插片后珍珠蚌生长性状及其无核珍珠成珠率和大小

为了筛选优质的珍珠蚌插片组合,探究不同种类珍珠蚌相互插片后生长性状间的差异和相关性,以及各组合无核珍珠成珠率和大小的差异,利用三角帆蚌(S)、池蝶蚌(C)和褶纹冠蚌(Z)分别作为供片蚌和育珠蚌,获得9个育珠蚌组合,测量各育珠组合的体质量、壳长、壳高和壳宽,比较9个育珠蚌组合及3个未插片的三角帆蚌、池蝶蚌和褶纹冠蚌对照组在1年后生长性状的差异,对各生长性状相关性进行分析。测量每个育珠蚌所产无核珍珠的数量和大小,计算成珠率和圆度,分析不同组合之间无核珍珠的差异。结果显示,无核育珠手术影响珍珠蚌的生长性能,以三角帆蚌和池蝶蚌为育珠蚌的组合生长性状均优于对照组,S-S育珠组合在以三角帆蚌为育珠蚌组合内生长最优,S-C和C-C育珠组合在以池蝶蚌为育珠蚌组合中生长最优,而以褶纹冠蚌为育珠蚌的组合插片后生长性状指标均小于对照组。其中除了池蝶蚌同种插片组合(C-C育珠组合)外,其余各育珠组合壳长与体质量间相关系数均高于其他生长性状间相关系数,C-C育珠组合壳宽与体质量相关系数最大;三角帆蚌和池蝶蚌之间的插片组合（S-S、C-S、S-C和C-C育珠组合）及褶纹冠蚌同种插片组合（Z-Z育珠组合）成珠率较高(91.67%~100%)。S-S、S-C和C-C育珠组合所育珍珠较圆但珍珠大小在各育珠组合内处于中等。研究表明,无核育珠手术改变珍珠蚌的生长性能,不同育珠组合生长性能存在差异,S-S、S-C和C-C育珠组合插片后生长性能较好,成珠率高,珍珠较圆但珍珠大小在各育珠组合中处于中等,该结果为探索不同珍珠蚌生长性状差异和相关性及其所产无核珍珠成珠率、大小的比较提供重要依据。     

插片后珍珠蚌生长性状及其无核珍珠成珠率和大小

为了筛选优质的珍珠蚌插片组合,探究不同种类珍珠蚌相互插片后生长性状间的差异和相关性,以及各组合无核珍珠成珠率和大小的差异,利用三角帆蚌(S)、池蝶蚌(C)和褶纹冠蚌(Z)分别作为供片蚌和育珠蚌,获得9个育珠蚌组合,测量各育珠组合的体质量、壳长、壳高和壳宽,比较9个育珠蚌组合及3个未插片的三角帆蚌、池蝶蚌和褶纹冠蚌对照组在1年后生长性状的差异,对各生长性状相关性进行分析。测量每个育珠蚌所产无核珍珠的数量和大小,计算成珠率和圆度,分析不同组合之间无核珍珠的差异。结果显示,无核育珠手术影响珍珠蚌的生长性能,以三角帆蚌和池蝶蚌为育珠蚌的组合生长性状均优于对照组,S-S育珠组合在以三角帆蚌为育珠蚌组合内生长最优,SC和C-C育珠组合在以池蝶蚌为育珠蚌组合中生长最优,而以褶纹冠蚌为育珠蚌的组合插片后生长性状指标均小于对照组。其中除了池蝶蚌同种插片组合(C-C育珠组合)外,其余各育珠组合壳长与体质量间相关系数均高于其他生长性状间相关系数,C-C育珠组合壳宽与体质量相关系数最大;三角帆蚌和池蝶蚌之间的插片组合(S-S、C-S、S-C和C-C育珠组合)及褶纹冠蚌同种插片组合(Z-Z育珠组合)成珠率较高(91.67%～100%)。S-S、S-C和C-C育珠组合所育珍珠较圆但珍珠大小在各育珠组合内处于中等。研究表明,无核育珠手术改变珍珠蚌的生长性能,不同育珠组合生长性能存在差异,S-S、S-C和CC育珠组合插片后生长性能较好,成珠率高,珍珠较圆但珍珠大小在各育珠组合中处于中等,该结果为探索不同珍珠蚌生长性状差异和相关性及其所产无核珍珠成珠率、大小的比较提供重要依据。     

影响养殖珍珠质量的主要因子

珍珠被誉为“宝石皇后”,养殖珍珠质量的提升是珍珠产业关注的焦点,也是珍珠研究领域的重要课题.本研究着重介绍了评价养殖珍珠质量的6个方面内容,包括颜色、大小、形状、光泽、光洁度、有核珍珠珠层厚度等.详细陈述了各主要育珠贝种类及其产珠特点,它们所培育的淡水无核珍珠和海水有核珍珠的质量情况,论述了不同规格、不同壳色育珠贝对所产珍珠质量的影响.重点介绍了作为制作小片供体的供片贝不同种类,以及供片贝不同年龄、不同壳色对育珠贝所产珍珠质量的影响.同时,阐述了插片手术过程中,化学药物因素、小片分离方式、插片个数等插片手术工艺对珍珠质量的影响.此外,还从水质、水体微量元素、养殖深度、养殖方式和养殖周期等几个方面系统探讨了外部条件对养殖珍珠质量的影响.     

池蝶蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)与三角帆蚌(H.cumingii)育珠生产对比研究

本文对两种育珠蚌即池蝶蚌和三角帆蚌进行培育有核珍珠和无核珍珠生产对比研究，结果表明：池蝶蚌育珠性能明显优于三角帆蚌；池蝶蚌育珠蚌的成活率、所育珍蛛层厚度和珍珠质量均高于三角帆蚌的育珠蚌；至2005年4月，池蝶蚌育珠蚌的成活率、珍珠产量和所培育无核珍珠的3级、8、9、10mm以上珍珠比例都高于三角帆蚌的育珠蚌，显示出较大的经济优势和推广潜力。     

优质紫色淡水有核珍珠的培育方法

<正>我们挑选紫色三角帆蚌选育系作为育珠蚌和供片蚌,选择内壳色为深紫的外套膜,采用撕片法制作细胞小片,然后在珍珠生产过程中检测珍珠的生长状况,提前淘汰有尾珠和脱核珠,同时改善插核工艺,能够有效地提高正圆珍珠的比例,最后优先选择平均水深3~4米、总面积1000亩左右的外荡作为养殖场地,经过3年生产出紫色优质正圆的淡水有核珍珠,以解决现有技术所存在的诸多不足之处,介绍如下,以供参考。     

鱼蚌混养经验介绍

<正> 1966年以来,我县鱼、蚌混养鱼产量稳定,珍珠质量较高。就太仓县水产养殖场而言,1980年收获育珠蚌2,813只,产珍珠23,894克,其中1～3级珍珠14,911克,占62.40％,平均每只育珠蚌产珠8.49克,产值32.09元,亩产珠1,493.38克,产值     

三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌育珠性能比较

三角帆蚌,隶属于瓣鳃纲,真瓣鳃目,蚌科,帆蚌属,是中国特有的优质淡水育珠蚌。三角帆所产的珍珠产量佳,珠质细腻、光滑、色泽鲜艳、形状较圆,但珍珠生长比较缓慢。池蝶蚌与三角帆蚌同属帆蚌属(日本称为池蝶蚌属),是中国大陆近年来从日本、台湾引进的优良珠贝类。与三角帆蚌相比,池蝶蚌具有壳、珍珠层、外套膜较厚,珍珠质分泌能力强等优点。     

提高淡水珍珠质量的小结

目前,人工养殖的淡水珍珠,如何提高质量,已成为当前淡水育珠的重要课题。我们从几年来的淡水养殖珍珠的生产实践认识到,人工育珠的质量是受多种因素影响,如育珠蚌的种类,暂养蚌的饲养管理,制片与插片技术,育珠蚌的饲养管理好环等都影响人工淡水珍珠的质量。现就以上几方面谈点粗浅看法。一、育珠蚌的种类淡水育珠蚌的种类,生产上应用较多的是三角帆蚌,褶纹冠蚌,背角无齿蚌,圆背角无齿蚌,珍珠蚌,背瘤丽蚌等。一般来说,以三角帆蚌、褶纹冠蚌育成珠的质量比其他蚌的质量好,尤其是三角帆蚌     

提高珍珠质量的措施

<正>目前,珍珠的质量评定标准包括珍珠的圆度、色泽和珠粒大小,而不同档级珍珠之间的经济价值相差较大。因此,如何提高珍珠质量是珍珠生产过程中应重点掌握的生产技术,现就如何培育形圆、光好、个大珍珠的措施概述如下:一、育珠蚌的选育1.三自方针自繁、自育、自养手术蚌或利用本地资源,是降低成本、减少疾病的措施之一。     

有核再生珠培育新工艺

有核再生珍珠（图见彩中插2）培育是采用活蚌取珠的方式，即用开壳器将珠蚌撑开，在珍珠囊中活体取珠，利用珍珠囊上皮细胞重新分泌珍珠质而形成新珍珠，这样一只育珠蚌可循环多次利用，资源利用率高，省工、省本，养殖周期短，年经济效益高。特别是利用培育有核钮扣珠的珠蚌作为再生珠育珠蚌，活蚌取珠后培育有核再生珠。由于培育钮扣珠的珠核形状规则，大小一致，其形成的珍珠囊大，因此培育的有核再生珠大小均匀，规格大，珍珠光滑细腻，珠光强、质量好，适宜加工成多种新奇饰品。目前，该有核再生珠已成为国内外珠商抢手货，市场价5万～10万元／千克之间，     

Freshwater nucleated pearl quality is influenced by host mussel growth traits in Hyriopsis cumingii

Hyriopsis cumingii is one of the most important freshwater pearl mussels in China. Recently, this species can produce freshwater nucleated pearls of high quality. Here, we investigated whether nucleated pearl quality is influenced by the growth traits of the host mussel or other factors like cultivation period. We implanted host mussels with a spherical nucleus consisting of a small piece of mantle tissue from donor mussels. After 24 and 36 months of culture, host mussel growth traits including body weight and shell length, height, width and weight were recorded. These factors were then correlated with the quality traits of the pearls they produced, such as nacre thickness, size, weight, lustre and colour. Results indicated pearls obtained at 36 months after seeding were significantly larger in terms of nacre thickness, size and weight compared to those harvested at 24 months. In particular, nacre thickness (r = 0.33–0.48, P = 0.00), pearl size (r = 0.39–0.43, P = 0.00) and pearl weight (r = 0.35–0.47, P = 0.00) were showed to be significantly correlated with host mussels shell length, body weight and shell weight at 24 or 36 months. Larger and heavier host mussels tended to produce bigger pearls. In contrast, host mussels did not affect pearl colour. Cumulatively, our results suggest that longer culturing times and a larger host mussel may help produce better quality nucleated pearl. This information can help guide selective breeding programs designed to improve pearl quality produced by H. cumingii.     

Comparative analysis of total carotenoid content in tissues of purple and white inner-shell color pearl mussel,Hyriopsis cumingii

The freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii is the most important mussel species for freshwater pearl production in China. Mussel shell color is an important indicator of pearl quality. The objective of this study was to assess whether total carotenoid content (TCC) in H. cumingii is related to shell color. TCC of different tissues (gonad, gill, hepatopancreas, kidney, axe foot, mantle, and adductor muscle) of purple and white inner-shell H. cumingii was determined by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The results revealed that TCC ranged from 12.91 ± 0.78 to 56.30 ± 0.74 μg/g. In general, TCC was higher in the hepatopancreas, followed by the mantle, gonad, gill, kidney, axe foot, and adductor muscle. TCC in gonad, gill, hepatopancreas, kidney, and mantle of purple mussels was significantly higher than that of white mussels. TCC in mussel tissues of H. cumingii was significantly different (P < 0.001) with respect to shell color. There were significant positive correlations between TCC in mussel mantle and shell color intensity. Future studies will assess the biological roles of carotenoids in shell color formation.     

三角帆蚌种质资源研究进展

三角帆蚌是我国优良的淡水育珠蚌,具有重要的经济价值。本文从我国三角帆蚌种质资源调查、搜集与保护出发,介绍了三角帆蚌RAPD、SSR及线粒体基因片段等不同分子标记开发状况,重点讨论了这些分子标记分析三角帆蚌遗传多样性的情况。比较了我国五大淡水湖泊三角帆蚌种质及3个优秀种质9个F1后代的生长性能,比较了三角帆蚌雌雄生长差异。简述了三角帆蚌珍珠质形成相关基因、免疫相关基因、贝壳及珍珠颜色相关基因的研究现状。从三角帆蚌与其他蚌类种间杂交、三角帆蚌种内杂交,介绍了培育康乐蚌新品种的过程及三角帆蚌家系选育的进展情况。对今后进一步开展三角帆蚌种质资源研究提出了意见和建议,为三角帆蚌遗传改良提供了基础资料。     

Contribution of donor and host oysters to the cultured pearl colour in Pinctada martensii

Cultured free round pearls are produced by implanting a spherical nucleus with a small piece of nacre‐secreting mantle graft from a donor oyster into the gonad of a recipient oyster (host). To examine the possible contribution of host and donor oysters to the colouration of the harvested pearls, the CSE‐1 Imaging and Color‐Measuring System were used to quantitatively measure the L*a*b* values of donor and host shells and the produced pearls in Pinctada martensii. Results showed that the colour of pearls had significant positive correlation (r = 0.1–0.22, P = 0.00) with that of donors, but had no correlation with that of host oysters, thus convincingly confirmed the contribution of nacre colour of donor to the realization of pearl quality of colour. To further clarify the relationship between the donor and the pearl colour, the donors from pearls of good and poor colour quality were further compared and the results demonstrated the significant difference in L* values (P < 0.05) and insignificant difference in a* and b* values, suggesting the necessity of selecting donors with bright and lustrous nacre in pearl production.     

三角帆蚌紫色选育系1龄阶段内壳色及生长性状的遗传参数估计

采用群体选育辅助种内群体间杂交选育的方法,以内壳色、体质量作为选育性状,经过连续4代的选育获得了紫色选育系F4。本实验以F4为亲本进行繁殖,利用6对微卫星标记,对15个同批繁育的F4母蚌的1龄后代进行亲子鉴定,鉴别出了来自12个父本、15个母本的42个全同胞家系,使用ASREML软件的约束极大似然法对三角帆蚌内壳色及生长性状进行了遗传参数分析。结果显示,内壳色颜色参数L*、a*、b*、dE*的遗传力分别为0.31±0.22、0.11±0.08、0.36±0.18、0.29±0.19,L*、a*、b*之间的遗传相关和表型相关均较低,范围为0.08~0.47和0.04~0.32,L*与dE*相关性最大,遗传相关为-0.94±0.06,表型相关为-0.96±0.01;生长性状壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量和壳重的遗传力分别为0.24±0.19、0.37±0.27、0.26±0.16、0.26±0.17、0.31±0.19,各性状间遗传相关和表型相关均为正相关,分别为0.71~0.92、0.66~0.94;颜色参数与生长性状的遗传相关和表型相关均很低,为0.02~0.18。三角帆蚌紫色选育系1龄阶段内壳色和生长性状的遗传力多为中高水平,对其继续进行遗传改良预期能够获得良好遗传进展。内壳色与生长性状的相关度很低,无法实现相互选择,体质量与其他生长性状相关均较紧密,表明将内壳色、体质量作为目标性状进行同步选育的方法合理,可实现同时改良壳色及生长性能的目的。     

How cultured pearls acquire their colour

Round nucleated pearls are produced through a surgical operation, where a round nucleus and a mantle tissue ‘saibo’ from donor oyster are inserted into the gonad of the host oyster. The epithelial cells in the mantle tissue proliferate around the nucleus, and thus, the pearl sac is formed. Pearl sac secrets nacre and forms a pearl. The quality and economic value of pearls are assessed by pearl features such as colour, brightness, lustre and shape. Among all these features, colour has been reported as an important economic indicator and has been widely studied by researchers. Generally, pearl colour is affected by the donor oyster which is determined genetically and biological pigments (melanin and carotenoid). Organic matrices, metal ions and other factors have also been reported to influence the colour of a cultured pearl. Recently, multi‐omics methods have been used to study the colour formation of pearl, and some key genes and signal pathways related to the colour formation of pearls have been identified. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of pearl formation needs further research. The review combines both fresh and sea water pearls focusing on Hyriopsis cumingii and pearl oysters to provide a general overview and understanding for pearl colour formation.     

利用马氏珠母贝4个壳色系F3培育厚层优质珍珠

为了评价红、金黄、白和黑壳色系F3育珠性状,设立两个实验,分别利用马氏珠母贝红、金黄、白和黑壳色系F3作为植核(受体)贝和小片(供体)贝进行植核育珠。实验Ⅰ:利用红、金黄、白和黑壳色系F3为插核贝和小片贝建立16个组合,另外利用以普通养殖群体为插核贝、金黄壳色系F3为小片贝建立了1个组合,共建立17个组合,育珠期为24个月;实验Ⅱ:分别利用红、金黄、白和黑壳色系F3为植核贝和小片贝建立16个组合,育珠期为18个月。结果表明,育珠期结束后实验Ⅰ和Ⅱ的4个壳色系F3平均壳高和成活率均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),实验Ⅰ和Ⅱ的黑壳色系F3具有最大的平均壳高,实验Ⅰ金黄壳色系F3具有最高的成活率,实验Ⅱ黑壳色系F3具有最高的成活率。实验Ⅰ:各组合间的留核率、商品珠率、优良珠率和育珠绩效均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),珍珠层厚度差异不显著(P>0.05);BW组具有最大的留核率、商品珠率、珠层厚度和育珠绩效值,RB组具有最大的优良珠率;实验Ⅱ:各组合的留核率、商品珠率、优良珠率、珍珠层厚度和育珠绩效均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。黑壳色系F3作为插核贝具有较好的育珠效果,经进一步测试其育珠性能,可在珍珠生产中推广应用。     

三角帆蚌hcSRCR1基因的克隆及在不同壳色选育系中的表达模式

清道夫受体(SR)是一类对化学修饰的脂蛋白具有很强结合活性的糖蛋白家族。本研究通过RACE方法克隆得到三角帆蚌hcSRCR1基因cDNA序列,该序列全长1 000 bp,其中开放阅读框819 bp,编码272个氨基酸,预测分子量为28.16 ku,理论等电点为5.55;预测含有2个SRCR结构域和6个保守的半胱氨酸残基。qRT-PCR和Western blot结果显示,hcSRCR1 mRNA和蛋白表达模式基本相同,均在三角帆蚌外套膜中表达量最高,在其他组织中的表达量普遍较低,且在紫色选育系外套膜组织中的表达量显著高于白色选育系。外套膜原位杂交结果显示,hcSRCR1基因主要在外套膜外褶的内、外上皮细胞层以及腹膜处的上皮细胞层中表达。研究表明,三角帆蚌hcSRCR1基因与贝壳珍珠质颜色形成具有一定相关性,可为进一步研究该基因在珍珠颜色形成过程中的调控机理提供基础资料。     

Comparison of growth and pearl production in males and females of the freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii, in China

Growth and pearl production were compared for males and females in the freshwater mussel, Hyriopis cumingii, from a full-sib family. The results indicated that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) on individual weight between male and female mussels of 1- or 2-year-old, while significant difference (p < 0.01) lay among 3- or 4-year-old mussels with male greater than female. The average shell width of the male mussels was less than that of the female individual (p < 0.05). 1- and 2-year-old males and females did not differ significantly with respect to the total weights, grain weights, or grain sizes of the pearls they produced, but these three parameters were all significantly greater in 3- and 4-year-old males (p < 0.05). The round pearl percent were similar between male and females at ages 1, 2, 3 and 4 years. Male and female mussels were separately and mixed cultured in enclosures, respectively. The rates of growth in shell width and body weight of females separated from males were 3.42 and 4.16 %, respectively, higher than in females mixed with males (p < 0.05). The total pearl weight per mussel, the average weight per pearl, and the average pearl size of females separated from males were 6.61, 7.10, and 3.59 %, respectively, greater than in females mixed with males (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the growth rate or pearl yield of males cultured with or without females (p > 0.05). Under traditional culture methods, male mussels have a better pearl performance, and artificial separation of females from males can improve the growth and pearl production of female mussels.