火焰原子吸收法间接测定水中硫化物的方法

取适量 S2 -标准溶液 ( 0 .0 1 mg/ml)于 2 5ml刻度管中 ,加 1 .0 ml浓度为 0 .1 mg/ml Cu2 标液 ,4 .0 ml HAc- Na Ac缓冲溶液 ( p H4 .5) ,稀至刻度摇匀。于 55℃水浴中加热 1 5min,冷至室温 ,用双层滤纸过滤 ,分离硫化铜沉淀 ,弃去前 1 5ml初始滤液 ,接中间滤液 ,用原子吸收法测定滤液中剩余Cu2 ,从而间接求出 S2 -含量。硫含量为 1 .2 μg/ml时 ,Mg2 等 1 1种离子含量为 4 0～ 80 μg/ml时无干扰 ,SO2 -3 含量大于 4 0μg/ml时存在负干扰。回收率 93%～ 94 .7% ,n=7时变异系数为3.2 %。火焰原子吸收法间接测定水中硫化物的方法@…     

番红花红T紫外分光光度法测定微量亚硝酸盐氮

1实验方法 :于 2 5ml比色管中加 5μg亚硝酸盐氮标准使用液 ( 5.0 μg/ml)、2 .0 ml1 .0× 1 0 -3mol/L 番红花红 T、4 .0 ml2 .0 mol/L 缓冲溶液( H2 SO4) ,用水定容 ,摇匀。放置 1 0 min,用 1 cm比色皿以试剂空白为参比在 365nm处测吸光度 ,吸光值至少在 1 h内保持恒定。 2变异系数 0 .59%～ 1 .35% ,加标回收率 98.2 %～ 1 0 0 .4 %。 3亚硝酸盐氮在 0～ 1 0 .0 μg/2 5ml内符合比耳定律 ,表观摩尔吸光系数 3.1× 1 0 4L/mol· cm,回归方程y=0 .0 2 67c 0 .0 0 2 ,相关系数 r=0 .9992 ,结果满意。番红花红T紫外分光光度法测定微量亚…     

我国4个大城市空气PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染及其化学组成

报告了 1 995～ 1 996年在中国的广州、武汉、兰州、重庆 4大城市 8个采样点 PM2 .5 、PM2 .5～ 1 0 和 PM1 0 的监测结果。结果表明 ,1 995年 PM2 .5 年均值浓度为 57～ 1 60 μg/m3,比美国 1 997年颁布的标准值 (1 5μg/m3)高 2 .8～ 9.7倍。PM1 0 年日均值为 95～ 2 73μg/m3。除武汉市 1个对照点外 ,其余 7个监测点的 PM1 0 均超过我国空气质量二极标准 (1 0 0μg/m3)2 8%～ 1 73 % ,比美国标准 (50μg/m3)超过更多 ,说明污染是相当严重的。用 XRF分析了 PM2 .5 、PM2 .5～ 1 0 中 4 2种化学元素 ,结果表明 ,燃煤、燃油和其它工业污染的元素 As、Pb、Se、Zn、Cu、Cl、Br、S在这些颗粒物中有明显富集 ,特别是在PM2 .5 中的富集倍数达数十倍至数万倍 ,对人体健康有很大危害     

高效液相色谱法测定水和废水中邻(对)硝基氯苯

用高效液相色谱法测定了水和废水中的邻 (对 )硝基氯苯。流动相为甲醇 /水 (70 /3 0 ) ,紫外检测波长 2 2 0 nm,方法的线性范围为 0～ 1 0 0 μg/ml,相关系数大于 0 .9998,检测限为 2 μg/L。本方法快速、准确 ,满足地面水的测定要求     

亚硫酸钠标准溶液标定方法的改良

1标定方法 :吸取 0 .0 1 0 0 mol/L 碘溶液1 0 .0 0 ml,置于 2 5 0 ml碘量瓶中 ,加入 40 ml新蒸馏水 ,用待标定的亚硫酸钠溶液滴定至淡黄色 ,加0 .5 %淀粉溶液 2 ml,继续滴定至蓝色刚好退去 ,记录消耗体积 V。 2计算公式 :SO2 ( μg/ml) =( 0 .0 1 0 0× 1 0 .0 0× 32 .0 2×     

碘量法快速测定烟气SO2

YQ- 2型烟气采样机 ;1 2 5ml玻璃筛板吸收瓶。在吸收瓶中装适量吸收液 ,定量加碘标准使用液 ( 0 .0 0 5mol/L) ,使总体积为 50 ml,加 0 .5%淀粉溶液 1 ml,以 0 .5L/min采样。采样至吸收液由兰色变无色时关机并记录采样时间及流量计前温度、压力。按下式计算 SO2 浓度 :SO2 ( mg/Nm3 ) =( C× V1× 6 4× 1 0 0 0 ) /V0　　式中 C为 I2 标液浓度 ( mol/L) ;V1为 I2 标液用量 ( ml) ;V0 为标态下烟气采样体积 ( L) ;6 4为SO2 摩尔质量 ( g)。本法与标准方法相对偏差0 .3%～ 3.2 % ,两法结果无显著性差异。碘量法快速测定烟气SO_2@张…     

紫外分光光度法快速测定水和废水中苯胺

水样用中速滤纸过滤后 ,吸取滤液适量 (含苯胺 1 .0～ 1 2 5 μg)于 2 5 ml具塞比色管中 ,加入 2 mlp H=7的缓冲溶液 ,用蒸馏水稀释至刻度混匀 ,放置 1 0分钟后 ,以蒸馏水做参比 ,在波长 2 30 nm处用 1 cm的石英比色皿 ,测定吸光度值。n=6时 ,变异系数 0 .34%～ 3.5 %。检出限     

用复合混凝剂对工业废水氨氮测定预处理方法的研究

实验表明 ,对带色浊度高的工业废水预处理 ,采用先加硫酸铝凝聚后加聚丙烯酰胺 ( PAM)助凝 ,其絮凝、去色去浊效果好。 1硫酸铝用最为PAM的 1 0倍时絮凝效果最佳 ,即加 2 %硫酸铝溶液 1 .0 ml和 1 % PAM溶液 0 .2 ml,其去色去浊率达 99.8%。 2加复合混凝剂对校正曲线显色溶液测定无影响。 3氨氮浓度在 4 .97～ 2 0 .5mg/t范围 ,其变异系数 <5% ;氨氮平均含量在 2 4 .6 1～ 75.6 2 μg时 ,平均回收率 95.0～ 1 0 4 % ,精密度和准确度均较高。用复合混凝剂对工业废水氨氮测定预处理方法的研究@陈秀琴$南通市环境监测站!江苏南通226006 …     

硫代乙酰胺代替硫化钠为标准亚甲兰分光光度法测定硫化物

校准曲线的绘制 :取 8支 5 0 ml具塞比色管 ,各加入 1 5 ml硫酸镉溶液 ( 4 .5 g/L)及 0 .5 mlNa OH 溶液 ( 1 0 % ) ,分别加入 0、 0 .5 0、 1 .0 0、2 .0 0、3.0 0、4.0 0、5 .0 0、6.0 0、7.0 0 ml硫代乙酰胺标准使用液 ( 5μg/ml S2 - ) ,加水至约 40 ml,沿比色管缓慢加入 5 ml N,N-二甲基对苯二胺溶液 ( 2 gN、N-二甲基对苯二胺盐酸盐溶于 2 0 0 ml水 ,加入2 0 0 ml浓硫酸 ,用水稀至 1 0 0 0 ml) ,立即密塞并缓慢倒转一次 ,加入 1 ml硫酸铁铵溶液 ( 2 5 g硫酸铁胺溶于含 5 ml浓硫酸的水中 ,用水稀至 2 5 0 ml) ,立即密塞并充分摇匀…     

4-氨基安替吡啉法测定水中高浓度挥发酚

取 2 50 ml含酚水样的蒸馏液于 50 0 ml分液漏斗中 ,加入 2 .0 ml缓冲溶液混匀 ,此时 p H为1 0 .0± 0 .2。加入 1 .5ml2 % 4 - AAP溶液混匀 ,再加 1 .5ml铁氰化钾溶液混匀。做一试剂空白 ,然后均以蒸馏水为参比 ,显色 1 5min用 1 cm比色皿于波长 51 0 nm处测吸光度。含酚 0～ 50 0 (μg/2 50 ml)时符合比耳定律 ;摩尔吸光系数 1 .2 6×1 0 4L/mol· cm,灵敏度较高 ;检出限为 0 .0 75mg/L;相对标准误差 2 .75% ;回收率 92 .5～ 96 .7( % )。本法在经过显色剂显色后确定水样为高浓度时 ,只需对其直接比色即可测出挥发酚浓度 ,避免重复工作…     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.