media models, using a uniform half-space velocity model and a two-layer velocity model, respectively. By combining the actual geoscience background, we set the corresponding parameters and simulation conditions in order to make our model more research-oriented. When setting model parameters, different PML thickness, incident angle, source frequency and velocity layer models were transformed to verify the inhibition of boundary reflection effect by PML absorption boundary layer. The implementations of this simulation show that the formula is correct and for the transversely isotropic(TI)media of any angular symmetry axis, when the thickness of the PML layer reaches a certain value, the seismic wave reflection effect generated by the artificial boundary can be well suppressed, and the absorption effect of PML is not subject to changes in incident angle and wave frequency. Therefore, the results of our study indicate that our research method can be used to simulate the propagation process of seismic waves in the transversely isotropic(TI)media without being affected by the reflected waves at the model boundary to restore the actual formation information and more valuable geological research.     

常Q衰减介质分数阶波动方程优化有限差分模拟

本文基于Kjartansson常Q模型理论,推导了常Q衰减介质中黏声波和黏弹性波的速度-应力方程,并采用基于二项式窗函数的优化交错网格有限差分方法进行了数值模拟,同时引入不分裂的复频移卷积完全匹配层(CPML)吸收边界条件,以消除边界反射.使用基于自适应时间步长记忆方法的中心差分近似时间分数阶导数,与常用的短时记忆方法相比,提高了波动方程的离散化精度和计算效率.通过对比均匀模型下声波的数值解与解析解,验证了算法的精确性,并进一步分析了不同品质因子下地震波的频散及衰减特征.对BP盐丘模型的数值模拟结果可以较好地反映本文数值方法对复杂介质的适应性及频散压制效果.