市场环境下分时电价对系统最优负荷备用容量的影响

电力市场采用分时电价后,每个时段的负荷量将发生变化,同时会对负荷缺电成本以及可中断负荷赔偿费用产生影响,进而影响系统可靠性以及备用购买情况。针对分时电价对负荷缺电成本以及可中断负荷赔偿费用的影响,以每个时段的购买备用容量社会成本最小为目标,采用概率方法建立了计及分时电价影响的系统动态负荷备用购买模型,并通过算例对不同时...     

解读当量电价法

通过对当量电价法与统一出清电价法的对比分析,证实了当量电价法不但符合电力系统运行特点,而且与统一出清的边际成本电价法一样,能够提供丰富和正确的经济学信号。但发电上网当量电价法又是在保持优良加载顺序条件下,将边际成本性质的最小成本折线,提升到参考系的平均成本水平,这就使当量电价理论区别于传统的边际成本理论,将经济学的边际成本理论和会计学的平均成本理论统一起来。因此,文中指出,当量电价法是一类新的定价方法,它有严格的经济学基础,特别适用于有强烈规模经济性的电力市场。同时,它还解决了市场效率和投资充分回报这个两难问题;特别是在电力短缺情况下,可以自动抑制电价的飞升,又可以对发电厂商的不良市场行为自动实现有效而合理的惩罚,解决了缺电条件下同样能开放电力市场的重大难题;并提供了与政府职能相称的有效、合理的监管手段。当量电价法不失为一种适用于电力市场的优秀的定价方法。     

提高电能使用效率的可中断电价与峰谷分时电价的联合优化设计

在发电侧竟价上网的情况下,供电公司通过实行可中断电价可以适当规避购网电价剧烈波动的风险.但我国发电企业并未实施竟价上网,供电公司购网电价由政府制定,相对比较稳定,故实行可中断负荷管理对供电公司缺乏一定的激励机制.本文首先根据估算的用户缺电损失确定可中断电价;随之提出用户可中断电价响应系数的概念,对已确定的可中断电价进行调整;然后根据经济学中供需理论,将可中断电价与峰谷分时电价相结合,在分析供电公司成本和效益基础上,建立联合优化模型,采用分解算法进行求解.算例分析表明,该模型既能使供电公司与用户的利益不受损害,又可解决当前可中断电价缺少激励机制的问题,非常适合我国当前的电价改革模式.     

需求侧竞价对高峰电价影响的成本效益分析

建立了系统高峰时段单独由调峰火电机组担任调峰任务时系统电价的数学模型,建立了需求侧竞价参与系统调峰时综合考虑用户类型、提前通知时间、负荷恢复时间和缺电电量等因素下的综合缺电成本模型,得到需求侧竞价参与系统调峰时系统电价的数学模型。对二者进行比较可知,当需求侧竞价参与调峰时,可避免运行成本较高的调峰机组投入,而且其调节方式灵活,没有最低出力限制,对缓解系统高峰时段可能出现的电力系统阻塞现象有抑制作用,因此需求侧竞价参与调峰时可以降低系统高峰电价,缓解供电不足的矛盾,提高电力系统运行的可靠性。     

会计成本制定电价的方法

以会计成本确定电价水平，分析了如何制定用户的合理电价结构以及用会计成本计算各类用户电价的方法，并对电站的上网电价提出了自己的观点。在对某地区负荷进行了大量调查分析的基础上，运用本方法进行了实例计算，通过与现行电价相比较得出了一些新的结论。     

制定发电厂峰谷电价和丰枯电价的探讨

研究制定发电厂峰谷上网电价和丰枯上网电价的方法，提出了用边际成本法和成本分摊法确定峰谷电价比和丰枯电价比的思路。     

中国电价的十大误区

电价是电力改革和发展的关键因素之一，电价在不同的经济体制下，作用是不同的。在计划经济年代，电力工业是国有企业，收支两条线，办电的钱由国家拨付，电费收入归国库。电价是国家财政的需要，由政府定价，政府有钱，电价可以定得低些；政府财政紧张，电价可以定得高些，或者少搞一些电厂，造成缺电。改革开放初期，电力工业虽然仍政企不分．但已独立、     

供电公司分时售电电价研究

首先简要介绍了供电公司在电力市场中需要研究的问题。根据边际成本定价原理，针对简化的配电网条件，建立了分时电价优化模型。利用Kuhn-Tucker条件，进一步得到了供电公司分时售电电价的表达式，并从工程角度探讨了分时电价中各分量的计算方法。算例考虑了配电网线损和简化的可靠性要求，所得到的分时售电电价更接近于供电成本。     

运用价格杠杆 调节电力需求

在未来几年中，上海电网供电形势将依然十分严峻，为缓解缺电矛盾，必须利用价格杠杆，调节电力需求。文章提出的建议措施是：不断扩大分时电价的实施范围和逐步拉大峰谷差价；试行高可靠性电价、可中断电价和居民用电尖峰电价；在发电环节实行峰谷分时电价；扩大两部制分时电价的实施范围；调整高耗能行业优惠电价，以及结合国外成功经验，发展需求侧管理(DSM)资金机制。     

电价的升高与降低

电是商品,用电要交钱,这一点已经逐步为广大用户所理解。但是,电的价格确是一个广大电力客户十分关心的问题。一、过去电价为什么会不断升高：１、１９８５年以前,在计划经济体制下,由于电力全部由国家投资,当时的电价只以电力系统实际运营成本为基础参考制定的,几乎没有利润可言。因此,电价很低。但由于主体单一,电力发展跟不上国民经济的发展要求,以至全国性缺电局面严重,电力变成了制约发展的“瓶颈”。２、１９８５年以后,国家鼓励多家办电,电力投资主体多元化,他们投资办电是要求“回报”的。因此,“还本利息”电价,“…     

一种快速启发式配电网故障恢复算法

提出一种基于网络拓扑分析快速有效的配电网故障恢复算法。该算法在满足系统电流、电压的约束条件下,充分考虑负荷的优先级别,使得在开关操作次数尽可能少的情况下,尽可能多的恢复对重要负荷的供电以及其他负荷的供电,尽可能减小全系统的停电损失。算例计算表明该算法是高效和可行的。     

Evaluation of the marginal outage costs in interconnected andcomposite power systems

The structure of electric utilities is undergoing dramatic changes as new and expanded service options are added. The concepts of unbundling the electric service and offering customers a range of new services that more closely track actual costs are expanding the options open to customers. Spot pricing provides the economic structure for many of these new service options. An important component of spot prices is the marginal outage cost incurred by customers due to an incremental change in load. This paper presents a formalized approach of calculating the marginal outage cost in interconnected generating systems and composite generation and transmission systems using quantitative reliability techniques. The effects of selected pertinent factors on the marginal outage cost in composite systems are also presented. The proposed methods are illustrated by application to the IEEE-Reliability Test System (IEEE-RTS)     

Utilization of time varying event-based customer interruption cost load shedding schemes

Load curtailments occurring under emergency conditions can have significant monetary impacts on the system customers. Customer satisfaction is becoming increasingly important in the new deregulated electric utility environment, and the customers in some jurisdictions are beginning to receive monetary compensation for power supply failures. Minimizing the customer interruption costs associated with a load curtailment event is an important factor in maintaining customer satisfaction. Customer interruption costs depend on many factors such as the customer types interrupted, the actual load demand at the time of the outage, the duration of the outage, the time of day and the day in which the outage occurs. This paper focuses on incorporating these interruption cost factors in a load shedding strategy. The load shedding algorithm was developed using an approximate event-based customer interruption cost evaluation technique to identify and determine the priority of the distribution feeders on a given bus during an emergency. The developed algorithm incorporates a time dependent feeder cost priority index (FCP). The optimum load shedding set determined using the FCP is a feeder or group of feeders that meet a capacity deficiency, and result in the lowest customer interruption cost for the specified emergency situation. This paper illustrates the algorithm development for a load shedding scheme and demonstrates the utilization of the technique on a sample load bus.     

电力系统应急服务多点最优选址规划

合理规划电力系统应急服务点对于保证应急资源及时运送,进而降低停电损失具有重要意义。现有电力系统应急方面的研究多侧重于应急平台建设和相关指标体系构建,而对应急服务点选址优化问题则研究较少。在此背景下,通过综合考虑用户停电损失、停电时限约束及应急服务点的服务成本,建立了以电力应急总成本最小为优化目标的应急服务多点选址的优化模型,并采用Floyd算法求解该优化模型。最后,用算例说明了所构建模型的正确性与所采用算法的有效性。     

Outage costs quantification for benefit–cost analysis of distribution automation systems

Deregulation of electric power industry has motivated electricity customers to pay more attention in evaluating both the direct cost of electric service and the monetary value of reliable electric service. This movement has been recognized by the utilities and the value-based aspects are introduced into the planning and design of power systems to consider the outage costs. The value of service reliability that can portray and respond to actual utility and customer impacts as a result of power interruptions plays a major role on justifying whether a distribution automation (DA) system is beneficial or not. However, for the value of service reliability, there are a number of factors that can affect it. To exactly evaluate the service reliability value, two formulas for quantifying the customer interruption costs and utility reduced energy revenues associated with power failures are derived in this paper. The customer types, feeder loads, feeder failure rate, number of switch, restoration time, and repair time are taken into account. The proposed formulas can provide an exact estimate in outages costs of a feeder and their computation is simplified and straightforward. The estimated outage costs can then be used to calculate the reliability improvement benefit of DA systems for the system benefit–cost analysis. A practical DA system implemented by Taiwan Power Company is used to illustrate the proposed formulas and the benefit–cost analysis result is presented. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to reduce the effects of benefit–cost analysis parameters on the analysis result.     

一种优化可靠性与经济性的变压器检修决策方法

为了在制定变压器预防性检修周期时考虑变压器自身可靠性的变化,提出了一种优化可靠性与经济性的变压器检修决策方法。利用二参数威布尔分布描述变压器的故障率及可靠度变化规律,通过役龄回退因子建立考虑预防性检修的故障率函数和可靠度函数,以变压器平均剩余无故障工作时间为检修计划期,以检修计划期内的预防性检修费用、故障检修费用和停电损失之和最小为目标函数,建立了变压器检修周期优化模型。通过对变压器内部部件故障模式的定性定量分析,计算变压器部件检修优先度,确定变压器部件检修方式。算例分析验证了该方法的可行性。     

缺电成本及其调查估算方法的探讨

介绍了缺电成本的类型及其影响因素,通过构造用户停电损失函数和利用缺电功率、缺电电量方法以及通过近似构造停电损失评价率,分别介绍了缺电成本的三种调查估算方法,并以此阐述了缺电成本与经济可靠性的关系。缺电成本的调查估算方法在实地应用后,说明缺电成本的调查估算方法是可行的。     

基于役龄回退分析的电力设备检修决策方法研究

针对检修决策中难以兼顾成本和长期效益的问题,提出了一种基于设备役龄回退分析的预测性检修决策方法。首先,基于设备现况计算检修前的故障率。其次,基于设备役龄回退分析方法预测检修后的故障率。再次,依据设备检修前后的故障率,分别计算检修前后的全生命周期成本变化量和检修方式的费效比。最后,分别按可靠性优先、经济性优先和费效比优先的原则遴选最佳检修策略。实例效果表明,本文算法所得检修策略可兼顾成本和长期效益的矛盾,显著降低设备运行风险,提高电网长期效益。     

Optimal transmission expansion planning for electric power systems

This paper presents a new method for transmission expansion planning in which the utility loss revenue and the customer outage cost resulting from service outages are incorporated. A new algorithm based on the total probability formula is developed for evaluating the expected value of demand not served (EDNS) and the expected value of energy not served (EENS). These reliability indices are employed to determine the utility loss revenue curve. The system expansion cost curve is obtained by using a maximum reliability design algorithm. The optimal reliability level of a transmission expansion plan is determined by minimizing the sum of the investment cost, the utility loss revenue, and the customer outage cost. An example is presented for illustration of the proposed method.     

综合停电管理在供电企业客户服务中的应用

为了帮助供电企业客户服务中心在停电、复电过程中及时获取相关信息,根据客户服务与停电管理内在业务紧密关联的特点,构建综合停电信息管理平台,按照停电、复电过程的业务类型进行归类,将停电所涉及的信息整合到综合停电信息平台,供客户服务中心的客服人员检索和查询。通过改造业务流程及构建综合停电信息管理平台,提高了解决客户停电诉求问题的及时性,提升了客户服务水平。