Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-stabilized ruthenium supported on bamboo leaf-derived porous carbon for NH3BH3 hydrolysis

In this work, poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP)-stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles (NPs) supported on bamboo leaf-derived porous carbon (Ru/BC) has been synthesized via a one-step procedure. The structure and morphology of the as-synthesized samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). As a catalyst for hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of ammonia-borane (AB, NH₃BH₃) at room temperature, Ru/BC stabilized with 1 mg of PVP exhibited high activity (TOF = 718 mol_H2·mol_Ru⁻¹·min⁻¹) and low activation energy (E_a = 22.8 kJ mol⁻¹). In addition, the catalyst could be easily recovered and showed fairly good recyclability with 55.6% of the initial catalytic activity retained after ten experimental cycles, which confirmed that PVP could stabilize the Ru NPs and prevent their agglomeration on BC surface. Our results suggest that PVP-stabilized Ru/BC is a highly efficient catalyst for the hydrolysis of AB.     

Rapid preparation of Ru(0) nanoparticles stabilized with water-soluble biopolymer for hydrogen production from ammonia borane: Development of battery-like hydrolysis media

The biohybrid Na-Alg@Ru catalyst was prepared as a result of stabilizing Ru(0) nanoparticles with biopolymer chains of sodium alginate. The in-situ prepared Ru(0) nanoparticles had an average particle size of 1.023 ± 0.097 nm. The monodisperse Ru(0) nanoparticles prepared with a very practical, inexpensive and rapid method were used as a catalyst in hydrogen production by the hydrolysis reaction of ammonia borane (AB). The Na-Alg@Ru catalyst containing 3 mg Ru(0) metal catalyzed the hydrolysis of 50 mM AB with 100% yield, and the activation energy (E_a) of the reaction was estimated as 61.05 kJ mol⁻¹. In addition, the Na-Alg@Ru nanoparticles were prepared with acrylamide as p(AAm)/Na-Alg@Ru hydrogel films suitable for use in hydrogen production in fuel cells, which represents a battery-like environment, and used for hydrogen production from AB. Thus, it was shown that the catalysts prepared in a few nm size could easily be used in battery-like environments.     

Effective hydrolysis of ammonia borane catalyzed by ruthenium nanoparticles immobilized on graphic carbon nitride

Graphic carbon nitride prepared by the thermal decomposition of urea was used a catalyst support for the in situ immobilization of Ru nanoparticles (NPs) (Ru/g-C₃N₄). The catalytic property of Ru/g-C₃N₄ was investigated in the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) in an aqueous solution under mild conditions. Results show that the in situ generated Ru NPs are well dispersed on the surface of g-C₃N₄ with a mean particle size of 2.8 nm. The catalytic performance for AB hydrolysis indicates that 3.28 wt% Ru/g-C₃N₄ exhibits excellent catalytic activity with a high turnover frequency number of 313.0 mol H₂ (mol Ru·min)⁻¹ at room temperature. This strategy may provide an eco-friendly catalytic system for developing a sustainable catalytic route to hydrogen production.     

Gamma-ray-irradiated construction of CuCo-based nanocomposites for attractive hydrogen production and tandem hydrogenation

Nitroarenes are important chemicals but display toxity to environment and organisms. In the present work, non-precious bicomponent CuCo-based nanocomposites (CuCo₂O₄/CuO) prepared with the aid of gamma(γ)-ray-irradiation were utilized for hydrogen production from ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis and tandem hydrogenation of nitroarenes. The γ-ray-irradiation remarkably boosted the catalytic performance for the AB dehydrogenation and the hydrogenation of nitroarenes. Hydrogen generation rate (HGR) for the CuCo₂O₄/CuO catalyst reached 856.3 mL min⁻¹·g_cat⁻¹, which was approximately two-fold than that of the catalyst prepared by conventional method (only 397.1 mL min⁻¹·g_cat⁻¹). Meanwhile, this irradiation-induced catalyst also showed excellent performance for the hydrogenation of screened nitroarenes with 100% yield of the corresponding amines. The CuCo₂O₄/CuO catalyst exhibited high reusability with ∼90% remained activity of the initial one after six runs. The bicomponent CuCo₂O₄/CuO exhibited positive hydrogen spillover and synergistic effects contributing to the considerable activity improvement, which is beneficial to the detoxication, conversion and utilization of poison nitroarenes.     

TiO2–CdS supported CuNi nanoparticles as a highly efficient catalyst for hydrolysis of ammonia borane under visible-light irradiation

TiO₂–CdS nanotubes (NTs) were used for the first time as a support to load metal nanoparticles (NPs) for the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) which is a new strategy. The TiO₂–CdS NTs support was first synthesized using a hydrothermal method, and then the CuNi NPs were loaded using a liquid-phase reduction method. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, XPS, ICP, UV–Vis, and PL analyses. The characterization results show that the CuNi NPs existed in the form of an alloy with a size of ~1.2 nm and uniformly dispersed on the support. Compared with their single metal counterparts, the bimetallic CuNi-supported catalysts showed a higher catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of AB under visible-light irradiation: Cu_0·45Ni_0·55/TiO₂–CdS catalyst had the fastest hydrogen evolution rate with a high conversion frequency (TOF) of 25.9 mol_H2·mol_cat⁻¹ min⁻¹ at 25 °C and low activation energy of 32.8 kJ mol⁻¹. Cu_0.45Ni_0.55/TiO₂–CdS catalyst showed good recycle performance, maintaining 99.3% and 85.6% of the original hydrogen evolution rate even after five and ten recycles, respectively. Strong absorption of visible light, improved electron–hole separation efficiency, and metal synergy between Cu and Ni elements played a crucial role in improving the catalytic hydrolysis performance of AB. The catalyst prepared in this study provides a new strategy for the application of photocatalysts.     

Metal-Schiff Base complex catalyst in KBH4 hydrolysis reaction for hydrogen production

It is the first study to synthesize Co(II)-Schiff Base complex and to use it like a catalyst for potassium borohydride hydrolysis reaction to hydrogen production. Co(II)-complex is synthesized with CoCl₂·6H₂O and 5-Amino-2,4-dichlorophenol-3,5-di-tert-butylsalisylaldimine ligand. KBH₄ hydrolysis reaction is studied according as percentage of KBH₄, percentage of KOH, amount of Co-Schiff Base complex catalyst and temperature effects. Co-Schiff Base complex is highly effective catalyst and initial rates (R_o) of KBH₄ hydrolysis reaction were 61220.00 and 99746.67 mL H₂. g⁻¹ cat. min⁻¹ at 30 °C and 50 °C. Furthermore this study includes the kinetic calculations and for this reaction calculated activation energy is 17.56 kJ mol⁻¹.     

Development of highly efficient and reusable Ruthenium complex catalyst for hydrogen evolution

Herein, we report an efficient, environmentally friendly and stable catalyst development to hydrogen evolution from sodium borohydride hydrolysis. For this purpose, Ruthenium complex catalyst successfully fabricated via 5-Amino-2,4-dichlorophenol-3,5-ditertbutylsalisylaldimine ligand and RuCl₃·H₂O salt. Ru complex catalyst was identified with X-Ray Diffraction Analysis, Infrared Spectroscopy, Elemental Analysis, Transmission electron microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Surface Area Analysis. According to the analysis results, it was confirmed that Ru complex catalyst was successfully synthesized. Ru complex was used as a catalyst in NaBH₄ hydrolysis. The kinetic performance of Ru complex catalyst was evaluated at various reaction temperatures, various sodium borohydride concentration, catalyst concentration and sodium hydroxide concentration in hydrogen evolution. The apparent activation energy for the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride was determined as 25.8 kJ mol^?1. With fully conversion, the promised well durability of Ru complex was achieved by the five consecutive cycles for hydrogen evolution in sodium borohydride hydrolysis The hydrogen evolution rates were 299,220 and 160,832 mL H₂ g_cat^?1 min^?1 in order of at 50 °C and 30 °C. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism of Ru complex catalyzed sodium borohydride hydrolysis was defined step by step. This study provides different insight into the rational design and utilization and catalytic effects of ruthenium complex in hydrogen evolution performance.     

Superior hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride hydrolysis catalyzed by the bimetallic Co–Ru/C nanocomposite

Sodium borohydride has been widely regarded as a promising hydrogen carrier owing to its greatly hydrogen storing capability (10.8 wt%), high weight density and excellent stability in alkaline solutions. Herein, we first design and synthesize a series of bimetallic M-Ru/C nanocomposites (including Fe–Ru/C, Co–Ru/C, Ni–Ru/C and Cu–Ru/C), via simply alloying of commercial Ru/C with nonprecious metal, for superior H₂ evolution from the NaBH₄ hydrolysis. The result exhibits that H₂ generation is synergetically improved by alloying Ru/C with Co or Ni, while it is hindered by alloying Ru/C with Fe or Cu. Indeed, Co–Ru/C presents the highest efficient catalytic activity for H₂ generation, with the TOF of 117.69 mol(H₂)·mol_Ru^?1·min^?1, whereas Ru/C is only 57.08 mol(H₂)·mol_Ru^?1·min^?1. In addition, the TOF of Co–Ru/C reaches to 436.51 mol(H₂)·mol_Ru^?1·min^?1 (96.7 L(H₂)·g_Ru^?1·min^?1) in the presence of NaOH.     

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOFs-derived CuO@C for hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride

Hydrogen gas has been considered as one of the promising sources of energy. Thus, several strategies including the hydrolysis of hydrides have been reported for hydrogen production. However, effective catalysts are highly required to improve the hydrogen generation rate. Two dimensional metal-organic frameworks (copper-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic, CuBDC), and CuBDC-derived CuO@C were synthesized, characterized and applied as catalysts for hydrogen production using the hydrolysis and methanolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄). CuBDC, and CuO@C display hydrogen generation rate of 7620, and 7240 mlH₂·g_cat⁻¹· min⁻¹, respectively for hydrolysis. While, CuBDC offers hydrogen generation rate of 9060 mlH₂·g_cat⁻¹· min⁻¹ for methanolysis. Both catalysts required short reaction time, and showed good recyclability. The materials may open new venues for efficient catalyst for energy-based applications.     

Ruthenium nanoparticles supported in the network of HES-p(AMPS) IPN hydrogel as efficient catalyst for hydrogen production from the hydrolysis of ethylenediamine bisborane

In this study, Ru(0) nanoparticles supported in 2-hydroxyethyl starch-p-(2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) interpenetrating polymeric network (HES-p(AMPS) IPN) were synthesized as hydrogel networks containing hydroxyethyl starch, which is a natural polymer with oxygen donor atoms. The structure and morphology of the prepared HES-p(AMPS) IPN hydrogel and Ru@HES-p(AMPS) IPN catalyst were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Ru@HES-p(AMPS) IPN was used as catalyst for hydrogen production from the hydrolysis of ethylenediamine bisborane (EDAB). The activation parameters for the hydrolysis reaction of EDAB catalyzed by Ru@HES-p(AMPS) IPN were calculated as E_a = 38.92 kJ mol⁻¹, ΔH^# = 36.28 kJ mol⁻¹, and ΔS^# = −111.85 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively. The TOF for the Ru@HES-p(AMPS) IPN catalyst was 2.253 mol H₂ (mol Ru(0) min)⁻¹. It was determined that Ru@HES-p(AMPS) IPN, a reusable catalyst, still had 81.5% catalytic activity after the 5th use.     

Pd/PdO and hydrous RuO2 difunction-modified SiO2@TaON@Ta3N5 nano-photocatalyst for efficient solar overall water splitting

A novel Pd/PdO and hydrous RuO₂ difunction-modified SiO₂@TaON@Ta₃N₅ core-shell structured nano-photocatalyst was synthesized successfully, which displayed excellent photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting into H₂ (473.52 μmol⁻¹·g⁻¹·h⁻¹), about 2.86 times higher than unmodified SiO₂@TaON@Ta₃N₅ (165.74 μmol⁻¹·g⁻¹·h⁻¹), under the visible-light irradiation with the wavelength ≥420 nm, without any sacrificial agent, as well as excellent stability against photocorrosion. The apparent quantum yield (AQY) reaches to 0.253% under irradiation intensity of 12 mW cm⁻² at 420 nm. The spatially separated Pd, PdO and RuO₂ clusters were decorated on the Ta₃N₅ surface to construct local multi-heterojunctions, which were confirmed to enhance the light absorption capability, drive efficient separation of charge carriers and directional transfer, and promote surface redox reaction kinetics of HER and OER. The trace modification of metallic Pd clusters and TaN could mainly contribute to the significant decrease in the HER overpotential, while PdO exhibited a stronger contribution than RuO₂ for OER catalytic activity. The synergetic mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic overall water splitting for hydrogen production was discussed in detail. Thus the combination of core-shell heterojunction construction and surface difunction modification provides a promising strategy for develop efficient all-in-one photocatalysts for solar overall water splitting.     

Preparation of dandelion-like Co–Mo–P/CNTs-Ni foam catalyst and its performance in hydrogen production by alcoholysis of sodium borohydride

A dandelion-like CNTs-Ni foam composite carrier supported Co–Mo–P ternary alloy catalyst (Co–Mo–P/CNTs-Ni foam) was prepared by electroless plating. The structure of Co–Mo–P/CNTs-Ni foam catalyst is characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS and EDS. The particle size of Co–Mo–P ternary alloy nanoparticles is about 80 nm. The Co–Mo–P/CNTs-Ni foam completely retains the tubular structure of carbon nanotubes and the gaps between carbon nanotubes of CNTs-Ni carrier, which increases the specific surface area of the catalyst and the flow space of reactants and products. Co–Mo–P/CNTs-Ni foam catalyzes sodium borohydride alcoholysis to produce hydrogen at a maximum rate of 2.64 L ·min⁻¹ ·g⁻¹, and the reaction activation energy is 47.27 kJ ·mol⁻¹, which is far lower than that of the spontaneous alcoholysis reaction of sodium borohydride. After the Co–Mo–P/CNTs-Ni foam catalyst was reused 8 times, the catalytic hydrogen production rate was reduced by 23% compared with the initial rate.     

PDMA cryogel beads as a catalyst for hydrogen generation from NaBH4 alcoholysis

Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] cryogel beads were prepared under cryogenic conditions via free radical polymerization and used as a catalyst in the production hydrogen (H₂) from NaBH₄ by alcoholysis. The efficiency of the catalyst was investigated in the range of 0–40 °C by both methanolysis and ethylene glycolysis reactions, and its reuse was tested. Accordingly, it was observed that the methanolysis reaction was faster than the ethylene glycolysis reaction. When the hydrogen generation rate (HGR) values between 0 and 40 °C were compared, it was concluded that the methanolysis reaction rate increased from 1550 to 4800 mL.min⁻¹g⁻¹ and the ethylene glycolysis reaction rate increased from 923 to 3551 mL.min⁻¹g⁻¹. In the alcoholysis reaction catalyzed by PDMA cryogel beads, the activation energy was calculated as 19.34 and 22.77 kJ.mol⁻¹ for the methanolysis and ethylene glycolysis reactions, respectively. After six repetitions, the catalyst activity was calculated over 50% for NaBH₄ methanolysis and ethylene glycolysis.     

In situ construction of oxygen deficient MoO3-x nanosheets/porous graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced photothermal-photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

In this work, the photocatalysts containing oxygen-deficient molybdenum oxide and macroscopic three-dimensional porous graphitic carbon nitride phase composite (MoO_3-x/PCN) were prepared by in situ self-assembly method. The crystal phase and structure were characterized by XRD, XPS, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM measurements. Hydrogen production results showed that introducing of MoO_3-x resulted in a higher hydrogen production rate of MoO_3-x/PCN composite catalyst than that of PCN. Among them, the highest hydrogen production rate of 2336.15 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ was achieved for MoO_3-x-10/PCN, which was 2.23 times higher than PCN (1048.00 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). When the reaction system temperature was 100 °C, the photothermal hydrogen production rate of MoO_3-x-10/PCN was 8902.00 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, which was 3.81 times higher than that at room temperature. PL spectra, UV–vis spectra and photoelectrochemical measurements showed that the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of MoO_3-x effectively enhanced the photo response range and increased the temperature of the reaction system. ESR measurements showed that he composites should follow the Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism, the electrons in the CB of MoO_3-x further migrate to the VB of PCN, which hinders the charge complexation in MoO_3-x and PCN, improving the hydrogen production activity. This study provides a new idea for constructing a plasma-based photothermal synergistic catalytic hydrogen production strategy.     

A study on hydrogen generation from NaBH4 solution using Co-loaded resin catalysts

Hydrogen production via chemical processes has gained great attention in recent years. In this study, Co-based complex catalyst obtained by adsorption of Co metal to Amberlite IRC-748 resin and Diaion CR11 were tested for hydrogen production from alkaline NaBH₄ via hydrolysis process. Their catalytic activity and microstructure were investigated. Process parameters affecting the catalytic activity, such as NaOH concentration, Co percentage and catalyst amount, as well as NaBH₄ concentration and temperature were investigated. Furthermore, characteristics of these catalysts were carried out via SEM, XRD and FT-IR analysis. Hydrogen production rates equal to 211 and 221 ml min⁻¹ g_cat⁻¹ could be obtained with Amberlite IRC-748 resin and Diaion CR11 Co based complex catalysts, respectively. The activation energies of the catalytic hydrolysis reaction of NaBH₄ were calculated as 46.9 and 59.42 kJ mol⁻¹ for Amberlite IRC-748 resin and Diaion CR11 based catalysts respectively kJ mol⁻¹ from the system consisting of 3% Co, 10 wt% NaBH₄ and 7 wt% NaOH as well as 50 mg catalyst dosage. It can be concluded that Co-based resins as catalysts for hydrogen production is an effective alternative to other catalysts having higher rate.     

Enhanced catalytic performance of CuNi bimetallic nanoparticles for hydrogen evolution from ammonia borane hydrolysis

Ammonia borane (AB, NH₃BH₃) hydrolysis is an effective way to safely generate hydrogen. However, a suitable catalyst is indispensable because the hydrolytic reaction cannot take place kinetically at room temperature. In this work, CuNi alloy nanoparticles are immobilized on porous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) with a facile adsorption-chemical reduction method. Benefiting from the hierarchical porous structure of the support, the interesting alloy effect of Cu and Ni, as well as the synergistic effect between g-C₃N₄ and the CuNi alloys, the optimal Cu_0·7Ni_0.3/g-C₃N₄ catalyst displays excellent catalytic performance in AB hydrolysis, such as high turnover frequency (2.08 min⁻¹, at 303 K), low apparent activation energy (23.58 kJ mol⁻¹), and satisfactory durability. The results verify that the optimal catalyst has particular potential in hydrogen energy utilization due to the advantages such as the facile preparation procedure, low cost and excellent catalytic behavior.     

Oxygen vacancies and morphology engineered Co3O4 anchored Ru nanoparticles as efficient catalysts for ammonia borane hydrolysis

Developing efficient but facile strategies to modulate the catalytic activity of Ru deposited on metal oxides is of broad interest but remains challenging. Herein, we report the oxygen vacancies and morphological modulation of vacancy-rich Co₃O₄ stabilized Ru nanoparticles (NPs) (Ru/V_O-Co₃O₄) to boost the catalytic activity and durability for hydrogen production from the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB). The well-defined and small-sized Ru NPs and V_O-Co₃O₄ induced morphology transformation via in situ driving V_O-Co₃O₄ to 2D nanosheets with abundant oxygen vacancies or Co²⁺ species considerably promote the catalytic activity and durability toward hydrogen evolution from AB hydrolysis. Specifically, the Ru/V_O-Co₃O₄ pre-catalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic activity with a high turnover frequency of 2114 min^?1 at 298 K. Meanwhile, the catalyst also shows a high durability toward AB hydrolysis with six successive cycles. This work establishes a facile but efficient strategy to construct high-performance catalysts for AB hydrolysis.     

The use of ferrites as highly active oxygen storage materials for chemical looping hydrogen production under intermediate temperature

Shifting chemical looping from high temperatures to intermediate temperatures could mitigate the materials from sintering and benefit for longer durability as well as process economy. However, oxygen carriers cannot perform sufficiently due to the degrading effect at lower temperatures, resulting in the decrease of hydrogen production ability. Although doping precious metals can improve the poor performance at intermediate temperatures, the high cost impeded their large-scale application. In this paper, a range of oxygen carrier materials consisted of earth abundant elements were prepared for chemical looping hydrogen production. The results indicated that CoFe₂O₄ exhibited the highest hydrogen yield of 11.9 mmol·g⁻¹ and hydrogen production rate of 0.051 mmol g⁻¹·s⁻¹ at 650 °C, which was 1.7 times higher than that of Fe₂O₃. A combined experimental and DFT calculation method was used to understand the mechanism behind the performance. The results indicated that the synergistic effect between Co and Fe increased the reactivity of the ferrite materials. The enhanced hydrogen production performance was attributed to the high reduction degree and reversible phase change. This study can be also extended to develop more active oxygen carrier for chemical looping processes at intermediate temperatures.     

Room temperature hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of ammonia–borane over an efficient NiAgPd/C catalyst

NiAgPd nanoparticles are successfully synthesized by in-situ reduction of Ni, Ag and Pd salts on the surface of carbon. Their catalytic activity was examined in ammonia borane (NH₃BH₃) hydrolysis to generate hydrogen gas. This nanomaterial exhibits a higher catalytic activity than those of monometallic and bimetallic counterparts and a stoichiometric amount of hydrogen was produced at a high generation rate. Hydrogen production rates were investigated in different concentrations of NH₃BH₃ solutions, including in the borates saturated solution, showing little influence of the concentrations on the reaction rates. The hydrogen production rate can reach 3.6–3.8 mol H₂ mol_cat⁻¹ min⁻¹ at room temperature (21 °C). The activation energy and TOF value are 38.36 kJ/mol and 93.8 mol H₂ mol_cat⁻¹ min⁻¹, respectively, comparable to those of Pt based catalysts. This nanomaterial catalyst also exhibits excellent chemical stability, and no significant morphology change was observed from TEM after the reaction. Using this catalyst for continuously hydrogen generation, the hydrogen production rate can be kept after generating 6.2 L hydrogen with over 10,000 turnovers and a TOF value of 90.3 mol H₂ mol_cat⁻¹ min⁻¹.     

In situ synthesis of dendrimer-encapsulated palladium(0) nanoparticles as catalysts for hydrogen production from the methanolysis of ammonia borane

Addressed herein is the in situ synthesis of a PAMAM dendrimer-encapsulated palladium(0) NPs (Pd(0)/Dnd) during the methanolysis of ammonia borane (AB) and the catalytic performance of the yielded Pd(0)/Dnd nanocatalysts in hydrogen production from the methanolysis of AB under ambient conditions. A two-step procedure that includes the impregnation of Pd(II) ions via their coordination to –NH₂ groups of the dendrimer and then reduction of Pd(II) ions into the dendrimer-encapsulated Pd(0) NPs by AB during the methanolysis reaction was followed for the synthesis of Pd(0)/Dnd nanocatalysts. However, apart from the existing reports on the synthesis of dendrimer-encapsulated metal NPs, the present study includes for the first time the examination of effect of generation size (G4-G6), core type (ethylene diamine (E) or Jeffamine (P)) and terminal groups (-NH₂, –COOH and –OH) of a PAMAM dendrimer on the stability, particle size, morphology and catalytic activity of metal NPs. After finding the optimum Pd(0)/Dnd catalysts considering all these effects, a detailed kinetic study comprising the effect of catalyst and AB concentrations as well as temperature was conducted by monitoring the hydrogen production from the methanolysis of AB. The best catalytic activity in the methanolysis of AB was obtained by using a PAMAM dendrimer with generation G6, amine terminal groups and Jeffamine core (P6.NH₂) encapsulated Pd(0) NPs, providing the highest initial turnover frequency (TOF) of 55.8 mol H₂.mol Pd⁻¹.min⁻¹ and apparent activation energy (Ea^app) of 48 ± 3 kJ.mol⁻¹ at room temperature.