弧形阵列换能器聚焦特性研究

设计一种新型多阵元聚焦换能器,通过对27片自聚焦的圆弧施加延时信号,实现声束的聚焦和偏转,该换能器由27个宽度1.5 mm、曲率半径45 mm、张角60°的弧形阵元线性排列构成,工作频率为350 kHz。用Rayleigh积分对该换能器的声场进行理论推导,并仿真计算自然聚焦和相控聚焦0,10,20 mm状态下的声场分布。实验测量结果表明在-12～12 mm的偏转范围内与仿真基本一致,主瓣声压级降低至-3 dB、-6 dB时,各相控偏转位移对应主瓣宽度与仿真基本吻合,而大于该偏转范围时,主瓣宽度比理论值更大,说明此换能器具有较大的偏转范围与良好的相控聚焦性能,最后讨论由相幅一致性而引入的误差。     

线性相控阵换能器阵元宽度对旁瓣压缩的影响

1引言 超声相控阵在医学诊断和治疗领域得到了广泛的应用.例如,美国惠普公司的迪亚斯制作的用于心脏成像的相控阵换能器,通过它可以对心脏进行扇形扫描[1].Turnbull等[2]通过研究两维阵偏转和聚焦特性提出了对阵元参数的设计要求.Lockwood等[3]也提出了有效孔径的概念,既减少了所需的阵元数,又避免了栅瓣的出现.     

二维阵列换能器声辐射力分布的计算分析

利用角谱理论得到了圆形活塞换能器阵元组阵后作用在平面悬浮物体上的声辐射力分布公式。通过数值仿真,分析了换能器频率、阵元间距以及阵元数目对声辐射力分布的影响。计算结果表明,换能器组阵使得声辐射力分布的指向性变窄,强度增强;随着换能器频率的提高、阵元间距的增大以及阵元数目的增多,声辐射力分布的主瓣更尖锐,但阵元间距的增大会使声辐射力分布的旁瓣增高。为了改善声辐射力的空间分布,采用伪逆矩阵算法,以能量增益为目标函数,通过调节换能器阵元表面振动速度的幅值和相位来形成多焦点的声辐射力分布,为阵列换能器声辐射力分布的调控和声悬浮稳定性的研究提供帮助。     

一种纵振换能器实现束控的方法研究

以纵振模式中高频压电换能器有效工作面形状、面积为变量,研究其收发指向性随工作面积权加权的变化规律。参考浅海多波束声呐接收阵元设计要求,用SYSNOISE软件仿真计算了几种不同工作面形状换能器的接收指向性图,选用一种接收阵元的仿真参数制作了换能器实物,样品测试与仿真结果较一致。     

基于激光全息法的聚焦换能器近场声特性分析

研究了基于激光全息法的低频聚焦换能器近场测量方法,分析了利用激光全息法测量近声场特性时的基本原理,构建了一套实验测量系统。为验证该方法的可行性与准确性,利用激光测振仪对1个由25个压电小柱按5×5排布构成,频率为80kHz且表面带有自聚焦声透镜的聚焦换能器的声场进行实验测试和推算,获得了距离该换能器辐射凹面中心50mm处振动膜片上的声压幅度和相位分布,推算出此聚焦换能器声轴线上的声压分布与焦点处声压分布,同时使用COMSOL模型仿真与水听器测试,对比验证了激光全息近场测量后远场外推结果的高准确性。     

一款宽带圆柱阵研究

圆柱阵换能器具有水平全向的优势,已广泛应用在水声探测领域。文章研究了一款宽带圆柱阵,利用匹配层技术拓宽圆柱阵阵元的带宽,通过有限元仿真优化单个换能器阵元带宽、发送电压响应和阻抗等参数。同时通过仿真以阵元错位密集方式形成圆柱阵,对阵元的个数及排列方式进行仿真优化,制作了一款宽带圆柱阵并进行了测量,圆柱阵直径为400 mm,高度为435 mm,圆柱阵的工作频段为20~30 kHz,频带内起伏3 dB,最大发送电压响应为160.5 dB,圆柱阵-3 dB水平波束宽度为360°。     

线阵相控换能器阵列参数对聚焦性能的影响分析

针对超声相控阵检测中广泛使用的一维线阵换能器,通过建立其声场数学模型和引入指向性函数,仿真分析了阵列参数对声束聚焦性能的影响,提出了改善换能器声场性能的措施。最后对优化参数的阵列换能器声场进行实验测试,测试结果表明其具有良好的声束聚焦性能,为超声相控阵缺陷检测中换能器的选择提供了参考。     

动态聚焦超声换能器的研究与设计

介绍了为超声激活血卟啉抗肿瘤效应而研究的动态聚焦超声换能器。它是由６个等间距，等宽度的同心圆环和１个中心圆片组成的７元平面 能器阵。通过改变辐射孔径和每个阵元电激励信号的延迟时间，实现动态聚焦衣在各聚焦处声强度一致，导出了聚焦声场声压分布表达式，并设计出换能器的具体结构参数。     

改进的相控阵多普勒计程仪波束形成技术

目前相控阵式多普勒计程仪的基阵体积比活塞式多普勒计程仪已经缩减了很多,该技术只需通过一个收发共用的平面基阵实现信号的发射和接收,可以同时形成4个方向的波束,大大减小了基阵的尺寸,同时还消除了声速变化对测速的影响。但在中深度和大深度多普勒计程仪设备中,换能器基阵的体积仍然限制了其适装的载体种类。以多普勒计程仪小型化思想为核心,分析了密排相控阵多普勒计程仪波束形成技术,对多普勒计程仪进行集成化、小型化设计。针对密排相控阵波束形成技术,比较其发射指向性、声源级、信噪比、系统复杂度与稀疏相控阵的差异。分析表明,在相同频率、相同发射功率以及相同尺寸的条件下,密排相控阵的收发联合响应较稀疏相控阵提高近6 dB。同时在相同测速作用距离的条件下,利用密排相控阵技术可以减少换能器阵元数,从而减小换能器尺寸,达到小型化的目的。     

经颅聚焦超声治疗脑血栓的数值仿真研究

脑卒中是致残和致死的首因,经颅脑卒中治疗具有无创和颅内出血风险低等优势,目前经颅聚焦超声治疗血栓性缺血脑卒中时使用参数尚不明确。基于志愿者头颅CT图像和82阵元相控换能器建立三维数值仿真模型,利用时域有限差分法数值解析Westervelt声波非线性传播方程,对0.5～1.0 MHz超声激励频率和输入声功率等参数进行数值仿真筛选。结果表明：频率相同时焦点处形成的负压越大所需输入声功率越大,经颅所需输入声功率约为开颅的1.5倍;频率越高焦域面积越小但焦域处的旁瓣增多;频率相同时经颅和开颅模型的焦域形状和大小相近但经颅时的旁瓣较强;焦点处负压达到具有溶栓效果的-6 MPa和具有显著溶栓效果的-8 MPa时所需声功率随频率的提高先减少后增加且频率为0.8 MHz时最小;辐照时间和占空比对焦点位置和焦域面积没有影响。     

Parametric study of the peak negative acoustic pressure distribution within the image plane of a phased array transducer

A study is presented in which the influence of pulse and transducer characteristics on the distribution of the peak negative acoustic pressure within the image plane of a phased array transducer is shown. First, the influence of the center frequency, the bandwidth of the transmitted pulse, the position of the focus point, and the properties of the phased array are investigated by computer simulation. These simulations show that both the maximal amplitude and the homogeneity of the distribution of the peak negative pressure within a sector image depend on these parameters. Most remarkably, they show that the maximal peak pressure does not necessarily occur on the geometrical symmetry axis of the array transducer but can occur at the outermost lateral lines of a sector image. Second, this effect is demonstrated experimentally by hydrophone measurements of the sound field produced by a standard, clinically used, 2.5-MHz phased array transducer. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical model. The relevance of this study for contrast echography and the safety measurements of ultrasound is discussed.     

A parametric study of ultrasonic beam profiles for a linear phased array transducer

A numerical simulation model is presented to investigate the influences of design parameters of linear phased array transducers on beam focusing and steering performance. The characteristic of ultrasonic beam profiles has been simulated on the basis of the Huygen's superposition principle. For the simulation, a linear phased array is considered as the composition of finite number of elements separated by equidistance. Individual elements are considered as two-dimensional point sources. The waves generated from piezoelectric elements are considered as simplified transient ultrasonic waves that are constructed with the cosine function enveloped with a Hanning window. The characteristic of ultrasonic wave propagation into a medium from the phased array transducer is described. The effects of the number, the interelement spacing, steering angle, the focal length, and frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric elements on beam directivity and ultrasonic pressure field in a linear phased array transducer are systematically discussed.     

自由端盖四梁凹形宽带弯张换能器设计

针对凹形弯张换能器改善低频宽带工作特性的技术需求,提出了一种自由端盖四梁凹形弯张换能器新结构。结构中将纵向振子的端部设计成弹性辅助梁,与主弯曲梁连接构成复合弯曲梁。同时为了克服弹性辅助梁对振动辐射带来的不利影响,引入了由纵向振子驱动的方形自由端盖并以此构成新的辐射端面。利用有限元软件分析了这种新结构弯张换能器的多模振动特性,模态分析表明换能器的前五阶模态是可利用的主要工作模态,频率间隔可以通过敏感结构参数进行调控。通过优化给出了一种设计方案,换能器整体几何尺寸为 140 mm×140 mm×396 mm,仿真分析了换能器在水中的导纳特性和发射电压响应曲线,结果表明：换能器最大发射电压响应大于 145 dB,发射电压响应起伏小于 6 dB的工作频带为 1.5~4.3 kHz,发射电压响应起伏小于 10 dB的工作频带为 1.5~8 kHz,具有低频宽带大功率工作特性。     

Design and evaluation of a feedback based phased array system for ultrasound surgery

A driving system has been designed for phased array ultrasound applicators. The system is designed to-operate in the bandwidth 1.2 to 1.8 MHz, with independent channel power control up to 60 W (8 bit resolution) for each array element. To reduce power variation between elements, the system utilizes switching regulators in a feedback loop to automatically adjust the DC supply of a class D/E power converter. This feedback reduces the RF electrical power variation from 20% to 1% into a 16 element array. DC-to-RF efficiencies close to 70% for all power levels eliminates the need for large heat sinks. In addition to power control, each channel may be phase shifted 360 degrees with a minimum of 8 bit resolution. To ensure proper operation while driving ultrasound arrays with varying element sizes, each RF driving channel implements phase feedback such that proper phase of the driving signal is produced either at the amplifier output before the matching circuitry or after the matching circuitry at the transducer face. This feedback has been experimentally shown to increase the focal intensities by 20 to 25% of two tested phased arrays without array calibration using a hydrophone.     

Design of an Orthotropic Piezoelectric Composite Material Phased Array Transducer for Damage Detection in a Concrete Structure

ABSTRACT

In order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the sensor used in complex concrete materials, an innovative application of ultrasonic phased array detection for a concrete structure was investigated. Comparing with the traditional piezoelectric composites, orthotropic piezoelectric composite material (OPCM) can be used as transducers in damage detection show clear advantages because of their high sensitivity and directivity along the polarization direction. A low frequency ultrasonic phased array transducer consisting of 16 OPCM elements is studied. The optimal array parameters, such as the phased array element interval, the array element width, and number of elements, are obtained by studying the total displacement changes as various parameters change at the focus point in the concrete structure. This configuration allowed the variation and control of the wave field directivity in the concrete structure during the measurements. The measurements were taken on concrete specimens using a precise time-delay device. The experimental measurements were compared to theoretical calculations to investigate the influence of different array element parameters. The results show that an OPCM phased array transducer can be used to detect damage in a concrete block.     

Acoustical evaluation of a prototype sector-vortex phased-array applicator

A prototype sector-vortex phased-array applicator for ultrasound hyperthermia was constructed and acoustically evaluated. The array transducer consists of special lead-titanate ceramic elements of 16 sectors and two tracks attached on a element is driven by a complementary pair of power MOSFETs at 750 kHz. An annular focal field approximated by the Mth order Bessel function is theoretically predicted to be formed when the array elements are driven with a phase distribution that rotates M (相似文献   

A Simulation Study of the Beam Steering Characteristics for Linear Phased Arrays

Ultrasonic beam steering characteristics for linear phased array transducers are simulated numerically by visualizing the full-field acoustic pressure field of the waves radiated from a linear phased array transducer. The influences of various transducer parameters on the beam steering properties are studied, including number of elements, inter-element spacing, element size, frequency of the transducer and the steering angle. In addition, the effects of these parameters on the near field characteristics are investigated by analyzing the acoustic pressure profile in the steering direction. The simulation results agree well with the analytical solutions which are valid only in the far field. A suggested scheme for optimal transducer design is presented.     

Real-time angular scatter imaging system for improved tissuecontrast in diagnostic ultrasound images

A new type of real-time ultrasound imaging system has been developed. In contrast to conventional systems, which process only echoes scattered directly back from tissue to form an image, this system images tissue by displaying energy scattered at other angles. In its present form, the system uses one 32 element, 2.4 MHz phased array transducer in transmit and a second, spatially separate 32 element, 2.4 MHz phased array transducer in receive, to detect sound which is scattered away from the transmit transducer. In order to form an image line, the transmit transducer sends into the body a steered pulse, which is tracked dynamically from the side by the receive transducer. The signal detected by the receive transducer is processed in the same manner as in a standard B-mode phased array system. The final display format is a gray scale sector originating from the transmit transducer. Real-time angular scatter images of phantom and in vivo targets have been formed and compared to standard backscatter B-mode images of the same targets     

不等厚复合构件相控阵超声脱粘检测技术仿真研究

鉴于不等厚复合构件结构的特殊性,采用传统超声检测技术检测此类构件的粘接质量是非常困难的。采用超声相控阵技术实现界面粘接质量的检测。分析研究了不等厚复合构件脱粘检测的特殊性。建立了相控阵超声换能器的辐射声场模型,基于仿真得到的声场,研究了采用超声相控阵技术检测不等厚复合构件界面脱粘的可行性。仿真结果表明,通过控制相控延时,可使检测声束在检测区域内聚焦到任意位置处,保证在厚度变化的界面处回波信号幅度的一致性,可用于此类构件的界面脱粘检测。