RAM-HPLC法测定肝癌病人血浆中丝裂霉素浓度

目的建立一种快捷、灵敏的高效液相色谱法测定肝转移癌病人血浆中丝裂霉素(MMC)浓度的方法。方法用HPLC仪,配有限进介质(RAM)直接进样固定相及紫外二极管阵列检测器,测定肝转移癌病人动脉灌注丝裂霉素后血药浓度,用3P97软件进行模拟,计算其药代动力学参数。结果MMC在50～2000ug·L-1内线性关系良好,日内变异<4%,日间变异<8%,回收率近100%。在肝癌病人中,Cmax为1.19μg·mL-1,AUC为60.51μg·min·mL-1。结论本方法样品不经前处理,简单快速,精密度好,可用于肝动脉灌注MMC化疗方案的药代动力学研究。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定兔血清及组织中痕量氟尿嘧啶

目的建立灵敏、快速的液相色谱-串联质谱法测定兔血清及组织中氟尿嘧啶的浓度。方法血清及组织样本经乙酸乙酯一步提取后,以乙腈-水(70:30,V/V)为流动相,Hypercarb C_(18)柱分离,采用电喷雾电离源,以多反应离子检测(MRM)方式进行负离子检测。用于定量分析的离子反应分别为m/z128.9→m/z41.9(氟尿嘧啶)和m/z188.7→m/z41.9(内标,溴尿嘧啶)。结果测定血清中氟尿嘧啶的线性范围为0.25～50μg·L~(-1),定量下限为0.25μg·L~(-1)。日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于11%。食管组织中氟尿嘧啶的线性范围为0.5～100μg·L~(-1),定量下限为0.50μg·L~(-1)。日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于10%。结论该法选择性强、灵敏度很高、操作简便、分析时间短,且可同时测定血清及组织中药物浓度,适用于极低浓度氟尿嘧啶生物样本的大批量检测。     

HPLC测定房水及血液中环孢霉素A浓度的实验研究

目的建立一种新的反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC),用于测定房水及全血中的环孢霉素A(CsA)浓度。方法RP-HPLC测定房水及全血中的CsA浓度:ODS-C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-水(70∶30);柱温60℃;检测波长210nm。结果采用乙腈-水-正己烷-甲醇的处理方法,CsA的峰面积与其浓度具有很好的线性关系:Y=339.2 X+4505.2,r=0.9991,CsA线性范围为62.6～626μg·L-1,最低检测浓度50μg·L-1,回收率98.7～103.6%,日内和日间变异系数小于4.0%,兔房水CsA浓度为144～466μg·L-1;大鼠全血CsA浓度在210～600μg·L-1。结论该样品与处理方法及HPLC检测方法简单、准确、经济,干扰少,可用于CsA的房水及血药浓度检测。     

流动注射-抑制化学发光法测定雷尼替丁

目的:建立雷尼替丁含量测定的流动注射化学发光新方法。方法:基于在弱碱性的多聚磷酸钠介质中,雷尼替丁对二价铜离子-过氧化氢-罗丹明B化学发光体系具有强烈的抑制作用而建立的一种新的流动注射化学发光分析法。结果:发光信号的降低值(ΔI)与雷尼替丁的质量浓度在5．0～1000μg·L~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98．9%～102．9%。对100μg·L~(-1)的雷尼替丁连续进行11次平行测定,其相对标准偏差为3．0%。根据IUPAC建议,计算其检出限为2．7μg·L~(-1)(3σ)。结论:该法可用于胶囊中雷尼替丁含量的测定。     

混合取代基—β—环糊精—毛细管电泳法分离测定麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱

目的:建立毛细管电泳法同时分离测定同分异构的2对手性化合物麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的含量。方法:Waters CapillaryIon Analyzer,50μm×60cm空心熔融石英毛细管柱,柱上紫外检测。电泳条件:分离用缓冲液为25mmol·L~(-1)的磷酸-Tris 缓冲液,含18mmol·L~(-1)的羧甲基-β-环糊精和7.5mmol·L~(-1)的β-环糊精-硫酸酯,pH3.02。分离电压:18kV;温度:25℃;虹吸进样,高度10cm,时间1s;紫外检测波长214nm。结果:左旋伪麻黄碱、右旋麻黄碱、左旋麻黄碱和右旋伪麻黄碱线性范围分别为23.7～237μg·ml~(-1),25.0～250μg·mL~(-1),25.0～250μg·mL~(-1),25.4～254μg·mL~(-1),以信噪比等于3:1为标准,最小检测浓度均为5.0μg·mL~(-1);日内和日间精密度RSD在2.4％～4.3％之间。结论:方法分离效率高、简便、快速、成本低。     

液质联用法测定犬血浆中阿普唑仑及其代谢物α-羟基阿普唑仑的浓度

目的建立测定Beagle犬血浆中阿普唑仑及其代谢物α-羟基阿普唑仑浓度的液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)法。方法血浆样品采用1 mol·L~(-1)硼酸盐缓冲液(pH 9.0)碱化、乙酸乙酯-正庚烷(85:15,V:V)萃取后LC-MS测定。色谱柱:Zorbax SB-C_(18)柱(150 mm×3 mm,3.5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.01 mol·L~(-1)乙酸胺缓冲液(含1%甲酸)(45:55,V:V);流速:0.3 mL·min~(-1);柱温:40℃。采用电喷雾正离子模式离子化,用于定量分析的离子分别为m/z 309.2(阿普唑仑)、m/z 325.2(α-羟基阿普唑仑)和m/z 343.2(三唑仑,内标)。结果阿普唑仑和α-羟基阿普唑仑的线性范围分别为0.5～50μg·L~(-1)和0.5～32μg·L~(-1),两者定量下限均为0.5μg·L~(-1),提取回收率均>80%,方法回收率为97.3%～102.5%,批内RSD≤10.4%,批间RSD≤12.2%。结论本方法灵敏、准确、重现性好,适用于阿普唑仑犬体内药动学研究。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人血清与尿液中伏立诺他及其代谢物4-苯胺基-4-氧代丁酸的浓度

目的分别建立人血清和尿液中液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定伏立诺他及其代谢物4-苯胺基-4-氧代丁酸(M2)的方法。方法血清样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白后取上清液进样分析,以Amethyst C_(18)-P(150mm×2.1mm,5μm)为分析柱,流动相为2%的甲酸(含5mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵水溶液)-甲醇(55:45,V/V);尿液样品以流动相稀释后进样分析,以Hedera ODS-2(150mm×2.1mm,5μm)为分析柱,流动相为2%的甲酸(含30mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵水溶液)-甲醇(55:45,V/V)。质谱采用气动辅助电喷雾离子化和正离子多反应监测,定量分析的反应离子对分别为m/z 265.2→232.2(伏立诺他)、m/z 194.1→176.1(M2)和m/z 180.1→110.1(内标非那西丁)。结果伏立诺他血药浓度在2.004～1503μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率大于98.3%,M2血药浓度在5.015～5015μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率大于96.8%;伏立诺他尿药浓度在0.03006～20.04mg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率大于96.8%,M2尿药浓度在1.003～300.9mg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率大于96.5%。尿样测定中,由伏立诺他的另一代谢物O-葡萄糖醛酸苷发生源内裂解而对伏立诺他的测定造成的干扰通过色谱分离得到解决。结论建立的两个方法快速、简便,可应用于人体样本测定。     

胸腺肽粉针剂在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性研究

目的:对国产胸腺肽α1粉针剂的生物利用度、药代动力学特性及其与对照进口胸腺肽α1粉针剂的生物等效性进行研究。方法:20名健康男性志愿者按双周期交叉sc单剂量1.6mg国产试验组胸腺肽α1粉针剂和进口对照品胸腺肽α1粉针剂(日达仙)两种制剂,分别于给药前后0.17,0.33,0.67,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,4,6,8和12h采集血样。用酶免疫法测定血清中胸腺肽α1的浓度,并对试验数据进行统计处理。结果:单剂量国产待测及对照胸腺肽α1粉针剂的C_(max)分别为101.11±35.82μg·L~(-1)和95.15±31.14μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为1.98±0.57h和2.06±0.56h;AUC_(0-12)分别为473.29±162.21μg·L~(-1)和491.93±143.29μg·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为525.55±203.70μg·L~(-1)·h和537.56±153.97μg·L~(-1)·h;国产胸腺肽α1粉针剂的相对生物利用度为(95.85±2.46)％。利用3P97处理数据对国产待测及参比胸腺肽α1粉针剂的生物等效性进行评价。结论:国产试验组胸腺肽α1粉针剂与进口对照组参比胸腺肽α1粉针剂具有生物等效性。     

液相色谱/质谱联用法测定国产辛伐他汀胶囊人体相对生物利用度

目的:建立辛伐他汀血浆中药物浓度的液质联用测定方法,研究其在人体的药代动力学及生物等效性。方法:18名健康男性受试者随机自身交叉给药,分别口服单剂量国产辛伐他汀胶囊剂和进口片剂20mg。用液相色谱/质谱联用测定血浆中辛伐他汀在人体内的浓度。结果;国产辛伐他汀胶囊剂和进口片剂主要药代动力学参数为:t_(max)分别为2.09±0.41h和2.13±0.47h,C_(max)分别为4.66±2.23μg·L~(-1)和4.71±2.45μg·L~(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为19.42±3.99μg·h·~(-1)和19.76±4.13μg·h·L~(-1)。国产辛伐他汀胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为(98.3±10.8)％。结论:经统计学分析,国产辛伐他订胶囊剂和进口片剂具有生物等效性。     

西罗莫司滴眼液在兔眼房水内的药动学

目的探讨西罗莫司滴眼液单次滴兔眼后在房水中的药动学特征。方法 40只新西兰大白兔,局部滴入西罗莫司滴眼液50μL,采用高效液相色谱法测定兔眼房水中西罗莫司的药物浓度,用DAS1.0软件计算药动学参数。结果给药后0～120 h,西罗莫司在兔眼房水中的ρ_(max)为(84.92±37.04)μg·mL~(-1)(-1),t_(1/2)为(43.28±18.11)h,AUC_(0-6)为(1 747.44±571.36)μg·h·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)为(2 335.25±702.42)μg·h·mL~(-1)。空白房水不干扰西罗莫司的含量测定。结论单次滴眼后西罗莫司可以快速穿透眼组织到达前房,并在房水中达到较高的药物浓度。     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。