Wenner法探测日本海岸附近淡盐境界面的实验研究

本文在理论上对电探查法探测由数层地质构造组成的海岸带含水层的淡盐境界面的可能性进行探讨的基础上,对太平洋沿岸某地区进行了实地测量研究。在测量设置在海岸附近及分布于海岸纵深方向的观测井铅直方向电导率的同时,在观测井附近进行了电探查。结果表明,电探查法探测的淡盐境界面的深度与依据井水电导率区分的混合区域上端几乎一致,即电探查法探测的淡盐境界面的位置在混合区域的上端。因此,该方法作为一种监测海水入侵的手段是非常适宜的,且与以往的手法比较也是一种简单、快速、成本低廉的确定淡盐境界面深度的方法。     

Wenner法探测淡盐界面的调查研究

本文在理论上对电法探测由数层地质构造组成的海岸带水层的淡盐界面的可能性进行探讨的基础上,对太平洋沿岸某地区进行了实地调查研究.测量设置在海岸附近及分布于海岸纵深方向的调查井铅直方向导电率的同时,在调查井附近进行了电探查.结果表明,电法探测的淡盐界面的深度与依据井水导电率区分的混合区域上端几乎一致,即电法探测的淡盐界面的位置在混合区域的上端.因此,该方法作为一种监测海水入侵的手段是非常适宜的,且与以往的手法比较,也是一种简单、快速、成本低廉的确定淡盐界面深度的方法.     

咸淡水界面位置确定的综合方法(TEcG)及其应用

准确确定咸淡水界面位置是评价咸水入侵范围的前提。对于咸淡水界面位置的确定,传统研究以水化学法和物探法为主。为克服单一使用传统方法造成的人力、物力和财力的大量浪费,以莱州湾西南岸广饶县小清河以南咸水入侵区为研究对象,在综合分析研究区地下水开采现状、水化学监测结果的基础上,选择3个典型断面,采用水化学法中的野外现场电导率法,快速判断咸淡水界面大致位置（某两眼监测井之间）;再在一咸一淡的两眼监测井之间,采用高密度电阻率法快速、准确地确定咸淡水界面的空间分布。结果表明：该地区的地下水电导率若大于1.61 mS/cm,即可认为此处受到咸水入侵;咸淡水界面位置的视电阻率特征值为11~13 Ω·m,咸淡水界面附近咸水体呈舌状入侵并主要发生在地表以下13 m内的浅层地下水中。     

海岸带咸淡水界面的研究进展

海岸带地下咸水和淡水之间界面的形态特征以及运移规律是研究海水入侵现象的重要内容。介绍了最近几十年来国内外海岸带咸淡水界面的研究进展,对国内外咸淡水界面的研究现状进行了分析,系统地总结了解析法、数值法和实验方法等在咸淡水界面研究中的应用及取得的相应成果。解析法可以近似简便地确定咸淡水界面的位置与移动规律,数值法在刻画复杂的水文地质条件和人为因素下咸淡水界面的运移规律更为准确,实验方法可以直观地观察界面的形态和移动特点,电导率法能有效地监测咸淡水界面因潮汐作用而引起的微小变动。这些成果丰富和发展了海岸带咸淡水界面理论,对于海岸带地下淡水资源的开发利用和环境保护具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。     

音频大地电磁法在海水入侵动态监测中的应用

通过音频大地电磁法在莱州湾地区海水动态监测勘查中的应用成果,结合原有资料的综合研究,对研究区海水入侵现状,有了进一步的认识,并对咸淡水界面进行了详细的划分,取得了良好的环境地质效果.表明EH-4连续电导率成像系统在圈定海水侵染通道,确定咸、淡水界面及监测界面运移规律监测工作中的有效性.     

咸水入侵探测中电阻率法测量数值模拟研究

近年来海(咸)水入侵已成为影响居民生活、制约工农业发展的重大问题,确定咸淡水界面是治理海(咸)水入侵的重要前提。根据咸淡水的电性差异,针对两种典型的咸水入侵地电模型进行正、反演计算,并研究了不同因素对电阻率法测量咸淡水界面的影响。结果表明:1电阻率法数值模拟可以较好地反映咸淡水界面的位置及形态;2咸化程度和现场实测范围内的粘土层电阻率变化对咸淡水界面的测量无明显影响;3测量极距主要影响反演剖面的分辨率,极距越小,分辨率越高。     

电测井在金塔盆地划分咸淡水界面的应用效果

通过分析电测井在金塔盆地划分含水层岩性、咸淡水界面的应用实例,总结出各种岩性含水层在咸、淡水状态下的电阻率特征,论述了涌水量与含水层厚度的关系、矿化度与含水层电阻率的关系,阐明了该方法在指导封井成井的有效性及应用前景。     

咸淡水混合灌溉技术应用与实践

咸水与淡水混合灌溉技术,将两种矿化度不同的灌溉水混合使用,目的是降低灌溉水的含盐量或改变其盐分组成.咸淡水混合灌溉在提高灌溉水水质的同时,也增加了可灌水的总量,使以前不能使用的高盐渍度的咸水得以利用.通过对邢台市平原区咸水灌溉条件的实验研究、咸淡水混合灌溉技术分析,邢台市咸淡水混合后矿化度应控制在3g/L以下.结合近年来开展咸淡水混合灌溉实践,在咸水区开展咸淡水混合灌溉,充分利用咸水资源,既减少了淡水的开采量,又对改善当地的生态环境发挥了重要作用.     

莱州湾南岸潍坊地区咸-卤水入侵及其地下水化学特征

近年来，莱州湾南岸潍坊地区的咸－卤水入侵，引起地下水资源量减少、土地资源退化和植物生态环境恶化。咸－卤水平均每年入侵２９．７ｋｍ＾２，卤水、咸水和微咸水区的入侵速度各不相同，地下水漏斗发展控制咸－卤水入侵过程，咸淡水界面稳定在淡水开采区的地下水漏斗北缘。咸－卤水入侵淡水时，地下水化学特点虽然主要决定于淡水和卤水特征，但是阳离子交换也起重要作用。     

海岸带咸淡水界面位置确定方法的介绍

Ghyben-Herzberg公式依赖潜水位确定海岸带咸淡水界面位置,被广泛应用但存在误差。Hubbert公式严格描述突变界面问题的水头和界面位置之间的关系,但在实际中难以应用。通过考察咸淡水界面之下咸水带任意点的压力平衡关系和咸水带及淡水带任意点的水头描述得知,当地下水流处于稳定状态且满足Dupuit假设时,可以根据同一垂直线上界面之下咸水带任意点(含界面)的咸水测压水头和界面之上淡水带任意点(自潜水面至界面)的淡水测压水头确定滨海均质各向同性潜水含水层咸淡水界面的位置。Ghyben-Herzberg公式是这一方法的特例,描述界面位置的Hubbert公式也是该方法的一个特例。这一方法需要两个相邻的分别揭露淡水带和咸水带的测压孔。     

开采条件下河北平原中部咸淡水界面下移

河北平原中部上层咸水入侵下层淡水已造成局部地下水污染,本文调查统计了地下水质监测资料和2700多眼深井孔的测井物探资料。以水化学方法和数理统计方法,从水文地质条件和地下水开采利用状况入手,对研究区咸淡水界面下移的机理进行了分析。结果认为,咸淡水界面从20世纪70年代以来年均下移约0.4m,开采地下水造成上下层水头压力变化,加大上部浅层水向下越流是其主要原因之一。     

Groundwater development in Lemoa, Guatemala

In the rural Guatemalan Central Highlands, drinking water wells are a rare commodity due to lack of data regarding depth and sustainability of groundwater. At a study well in Lemoa, aquifer sustainability and other characteristics were estimated using hydrograph data and Theiss recovery method for pumping tests. These tests showed that while specific capacity remained fairly constant, transmissivity increased, indicating development of the well subsequent to installation of the study well. The time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) method was evaluated at the site as a prospective groundwater prospecting technique. Characterization of subsurface conditions using TDEM is feasible with local subsurface data for correlation; however, it is limited to delineating low electrical resistive zones without geologic data for correlation. Data showed that groundwater produced from volcanic alluvium at approximately 79 m in depth is sustainable at the study area at current use rates.     

Dynamic freshwater–saline water interaction in the coastal zone of Jeju Island, South Korea

Freshwater–saline water interactions were evaluated in a coastal region influenced by external forces including tidal fluctuations and seasonal rainfall variations. Five different coastal zones were considered on Jeju Island, South Korea, and electrical conductivity (EC) profiles from the monitoring wells were examined to identify the configuration of the freshwater–saline water interface. There appeared to be discrepancies among EC profiles measured at different points in time. To analyze the dynamic behavior of freshwater–saline water interactions, groundwater level measurements and multi-depth EC and temperature probes were used to obtain time-series data; the data showed that water level, EC and temperature were influenced by both tidal fluctuations and heavy rainfall. The effects of oceanic tide on EC and temperature differed with depth due to hydraulic properties of geologic formations. A spectral filter was used to eliminate the effects of tidal forces and provide information on the influence of heavy rainfall on water level, EC and temperature. Heavy rainfall events caused different patterns and degrees of variation in EC and temperature with depth. The time-series data of EC and temperature in the subsurface at various depths enable greater understanding of the interaction processes between fresh and saline water.     

Using helicopter electromagnetic data to predict groundwater quality in fractured crystalline bedrock in a semi-arid region, Northeast Brazil

Geostatistical modeling, using airborne and borehole electromagnetic data, was used to estimate electrical conductivity in groundwater within fractured paragneisses and migmatites in a semi-arid climate in northeastern Brazil. Despite the geologic heterogeneity of crystalline aquifers, the use of high resolution helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) data enabled the characterization of groundwater electrical conductivity where data from drilled wells were insufficient. The tacit assumption is that HEM measurements can be used to relate rock electrical conductivity to groundwater electrical conductivity. In this study, the HEM data were used as an external drift variable in non-stationary estimation and stochastic simulation to identify the variability of groundwater electrical conductivity. Validation tests, comparing predicted values for groundwater conductivity with measurements in new wells, confirmed the success of these models in locating fresh groundwater sources in crystalline bedrock.     

Causality analysis of the groundwater response in a delta plain of the lower Nakdong River,Republic of Korea

The salinity of groundwater in an estuarine delta plain is sometimes related to the presence of an estuarine dam. To understand groundwater processes and salinity variation, time series data on the river water level, groundwater level, and groundwater electrical conductivity were collected for the Nakdong River in southeastern Republic of Korea. Sampling was undertaken upstream of the estuarine barrage system, which is opened and closed depending on upstream flow and seawater level. Comprehensive correlation analysis was performed between the groundwater and river water levels using bubble plots between groundwater electrical conductivity and the hydrological variables. Comparative analysis between the correlations and the field measurements of the hydrological variables indicated a negligible flux connection between the river and groundwater. Oscillatory pressure wave propagation from the river boundary explains the response patterns of the groundwater level. There were different response times for the rising and falling of the river water. Electrical conductivity in groundwater is not directly associated with that of the river except in one well close to the river boundary. The response patterns of groundwater electrical conductivity were explained by potential anthropogenic activity. Further transfer modeling results also indicate a spatial explanatory response pattern for the groundwater level. No spatial patterns in the models of electrical conductivity indicate that the hydrological processes are different with respect to the groundwater level and electrical conductivity.

     

α卡法和高密度电法在采空区探测中的应用

在治理采空区塌陷等地质灾害时,采空区位置的探测显得尤为重要。根据采空区和围岩间的导电性差异,结合地质资料,采用α卡法和高密度电法相结合的综合地球物理勘探方法,开展采空区位置的探测研究。研究表明：未充水的采空区出现α射线强度脉冲读数和视电阻率异常高值是探测采空区的地球物理前提条件;利用α卡法和高密度电法相结合的手段对采空区进行探测,效果良好,结论可靠。     

应用低频电磁法在采矿废弃场地进行地电特征调查

采用低频电磁法对一个采矿废弃场进行了浅层地层特征调查,检测土壤和地下水污染程度,探测出地下水污染分布情况,确定了地下水流污染扩散的路径,并且探测出该场地地下埋藏物的位置;通过分析地层的电导率特性,确定了地球物理异常区。研究结果表明,根据地下水污染分布情况,由南往北方向可将研究区分成污染区、过渡区和非污染区。这些结果有助于及时调整该采矿废弃场的污染管理措施,并确定新的环境监测井位。研究结果表明,电磁法对地下导体敏感,能够探测出与地下水有关的物理性质差异,精度高,适合进行环境监测。     

Using time series analysis to assess tidal effect on coastal groundwater level in Southern Laizhou Bay,China

Sea water intrusion is an environmental problem cause by the irrational exploitation of coastal groundwater resources and has attracted the attention of many coastal countries. In this study, we used time series monitoring data of groundwater levels and tidal waves to analyze the influence of tide flow on groundwater dynamics in the southern Laizhou Bay. The auto-correlation and cross-correlation coefficients between groundwater level and tidal wave level were calculated specifically to measure the boundary conditions along the coastline. In addition, spectrum analysis was employed to assess the periodicity and hysteresis of various tide and groundwater level fluctuations. The results of time series analysis show that groundwater level fluctuation is noticeably influenced by tides, but the influence is limited to a certain distance and cannot reach the saltwater-freshwater interface in the southern Laizhou Bay. There are three main periodic components of groundwater level in tidal effect range (i.e. 23.804 h, 12.500 h and 12.046 h), the pattern of which is the same as the tides. The affected groundwater level fluctuations lag behind the tides. The dynamic analysis of groundwater indicates that the coastal aquifer has a hydraulic connection with seawater but not in a direct way. Owing to the existence of the groundwater mound between the salty groundwater (brine) and fresh groundwater, the maximum influencing distance of the tide on the groundwater is 8.85 km. Considering that the fresh-saline groundwater interface is about 30 km away from the coastline, modern seawater has a limited contribution to sea-salt water intrusion in Laizhou Bay. The results of this study are expected to provide a reference for the study on sea water intrusion.