核素心肌灌注显像评估关节置换患者围手术期心脏风险的临床应用

 目的 探讨核素心肌灌注显像（myocardiac perfusion imaging,MPI）在合并心血管疾病拟行关节置换患者中评估围手术期冠脉缺血的临床应用价值,对比分析MPI和冠脉CT造影（computed tomography angiogram,CTA）对冠脉评估一致性及对手术计划的影响。方法 前瞻性收集合并心血管疾病拟行关节置换的患者病例资料,行MPI及CTA检查,根据MPI评估心肌血流灌注情况决定是否手术,统计分析MPI及CTA对冠脉评估的一致性和对手术计划的影响,并记录术后心血管并发症情况。结果 共纳入228例患者,男97例,女131例;年龄53~88岁,平均73.2岁。MPI未发现心肌缺血215例,发现不同程度心肌缺血13例。无心肌缺血患者CTA检查显示：113例无冠脉狭窄,51例轻度冠脉狭窄,39例中度冠脉狭窄,12例重度冠脉狭窄。心肌缺血患者CTA检查显示3例无冠脉狭窄,4例轻度冠脉狭窄,3例中度冠状动脉狭窄,3例重度冠脉狭窄,MPI和CTA检查对冠脉评估的一致性较差。222例患者按计划实施手术,6例患者取消手术,MPI检查结果对手术计划有明显影响,而CTA检查结果对手术计划无明显影响。术后无心肌缺血相关的心绞痛、心肌梗塞及心源性死亡病例,心血管并发症包括6例心衰,4例房颤及1例脑梗塞。结论 MPI是冠脉缺血评价的直接指标,能够准确预测围手术期冠脉缺血风险及预后,可筛选出需要延迟或禁忌手术的病例,对于临床手术计划的取舍具有重要参考意义,有助于降低并发症、提高围手术期安全性。     

主动脉瓣狭窄患者行非心脏手术的围术期麻醉管理进展

主动脉瓣狭窄是一种主要由风湿热后遗症、先天性主动脉瓣结构异常、老年性主动脉瓣钙化等病因所致的一种瓣膜性心脏病(VHD),钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄是其主要形式。超声心动图是目前国际上评估和诊断主动脉瓣狭窄最常用的方法,成人正常主动脉瓣口面积(AVA)≥3.0 cm²,当AVA减小至正常的1/3或更多时才会阻塞主动脉瓣前向血流,大多数轻中度和一部分重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者在日常活动时没有临床症状。主动脉瓣狭窄的流行病学在地区、年龄、性别和种族等方面差异较大。主动脉瓣狭窄增加了非心脏手术围术期心血管并发症的风险,其风险的高低取决于VHD严重程度和非心脏手术类型,而未经治疗的重度主动脉瓣狭窄围术期死亡率较高。本文对主动脉瓣狭窄诊断、分级、分类、病理机制、治疗及非心脏手术围术期麻醉管理等方面的进展予以综述。     

两例冠脉搭桥同期肺癌手术患者的麻醉管理

分析上海市胸科医院在2012年11月间同期施行冠脉搭桥术和肺癌手术的患者2例,美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级为Ⅱ或Ⅲ级.在全身麻醉、非体外循环下先行冠状动脉搭桥术（coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG）后行肺癌手术.双腔支气管导管行肺隔离.2例患者均获得满意的麻醉效果,无围术期并发症,均顺利出院.非体外循环下OPCABG同期行肺癌手术患者术中循环和呼吸管理复杂,应引起麻醉医师关注并积极处理.     

二尖瓣置换术后左心室后壁破裂修补二例

临床资料病例1,女,59岁。因活动后心悸、气促6年入院。查体:心尖区闻及舒张中晚期隆隆样杂音。心脏彩色超声心动图提示:风湿性心脏病,二尖瓣狭窄(重度)、反流(轻度)。术前临床诊断:风湿性心脏病,二尖瓣重度狭窄伴轻度关闭不全。患者在全身麻醉体外循环下行心内直视二尖     

咪唑安定—苯太尼—羟丁酸钠复合诱导对心脏手术病人血液动力学的影响

心脏手术麻醉处理的核心环节是维持循环功能稳定。为了获得满意的麻醉效果又可使血液动力学保持稳定 ,临床上常采用多种药物联合诱导的方式。本文观测了咪唑安定 芬太尼 羟丁酸钠联合诱导对心脏手术病人的效果及血液动力学作用。资料与方法一般资料　择期行心脏手术病人 2 2例 ,男 17例 ,女 5例 ,平均年龄 61 7岁 ,身高 163ｃｍ ,体重 62 9ｋｇ。心功能Ⅱ级 9例 ,Ⅲ级 10例 ,Ⅳ级 3例。手术类型 :冠脉搭桥术 14例 ,心脏瓣膜置换 5例 ,冠脉搭桥 +瓣膜置换 2例 ,冠脉搭桥+室壁瘤切除术 1例。麻醉方法　麻醉前用药为吗啡 0 2ｍｇ/ｋｇ、地西…     

非体外循环下行冠脉搭桥手术的麻醉处理

非体外循环下冠脉搭桥手术避免体外循环,心脏不停跳,对病人围术期生理干扰小,手术后并发症少,恢复快,但对临床麻醉要求高。我院于2000年6月至2003年1月在非体外循环下行冠脉搭桥手术42例,效果满意,现报告如下。     

同期左胸小切口冠脉旁路移植联合经心尖经导管主动脉瓣置换术3例

<正>自2002年首例经导管主动脉瓣置换手术(transcatheter aortic valve replacement,TAVR)成功实施以来,TAVR挽救了无数外科手术风险高的严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者^[1,2]。许多重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者合并严重冠脉病变^[3],对此类患者多选择经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)联合经股动脉TAVR进行微创治疗,然而部分患者由于冠脉血管严重钙化或者病变弥漫不适合行PCI,亦或大血管通路不适合行经股动脉TAVR。     

70例心尖入路经导管主动脉瓣植入术患者的麻醉管理

目的探讨心尖入路经导管主动脉瓣植入术(TAVI)的麻醉要点。方法回顾性分析2014年3月至2015年10月华西医院心脏大血管外科行J-Valve经心尖TAVI手术70例患者的临床资料,其中男39例、女31例,平均年龄(73.7±4.5)岁。总结该类手术围手术期的准备及麻醉要点。结果纳入的70例患者年龄相对较大,合并症较多,如缺血性心脏病、高血压、糖尿病甚至卒中,手术风险较高。其中主动脉瓣狭窄患者39例,反流31例,无1例死亡。术后随访手术成功67例,成功率达95.7%。结论经心尖TAVI手术患者麻醉在一些细节方面需要更多的关注,需要整个心脏团队医生对手术步骤有全面的认识,通力合作,确保患者围术期安全。     

冠脉支架患者非心脏手术的围手术期处理

背景 近三十年来,心脏冠脉支架患者日益增多,此类患者在接受非心脏手术时其围手术期将面临特殊挑战.目的 现将重点讨论支架血栓的病理生理以及冠脉支架患者非心脏手术围手术期的处理策略.内容 冠脉支架患者为预防支架内血栓的发生,通常接受由阿司匹林和氯吡格雷为主要药物的双联抗血小板治疗,其疗程为裸金属支架bare metal s...     

心脏瓣膜疾病与冠心病同期手术

心脏手术和麻醉、心肺转流及心肌保护等相关技术水平的提高,使心脏瓣膜疾病与冠心病同期手术的治疗效果显著提高。但影响同期手术后患者生存的可变因素,包括瓣膜病变的严重程度、冠状血管狭窄支数、左心功能受损害程度、患者年龄和性别的差异等依然存在。现对心脏瓣膜疾病与冠心病同期手术的治疗效果和进展进行综述。     

Anesthetic management of combined lung volume reduction surgery and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

A 54-year-old man with severe emphysema and stenosis of coronary artery was scheduled for combined surgery of lung volume reduction and an off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. His FEV1.0 was 600 ml and %FEV1.0 was 18%. Coronary angiography showed 99% stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, fentanyl and vecuronium, and was maintained with sevoflurane and continuous epidural anesthesia. In order to avoid high airway pressure, a pressure-controlled ventilation (less than 15 cmH2O) was carried out. A laryngeal mask airway was replaced with an endotracheal tube after surgery to avoid bucking during extubation, and this was removed after recovery from anesthesia successfully. No complications were observed during anesthesia. Lung volume reduction surgery after coronary reconstruction by off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting may be beneficial for patients with emphysema and ischemic heart disease.     

Current treatment of chronic heart failure

Cardiovascular diseases including heart failure represent a common disease in patients referred for anesthesia.In most cases, heart failure is caused by left ventricular dysfunction due to coronary heart disease. The aims of the treatment of chronic heart failure are the relief of symptoms, the improvement of prognosis and the prevention of the progression of heart failure. The first-line treatment involves the underlying heart disease such as myocardial revascularisation procedures in coronary heart disease or the correction of valve diseases. The pharmacological therapy depends on the stage of heart failure and symptoms of the patient. Heart failure therapy includes ACE-inhibitors, betablockers, diuretics und digitalis. Nitrates can be prescribed in patients with symptomatic heart failure despite adequate therapy but calcium antagonists are not recommended. Repeated or prolonged treatment with positive inotropic agents like phosphodiesterase inhibitors or beta-adrenergic drugs increases mortality but this is commonly used in acute stages of heart failure refractory to treatment. Interactions of ACE-inhibitors or AT1- antagonists with anesthetic agents can lead to severe hypotension especially in hypovolemic patients. Whether those drugs should be continued perioperatively or not has been controversially discussed. The use of betablockers has a positive impact on cardiac morbidity and mortality during and early after surgery. Chronic treatment with diuretics can be associated with hypovolemia and an imbalance of electrolytes leading to hypotension and arrhythmia during anesthesia but careful evaluation prior to anesthesia can avoid such complications. The continuation of digitalis during anesthesia has been controversially discussed due to the various interactions with anesthetics.     

Effectiveness of regional anesthesia for loco-regional carotid surgery. Retrospective review of 147 interventions

The Authors present a retrospective review that compares general anesthesia with regional anesthesia performed during carotid endarterectomy surgery. The study includes 147 procedures, performed on 144 patients: 76 had general anesthesia and 71 had regional anesthesia. After emphasizing the importance of conscience preservation during regional anesthesia to allow a simple and secure monitoring of the patient's neurologic functions, the Authors point out the decrease of peri- and postoperative accidents, whether neurologic or not, obtained with regional anesthesia. Another essential advantage of this technique is the possibility to insert the transitory shunt only when objectively necessary, ulteriorly reducing neurologic complications. Cervical plexus block is primarily indicated for high risk patients with instable neurologic simptomatology, severe stenosis of the contralateral carotid, coronary heart disease. The technique has proved to be of easy execution, safe and well accepted by the patient and the surgeon.     

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with anomalous left circumflex coronary artery

The anomalous left circumflex artery can be a risk for coronary stenosis or obstruction during transcatheter aortic valve replacement; however, the best procedural management has not been clarified. We describe three patients with severe aortic valve stenosis as well as anomalous left circumflex artery. In the first patient, a coronary guidewire with balloon was placed before deploying a SAPIEN 3 transcatheter heart valve, as protection from the coronary occlusion or stenosis. For the second and third patients, no coronary protection was used. All procedures were completed safely and no complications were detected at one‐year follow‐up.     

Prognosis of moderate coronary artery lesions in heart transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: Despite recent advances in our understanding of allograft vasculopathy, little is known about the evolution of moderate coronary lesions in heart transplant recipients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 58 heart transplant patients undergoing annual coronary angiography who demonstrated a moderate lesion (>30% and <60% diameter stenosis) on any routine annual study. In an attempt to find criteria that could distinguish such patients who were at high risk of disease progression from those at low risk, we reviewed the clinical and biologic features and angiographic and clinical outcomes of patients with and without lesion progression at 1 year. RESULTS: Of the 58 patients who had an initially moderate coronary lesion, 28 (48%) showed progression of the lesion at angiography 1 year later (occlusion of the culprit vessel or progression to a severe lesion >60%) that required revascularization (angioplasty or bypass surgery). The 30 remaining patients showed no lesion progression. At the time of the first angiogram the only criterion which could predict lesion progression at 1 year was the presence of multi-vessel disease (p < 0.0001). Prognosis for these patients was poorer than in those with no disease progression, with a higher proportion of revascularization and sudden death (p < 0.001). Patients without lesion progression at 1 year had neither clinical events nor significant subsequent lesion progression during a mean follow-up of 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a moderate coronary stenosis in heart transplant patients justifies a repeat angiogram 1 year later. The use of percutaneous coronary angioplasty in such patients has not been validated, but may be an option to delay or prevent progression to coronary occlusion.     

One-stage surgery of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and carotid endarterectomy

A 74 year-old man with bladder transitional carcinoma had severe multivascular disease; coronary artery stenosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm and right internal carotid artery stenosis. First, transurethral bladder tumor resection (TUR-Bt) was performed twice but in the second TUR-Bt, no carcinoma cell was found. One stage surgery of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) was proposed. MIDCAB was performed first. Inspite of the bradycardia, heart oppression by stabilizer and coronary artery clamping, blood pressure and ST segments were stable. With heparinization and the chest left open, AAA repair was carried out. On aorta clamping and declamping, blood pressure and heart rate were stable. After completion of AAA repair, heparinization was reversed with protamine. Chest and abdominal wounds were closed simultaneously. CEA was performed lastly, because the patient had no cerebral ischemic symptom and no risk of cardiopulmonary bypass. After the operation, no neurologic deficit appeared. This experience of one stage surgery was reported with review of literatures. One stage surgery is a possible approach to the patients with severe multivascular disease.     

Preoperative assessment of myocardial ischemia in thoracic surgery for lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Morbidity of myocardial ischemia in the thoracic surgery for lung cancer has been reported in the literatures, although, the risk of myocardial ischemia is not well identified preoperatively. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of severe coronary stenosis in the thoracic surgery for lung cancer. METHODS: From January 2004 to December 2006, data were collected concerning 175 consecutive patients underwent lung resection for lung cancer. Prior to the surgery, we performed coronary angiography on the patients with either ischemic change in the exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) testing or comorbid conditions (current or previous smoking, hypertention, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia or history of chest pain). RESULTS: Fifty-eight (33%) patients underwent coronary angiography. Coronary stenosis was detected in 19 patients (10.9%), including 6 patients (3.4%) with severe stenosis. These 6 patients received percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting prior to the lung resection, which resulted in no incidence of perioperative myocardial ischemia. Three of 6 patients with severe stenosis were negative for ischemic changes in exercise ECG testing. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of severe coronary stenosis is 3.4%, which is supposed to indicate the risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia in the thoracic surgery for lung cancer.     

Landiolol prevented myocardial ischemia in a patient with severe aortic stenosis undergoing total gastrectomy

Gastric cancer was detected in a 71-year-old man with severe aortic stenosis. According to ACC/AHA guidelines, aortic stenosis in the patient was so severe that noncardiac surgery was considered appropriate only after aortic valve replacement. However, due to uncontrollable hemorrhage from gastric cancer, total gastrectomy was urgently required. Surgery was performed under epidural and general anesthesia. Blood pressure and heart rate were stable during anesthetic induction, tracheal intubation and skin incision. Just after peritoneal incision, however, ST decreased significantly following hypertension and sinus tachycardia, which were controllable by deepening of the anesthetic level. This ST depression was dependent on heart rate but not blood pressure. Therefore, in order to control the heart rate and prevent myocardial ischemia, low dose landiolol was infused prophylactically. This agent regulated the heart rate below 85 beats per minute without inducing hypotension and prevented myocardial ischemia during the remaining anesthetic course including extubation and recovery from anesthesia. Although beta blocker is not generally recommended in patients with aortic stenosis, present case suggests that landiolol is effective and useful to prevent cardiac ischemia even in a patient with severe aortic stenosis.     

Selective antegrade cardioplegic perfusion complicated by left main stem dissection

Selective antegrade coronary artery perfusion is a commonly used procedure to obtain myocardial preservation during cardiac surgery. This report describes a patient operated for severe aortic valve stenosis and insufficiency, mitral valve and tricuspid insufficiency. Cardioplegia was administered by selective antegrade coronary artery blood perfusion. Antegrade blood cardioplegia was complicated by dissection of the left coronary main stem. The dissection induced a myocardial infaction and the patient finally died due to heart failure.