絮凝剂对活性污泥氧化还原酶活性的影响

为了研究絮凝剂对污泥活性的影响,考察了SBR反应器中投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)对脱氢酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性以及COD去除率的影响。结果表明,投加10 mg/L的PAC对污泥中脱氢酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用;投加10 mg/L的PFS和0.1 mg/L的CPAM对脱氢酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性有明显的促进作用,但由于其在活性污泥微生物体内的毒性累积作用,在接触后期活性呈现缓慢降低趋势。PAC系统抑制了COD的去除,而CPAM和PFS促进了系统中COD的去除,且PFS对系统中COD的去除率略大于CPAM。     

混凝调理印染污泥脱水研究

通过对佛山市某工业园集中式印染污水处理厂的污泥进行调查和研究,分别考察了单独使用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)以及两种混凝剂联合使用调理印染污泥效果。实验表明:使用单一调理剂PAC、CPAM时,污泥离心脱水后含水率分别为89.02%和84.88%。经真空抽滤,测得污泥比阻为3.46×1012,0.687×1012m/kg,所得泥饼含水率分别为77.04%和75.24%。使用两种混凝剂联合调理印染污泥,离心后污泥含水率为86.18%。真空抽滤脱水后,污泥比阻为6.007×1012m/kg,滤饼含水率为75.28%。因此针对该污水厂产生的印染污泥,优选投加CPAM,投加量为50 mg/L。     

传统与加载絮凝工艺处理铜镍废水的污泥特性对比研究

以高浓度铜镍废水为研究对象,分别采用传统絮凝和加载絮凝工艺,探究了聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量、阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)投加量、回流污泥量对出水效果、污泥的脱水性能和沉降性能的影响。结果表明:加载工艺比传统工艺处理效果更好,更节省药剂投加量,对药剂投加量的波动变化适应性更强;PAC的投加量对同种工艺下污泥CST值的影响明显,传统和加载絮凝两种工艺中,不同PAC投加量对应的CST差值最大分别达到9.4 s和8.6 s;不同APAM投加量下,加载工艺产生的污泥CST值总体比传统工艺的小8~9 s,表明加载工艺的污泥脱水性能普遍优于传统工艺;药剂投加量相同时,加载絮凝工艺得到污泥的沉降性能比传统工艺更好;结合出水效果、污泥脱水性能、污泥沉降性能和处理成本,确定采用加载工艺处理铜镍废水,其最佳工艺条件为:PAC=20 mg/L,APAM=4 mg/L,污泥回流量=100 mL。     

三种典型混凝剂处理带正电胶粒絮体性能的影响因素

采用光学散射絮凝度测定仪(IPDA2000型)研究3种典型混凝剂(PAC、PFS、FeCl_3)在不同pH值和混凝剂投加量下处理带正电胶粒时的絮体絮凝特性、絮体强度以及破碎后恢复性能。结果表明:过低和过高的pH值及投加量都不利于絮体形成;PAC投加量50 mg/L(pH=8.5),PFS投加量50 mg/L(pH=8),FeCl_3投加量30 mg/L(pH=7)条件下,絮凝速度最快,絮体尺寸最大,且FeCl_3絮体的稳定尺寸为PAC和PFS的1.5倍,絮体形成速度更快,达到最优条件需要碱度更低。投药量是影响絮体强度和恢复性能的重要因素,随着投加量增加,FeCl_3、PFS、PAC絮体强度增大,但恢复性能降低;同条件下FeCl_3的恢复因子为PFS和PAC的0.5倍。     

活性污泥投加粉末活性炭的基础特性研究

在活性污泥(AS)中投加粉末活性炭(PAC)的试验结果表明,PAC不吸附氨氮,对COD的吸附容量也仅为0.0148—O.2305g COD/g PAC.而[AS+PAC]系统的反应速率常数K分别是[PAC]和[AS]系统的2.33倍和1.40倍,COD绝对去除量大于[PAC]和[AS]二者系统之和,并能明显地提高生物处理系统的有机物去除率。同时,1mg PAC还能吸附0.5—0.75mg DO;当活性污泥的PAC量占1/3,SVI可从389ml/g降至200ml/g以下;含1.5g/L PAC的污泥在投加碱式氯化铝后,污泥比阻仅为原比阻的25％,相应过滤产率提高1倍。     

不同调理剂对厌氧石化污泥脱水性能的影响研究

以厌氧消化后的石化污泥为研究对象,研究聚合硫酸亚铁(PFS)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、Fenton试剂对厌氧石化污泥脱水性能的影响,再对调理后的厌氧污泥通过板框压滤机压滤脱水,考察其脱水难易程度。研究结果表明:相比无机絮凝剂PFS、PAC和有机絮凝剂PAM,Fenton试剂(七水合硫酸亚铁加到15,20,25 g/L时,H_2O_2溶液投加量为5 m L/L)的调理效果较好,调理后污泥的毛细吸水时间分别降低至36.82,18.3,27.28 s,污泥比阻分别降低至4.22×1011,1.23×1011,2.45×1011cm/g;采用FPS、PAC、PAM、Fenton(H_2O_2溶液投加量为5 m L/L,Fe SO4·7H2O加到15,20,25 g/L时)调理后的污泥,经过板框脱水后的泥饼含水率分别为68.65%、64.19%、67.21%、57.46%、55.83%、59.36%。由此可见,最优的厌氧石化污泥脱水调理剂为Fenton试剂(Fe SO4·7H2O、H_2O_2投加量分别为20 g/L、5 m L/L),该研究对厌氧石化污泥的高干脱水和减量化具有参考价值。     

强化絮凝法处理含油浮渣的实验研究

针对炼油污水厂浮选池浮渣的性质和特点,采用强化絮凝法对浮渣进行了实验研究.结果表明:强化絮凝更适合浮渣脱水,在KMnO4投加量为700 mg/L,FeCl3投加量为3 g/L,PAC投加量为700 mg/L,pH值为9,CPAM投加量为190 mg/L的条件下,浮渣含水率降低为78.48%,比单独使用CPAM降低5.38%,浮渣减量化明显,可为当前单独使用CPAM处理含油浮渣的污水厂进行升级改造提供参考.     

城市污水处理厂化学强化生物除磷的试验研究

为有效解决北京某城市污水处理厂出水总磷含量较高的实际问题,通过在生物处理工艺(A2O)后端添加化学除磷强化单元的方法,依次开展了实验室试验和现场的生产性试验.实验室试验以好氧池出水为试验用水,对不同浓度梯度的聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、三氯化铁(FeCl3)等除磷效果进行了对比研究,并分别对其除磷机理进行了深入的探讨.试验结果表明:3种药剂中,PAC除磷效果最好,当其投加量为60mg/L,投加系数β为4.15时,出水总磷含量可小于0.5mg/L,而且药剂投加成本较低,仅为0.078元/t.现场生产性试验选取好氧池出水端为药剂投加点,对PAC的除磷效果进行现场验证.经试验测定,当PAC投加量为60mg/L,投加系数β为4.22时,污水处理厂出水总磷含量远低于0.5mg/L,符合排放要求.考虑到进水量和负荷的波动,在保证出水达标排放的前提下,为保证药剂的有效利用,通过采取针对性措施提高前端生物除磷效率及反馈投加药剂的方法,以有效减少药剂的投加量及化学污泥的排放量,达到节能减排的目的.     

混凝沉淀工艺处理餐厨废水的研究

通过单因素试验考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)对餐厨废水生化处理出水中COD、TP的去除效果,并确定了絮凝沉淀最佳工艺条件:最优絮凝剂为PFS,最佳投加量为450 mg/L,絮凝反应时间为30 min,PAM投加量为0.6 mg/L,PAM投加时间为距离PFS投加后至少l min.在最佳工艺条件下,COD、TP平均去除率可分别达36％、83％,此时絮体体积比为13％.     

六氯苯污染源水的饮用水应急处理工艺研究

针对长江水源地可能发生的六氯苯(HCB)突发污染事故,开展了应急处理工艺研究.考察了混凝剂聚合硫酸铁(PFS)投加量、KMnO₄预氧化和木质粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附预处理对HCB 去除效果的影响.根据静态试验,设计了三因素三水平正交试验,进一步考察了KMnO₄氧化与PAC 吸附联用预处理-混凝沉淀工艺去除HCB 的效果.结果表明,常规处理无法有效去除HCB;单独KMnO₄ 预氧化无法明显改善混凝沉淀对HCB的去除效果;PAC联用吸附预处理可明显提高去除效率.正交试验结果表明,在PAC,PFS,KMnO4投加量分别为40,5.0,0.5mg/L的最佳条件下,HCB 去除率为98.97%,但浊度在2NTU 以上.选取PAC 吸附预处理-混凝沉淀工艺进行中试试验,结果表明,在PFS 和PAC 投加量分别为15mg/L 和40mg/L 时,HCB 的去除率在98%以上,HCB 剩余浓度和浊度分别在1µg/L 和1NTU 以下.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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