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1.
The common problems on tourism of developing countries have often been researched by west researchers until now, which can
be concluded into special words: “two sectors”, “enclave construction”, “government’s interference”, “developing scale”, and
“the industrial role of tourism” etc. In fact all the researches were done from the areas with the patronage of foreign visitors,
how is the situation of domestic tourism was ignored in some points. In this paper, another developing model compared with
the one with foreign visitors was presented to the readers on the case studies of countryside spas in China. Through this
research, one aspect of Chinese real leisure life can be understood to some extent, and the implying that for bigger developing
countries the domestic tourism can match the effect of international tourism should not be ignored at least to China. As the
developing of economy, domestic tourism will finally unite with international one together, and the common problems will disappear
step by step, therefore domestic tourism and international tourism of developing countries should be researched equally since
now.
Biography: WANG Yan-ping (1962–), male, a native of Heilongjiang Province, is a doctorate student of Chiba University of Japan.
His research insterest is environmental impact assessment. 相似文献
2.
Gen-nian Sun 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2000,10(3):231-237
Modern inbound tourism in China has been developing for 20 years, a trend line of inbound tourists in statistical data began
to show. This paper introduces the concept of tourism background trend line, and explores its two functions as a barometer
in demonstrating fluctuation in the tourism economy and as a forecaster in forecasting tourism development. The tourism background
trend line is a new concept, the word “background” derived from environment science, refers to the “trend line” which reflects
the dynamic curve or dynamic equation of tourism development without considering the impact of unexpected incidents. The introduction
of this concept was inspired by Karl Marx’s comments on the relation between value and price. Tourism background trend line
reflects the summary of multiple factors involving tourism resources, tourism demand, population growth, the scale and speed
of economic development, and the spatial interaction between tourism origins and destimations. It demonstrates the natural
and stable trend and the temporal law of tourism development in a country or region. The tourism statistical curve is at random,
susceptible to disruptions and disturbances from serious political, economic and environmental happenings, but it always fluctuates
around the background line. Tourism background line can reveal the potential of a country’s tourism development. Compared
with the statistical line, it can be used as a “barometer” indicating ups and downs of tourism industry in the past. When
naturally extended, the background trend line also can be used for forecasting the trend of tourism development in future.
In this paper, 4 tourism background trend lines of China’s inbound tourists, i. e. foreign tourists, Hong Kong/Macao/Taiwan
tourists, overseas Chinese tourists and total tourists from abroad, were established with statistical data from 1978 to 1996.
And the impacts of the Political Event in 1989 (or Tiananmen Square Incident) on China’s inbound tourism were evaluated. The
result shows that the impact of the Event was not limited within one year, but it stretched over 3 years. The total loss was
20 million in tourist arrivals and $1620 million in foreign currency income. The paper also studied the trend of China’s inbound
tourism in the next 4 years.
Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China.
Brography: SUN Gen-nian(1961 —), male, a native of Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, master of science, associate professor. His
research interests include environment science, geography modeling and MIS for tourism. 相似文献
3.
Pigment characterization for the 2011 bloom in Qinhuangdao implicated "brown tide" events in China 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry. Similar blooms have been observed in this region for three years. The causative species of the bloom, which dominated the phytoplankton community with the maximum cell density around 109 cell/L, could not be identified with morphological features due to the small cell size (~2 mm). A pigment analytical method was then adopted to analyze the pigment profile of the phytoplankton samples collected from the blooming sea area. It was found that pico-sized (<2 mm), nano-sized (2-20 mm), and bulk phytoplankton samples had similar pigment profile, representing the pigment signature of the bloom-causative species. The major pigments detected included 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin (But-fuco), fucoxanthin (Fuco), diadinoxanthin (Diad) and chlorophyll a (Chl a), and high content of But-fuco was the most significant characteristics of the phytoplankton samples. Based on the pigment composition and content, the bloom-causative species could be tentatively identified as pelagophyte, "type 8" group of haptophyte, or silicoflagellate. Some unique features of the bloom, such as the extremely high cell density, small-sized and But-fuco containing cells, occurring in early summer, and the feeding-cessation effects on scallops, suggest it be a "brown tide" event similar to those reported in the east coast of the United States of America. The recurrent "brown tide" events and their dramatic impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry in Qinhuangdao need close attention in the coming years. 相似文献
4.
YoichiShimatsu 《山地科学学报》2004,1(2):183-191
Exploring the history of the silk-reeling industry in Chichibu, Japan, this paper challenges the prevalent representation of mountain communities as marginal economic peripheries of the metropolitan center or as reservoirs of poverty and backwardness. Mountain districts were the cradle of an Asian “industrious” revolution that led to Japan‘s modernization. The highland-based silk-reeling producers pioneered an autonomous Asian model of industrial development, which competed successfully against the capital-intensive system introduced from the West into coastal cities. The export strength of silk-producing households in upland villages overturns the claim that Japan‘s economic miracle was based on the introduction of Western technology and administrative systems. To the contrary, the Asian-style management practices and labor standards developed by the silk producers were transferred to a succession of other industries. These indigenous practices account for the rise of Japanese industry in world markets. The clash between the two opposing models of modernization resulted in modern Japan‘s first major civil conflict, the Chichibu Rebellion of 1884, a legacy that has major implications for today‘s recession-mired Japan as well as for developing countries striving for an alternative path to economic development. 相似文献
5.
This paper comprehensively evaluates and analyzes the tourism resources in Jilin Province,China.And it consists of three parts.The first two parts are on the resources evaluation and analysis.Based on the results of evaluation about the structural and spatial distribution of the tourism resources,it is found that ,the natural resources play fundamen-tal roles in Jilin,while the human and cultural resources are important complementary parts as well .In the spatial distribu-tion analysis,the resources show the characteristic of “six clusters“and “three belts “spatial relations.Four clusters are centered on the cities,which are Changchum,Jilin,Baicheng,Tonghua and Jiˊan;one cluster is around the Changbai Moutains and one cluster nears the frontier at Tumen between China,Russia and P.D.R.Korea.And the three belts are;1)The west belt.It contains Xianghai and Momoge natural protection region.The evident of this zone is its ecologi-cal and ethical tourism resources.2)The middle belt characterized by urban traveling and recreation,including Jilin and Changchum,together with their nearby Nongˊan and Siping.3)The last belt is also the most important one,which is the east zone.It covers the Changbai Mountains,the golden triangles of Tonghua and the Tumen River.This zone is remark-able for its abundant natural landscapes and unique folk-customs.In the last part the concept planning is briefly construct-ed for the tourism resources in Jilin Province according to the above evaluation and analysis. 相似文献
6.
Ancient town Dali is located in northwest Yunnan Province. With its ancient history and natural scenery, it is preserved as
one of the first 24 historical and cultural towns in China. Dali has become one of the most popular attractions for foreign
tourists since it had its first foreign visitors in 1983. As a result, English came into the life of the local people. This
paper presents and explains the results of questionnaires and interviews about Dali people’s attitude toward learning English.
Three types of questionnaires were designed to local businessmen, local residents and foreign tourists. Interviews were also
given whenever possible. In this study, businessmen in Dali were divided into two distinct groups. One group had their business
in “Foreigners’ Street”, which was in front of Hongshancha Hotel where many foreign tourists stayed. Another group had business
in Fuxin Street, which was vertically across “Foreigners’ Street”. The 41 shops and restaurants in “Foreigners’ Street” served
mainly foreign visitors, and most of them had English names and advertisements. The 353 shops and restaurants in Fuxin Street
mainly catered for domestic visitors but also served more and more overseas ones. Subjects from local residents were mostly
young people because aging ones were apparently not much affected by English. The results of the study showed that the oral
English levels became lower from “Foreigners’ Street” to Fuxin Street to local residents, due to declining frequency of contact
with foreign people. There were also distinct differences in general English level, the understanding of the importance of
English, the purposes of communicating with foreign tourists, the willingness and purposes of going on learning English between
businessmen in “Foreigners’ Street” and Fuxin Street: people in “Foreigners’ Street” had more positive feedback than those
in Fuxin Street because their constant contact with foreigners required them to speak better English which enabled them to
exchange with foreigners in many aspects, which in turn help them to know more about other cultures. On the other hand, Fuxin
Street businessmen would catch up with more and more prospective contact with overseas people. Though local residents had
nothing to do with foreign tourists, they met them in the street every day and might have to talk with them in unexpected
ways. They lived in a place where they saw English advertisement every day. Accordingly, study results showed that they were
very much motivated to learn English. They showed even stronger desire to learn more English than businessmen in “Foreigners’
Street”, though many of them were too young to tell why English was so important for them. This is an indication that English
has become part of the necessary education for young people in Dali. With the development of tourism, Dali is gradually becoming
a place where Chinese culture and western culture meet and coexist.
This project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China. 相似文献
7.
SUMMARY OF STUDIES ON CLOSED-POLYCULTURE OF PENAEID SHRIMP WITH FISHES AND MOLUSCANS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
INTRODUCTIONTheworld’sshrimpcultureindustryhasbeensufferingfromviralepidemicdiseasesandfellintoadif ficultpositionforyears.Itisgenerallyacceptedtodaythatthediseaseswerecausedmainlybywaterpollu tioncreatedbyshrimpcultureitself,bothinshrimppondsandincoas… 相似文献
8.
The character and change tendency of agricultural land use in the Zhujiang Delta—A case study of Shunde City 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Luocheng Zhang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1995,5(4):336-343
In this paper, Shunde City is selected as a typical region standing for the Zhujiang Delta because of its excellent location
and dike-pond system. There are three main characters of agricultural land use in this region. First, the most typical land
use form is dike-pond system. It is a special form of artificial ecosystem of land-water interaction. Second, sandy field
is also an important land type in this region. Third, land use is greatly influenced by export-oriented economy. Recently,
with economic reforming and the opening up of the Zhujiang Delta, the structure of agricultural land use has been changed
greatly. The area of mulberry dike has decreased and a variety of planting crops has increased. Various structure of dike-pond
farming has emerged in the Zhujiang Delta such as “fruit dike-fish pond”, “flower dike-fish pond”, “grass dike-fish pond”,
“vegetable dike-fish pond”. The area of water has slightly increased and its development tends to modernization due to the
use of modern equipment and advanced breeding ways. The area for “three high” (high yield, high quality and high efficiency)
agriculture has increased greatly. 相似文献
9.
Zheng Jianyuan 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1986,4(3):304-312
The present paper is an introduction of a universal model of cluster and discrimination in the field of fisheries science.
The mathematical principle and algorithm are described and the application results analysed.
This model is called “weighted generalized distance” method, based on the principle of “minimum distance”. For different types
of data, different methods are put forward. The quantitative attributes are standarized by “norm” method and the qualitative
attributes are quantified by indicative value based on Shannon's information theory to locate the specimen in the coordinates.
An approach by progressive readjustment of pivotal points is employed for the cluster rational. Finally, any new specimen
can be discriminated by the principle of “minimum distance”, too. 相似文献
10.
Based on high-resolution tree-ring data from Dulan area of Qinghai Province, five spells have been divided: the warm period
before 230’s A. D., the cold period between 240’s A. D. and 800’s A. D., the significantly warm period between 810’s A. D.
and 1070’s, i. e. “Medieval Warm Period”, the cold period including the “Little Ice Age” 1420’ – 1870’s and the warming period
since 1880’s. All the eleven coldest or warmest decades and several great abrupt changes took place before the Middle Ages,
indicating that climatic system operated in great instability during the period 150’s – 1100’s A. D., Comparison of the tree-ring
data with other temperature proxy data from East China, Guliya ice core as well as the south of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau shows
that such great climatic events as Eastern Han warm period between the beginning of the 1st century and the previous fifty
years of the third century, the cold period covering the span of the Wei, the Jin, and the Southern and Northern dynasties,
the well-known “Medieval Warm Period” as well as the “Little Ice Age” appeared in these series such as East China and Dulan
area. Only the first two climatic events were recorded conspicuously in Guliya ice core while the “Medieval Warm Period” and
“Little Ice Age” is far weaker. Also, the well-defined “Medieval Warm Period” didn’t occurred in the south of Qinghai-Xizang
Plateau. The warming since the 20th century is the warmest in the last 2000 years Guliya ice core, the second in Dulan area
and East China, but it scarcely seems pronounced in the eastern part of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.
Foundation item: Under the auspices of the projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZ951-A1-204-02 and KZ951-A1 402-03).
Biography: YANG Bao(1971–), male, a native of Yanggao County, Shanxi Province, Ph. D. His research interestinclude global
change. 相似文献
11.
This article deals with the interaction of zinc with δ−MnO2, γ−MnOOH and manganite existing in natural water systems. The mechanism of the reaction has been studied in detail. From
the fact that the “ratio of ion exchange(%)-pH” graph is an “S shaped” curve, it is possible to deduce that the chemical reaction
is of the nature of cation exchange. And since the pH range of ion exchange=4, it is possible to further deduce that the reaction
can be explained by the mechanism of monovalence cation exchange.
The main result of this article is the discovery of a new type of isotherm which has not been mentioned in previous literature
here and abroad. This isotherm cannot be represented by any presently available adsorption isotherm equations in marine chemistry.
The characteristics of this new type of isotherm are as follows: the isotherm has two “knees” and three “plateaus”, the heights
of these three “plateaus” are in the ratio 1:2:3. In order to explain theoretically our new isotherm, this article suggests
the application of the principle of interfacial stepwise ion exchange for liquid-solid distribution of minor elements on suspended
particulate matter. The corresponding isotherm equation was derived from this theory.
The results obtained in this article will be of theoretical guiding significance in the study of the marine geochemistry of
zinc.
Projects supported by the Science Fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 相似文献
12.
The Yushu Ms 7.1 earthquake occurred on April 14,2010 in Qinghai Province,China.It induced a mass of secondary geological disasters,such as collapses,landslides,and debris flows.Risk assessment maps are important for geological disaster prevention and mitigation,and also can serve as a guide for post-earthquake reconstruction.Firstly,a hazard assessment index system of secondary geological disasters in the earthquake region was built in this paper,which was based on detailed analysis of environmental and triggering factors closely related to geological disasters in the study area.GIS technology was utilized to extract and analyze the assessment index.Hazard assessment maps of secondary geological disasters were obtained by spatial modeling and overlaying analysis.Secondly,an analysis of the vulnerability of hazard bearing bodies in the area was conducted,important information,such as, population density,percentage of arable land, industrial and agricultural outputs per unit area were regarded as assessment indices to evaluate socioeconomic vulnerability.Thirdly,the risk level of secondary geological disasters of the area was obtained by the formula:Risk=Hazard×Vulnerability. Risk assessment maps were categorized into four levels,including"low","moderate","high"and"very high".These results show that some urban areas are at very high risk,including Jiegu,Chengwen,Xiaxiula and Sahuteng towns.This research can provide some references and suggestions to improve decisionmaking support for emergency relief and post- earthquake reconstruction in the study area. 相似文献
13.
TRANSFERABLE PHOSPHORUS IN SEDIMENTS OF THE HUANGHE RIVER ESTUARY 'S ADJACENT WATERS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
宋金明 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2001,19(1):81-86
Based on a new idea for research on cycling of marine biogenic elements, this study showed that only the leachable form phosphorus in natural grain sizes manne sediments constitutes the transferable phosphorous in the sediments. The transferable phosphorus content in the natural grain sizes surface sediments in the Huanghe River estuary adjacent waters ranges from 58.5-69.8 μg/g, accounting for only 9.1%-11.0% of the total phosphorus content, whereas the leachable form (“transferable” )phosphorus content in the sediment after it was totally ground into powder was found to be 454.8-529.2μg/g, accounting for 73.4%-89.1% of the total phosphorus. Analysis of the correlation between thebill,ass of benthos and the leachable form (“transferable” ) phosphorus showed that most of the leachableform (“transferable”) phosphorus in the totally ground sediment did not participate in the marine biogeo chemical cycling. Furthermore, a synchronous survey on benthos showed that the biornass of meio-and maero-benthos exhibited good positive correlation with the leachable form of phosphorus in the naturalgrain sizes sediment, but peorer correlation with the leachable form (“transferable”) phosphorus in the totally ground sediment, indicating that transferable phosphorus in marine sediment is the leachable form of phosphorus in the natural grain sizes sediments, and is not the previously known leachable form(“transferable”) phosphorus obtained from the totally ground sediment. 相似文献
14.
Most fishes suffer high mortality during early development stages. The existence of a “critical period” was hypothesized by
Hjort (1914). However, several decades of research have resulted in considerable controversy over the hypothesis. This paper
attempts to clarify the critical period concept, demonstrate its usefulness, and resolve some of the controversy surrounding
it.
Based on our own studies and the literature, we find that within the “aquaculture school” (those concerned with culturing
fishes, particulary larval stages), there is a great deal of evidence for the critical period concept. But we redefine the
concept of “critical period” of mortality of fish larvae in this way. The deepest, sharpest, and fastest physiological and
ecological changes during the development of the larvae are produced with the shift from endogenous nutrition to exogenous.
At this stage, the old functions are quickly being replaced by new functions inside the body. Because of this shifting of
function and imperfection of organs, the larvae are most sensitive at this time to environmental factors, particularly food
supply. A higher specific mortality rate often occurs immediately folowing the period of strictly endogenous yolk feeding,
and during the period of first exogenous feeding. Then it may be followed by a lower specific mortality rate.
The significance of a “critical period” for fish populations is discussed. A good understanding of the “critical period” would
provide a means for predicting the strength of year classes in natural fish populations, and also suggests approaches for
increasing survival in aquaculture systems. 相似文献
15.
Comprehending regional characteristics and influencing factors of China’s inbound tourism economy is important to make effective
policies that will help inbound tourism develop harmoniously and shrink regional disparity. This paper studied the regional
disparity and convergence of China’s inbound tourism economy during 1996–2008 with the methods of σ-convergence, club convergence and β-convergence. The results indicate that 1) inbound tourism receipts per capita (ITRPC) of the whole country, the eastern,
central and western regions presented the rapid increasing trend; 2) ITRPC of the whole country was characterized by convergence;
3) the eastern region presented club convergence, but the central and western regions did not show this trend; 4) the star-hotel
levels and investment in fixed assets for the tourism industry per capita had a same trend to growth rates of ITRPC, promoting
inbound tourism development, and there was no difference among the 31 provinces (municipalities) in the mainland of China;
5) but the proportion of employed persons in the tourism industry accounting for total population and the proportion of the
tertiary industry accounting for GDP had a reversal trend to growth rates of ITRPC, shrinking the provincial disparity in
inbound tourism economy, and there were differences between the developed provinces and the developing provinces. Based on
these analyses, we put forward some suggestions for the developing provinces to speed up inbound tourism economy. 相似文献
16.
Sun Dapeng 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1990,8(1):50-65
It is well known that there are two patterns of potash deposition in lacustrine facies: “tear drop pattern” (the Dabsan saline
lake is a typical example) and “bull's eye pattern”. Potash-forming in tear drop pattern is still continuing.
The 2,678 m A. S. L. lake in the middle of the Qarhan playa in the Qaidam Basin covers an area of 210 km2, and has an average depth of 0.39 m. Its MgCl2 type surface brine is 280–340 g/l in salinity and mainly consists of Na, K, Mg and Cl. As a rule, the potash deposits occur
as evaporite distributed in tear drop pattern at the northern and northeastern lakeshore zones. They mostly consist of carnallite
and halite, occasionally sylvite. The deposition is very unstable and controlled principally by the varying supply of deposit
materials from the Golmud River in the south.
The potash deposits were formed when concentration of the surface brine reached a certain degree in the main evaporating season.
Their forming process followed some crystalization paths in the phase diagram for the Na, K, Mg/Cl H2O equilibrium system.
Such a sedimentary model of potash deposits in the lacustrine facies is relatively common in nature. Under the extremely arid
climate, differential concentration of the nonhomogeneous potassium-rich surface brine produced the potash deposits. Qarhan
Salt Lake also had the same pattern of potash depositions and so, in a sense, the Dabsan saline lake is the continuation of
the Qarhan salt lake in terms of potash formation.
Schmalz (1970) put forward two distributive patterns for evaporite: “tear drop pattern” and “bull's eye pattern”. These patterns
exist in both marine and continental salt-bearing basins (including recent salt lakes), and are controlled by the conditions
of physical geography, hydrogeology, sedimentology and climatology of each basin. In his works (Sun, 1981; 1984; 1986; 1988)
on the origins of potash deposits, the author always referred to them as two models of potash formation.
The “tear drop pattern” is one of the salt-forming models and also an important potash-forming model. This paper deals with
the formative mechanism of the tear drop pattern potash deposition by presenting the Dabsan saline lake as an example and
elucidates on the distributive characteristics and formative processes of potash deposits in the lake. 相似文献
17.
Xiaojian Li 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1996,6(4):289-303
The study shows that the regional differentiation of Hong Kong direct investment (HKDI) in China was enlarged in the 1980s
and has been reducing since 1991. The concentration of HKDI in the southern China and the coast has been replaced by the trend
of moving northwards and inlandwards after 1989. But in terms of manufacturing sectors this trend has not clearly appeared
until now. Those changing patterns are clearly related to the behaviour of Hong Kong industrial investors. The survey results
suggest that “enjoying lower production cost” is the most important motive for their investment in China. In consequence,
“close to Hong Kong”, “cheaper labour” and “favourable policy” are major factors for determining the investment locations.
This behaviour, together with the lack of comparison study in location selection among most investors, explains that Guangdong
absorbed most Hong Kong investment in the 1980s. As the production costs have been increasing in Guangdong, some companies
have started to invest in non-Guangdong locations since the end of the 1980s. From the mental map of Hong Kong investors,
however, only some of the non-Guangdong locations are practically attractive.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China and the University Graduates Association (Hong Kong).
The author gratefully acknowledges the help from Professors Kam-hon Lee and Yue-man Yeung and Dr. David Chu at the Chinese
University of Hong Kong, and Mr. Chai-ming Mak at Electricity Advisory Services Limited (HK) during the early stage of the
study. 相似文献
18.
Determination of geostrophic flow by applying the principle of minimum energy and the inverse method 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article gives a computing method to calculate the geostrophic current. The fact that kinetic energy of geostrophic motion
and geostrophic potential energy reach minimum simultaneously. Fomins “principle of minimum kinetic energy” is equivalent
to the principle of minimum geostrophic potential energy. We concluded that horizontal geostrophic velocities at different
depths are along the same direction. Combining our method with C. Wunsch’s inverse method we can obtain the velocity components
along and normal to the hydrographic sections. We used and analysed CTD and current meter data of “Experiment No. 3” exploration,
December 1985–January 1986, in the west Pacific Ocean—Philippine area.
Contribution No. 1513 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica. 相似文献
19.
THE STEPS FORWARD OF GIS IN CHINA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
1 HISTORICALSTEPS—ATEMPORALANA LYSISResearchesofGISinChinacandatebacktotheearly 1980s .Atthattime ,aremotesensingapplica tionprojectwascarriedoutinSouthwestChinausingGISmethodintegratedwithremotesensingdatatosolvetheareameasurementautomatically .Afterthefir… 相似文献
20.
In the present paper, determination of isotherms of the exchange reaction between Cu(II) and clays is presented, verifying
again the “cation exchange—surface precipitation” isotherm worked out formerly in our laboratory. A modified BET equation
was applied to treating the experimental data and describing the new isotherm. In addition, the mechanism of the effects of
organics are further discussed and verified. Based on the isotherm equations and the estimates of the average area occupied
by a single molecule on the surface, we put forward a new hypothesis which differs from the current one of “organic film”.
Projects sponsored by the Science Fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 相似文献