中国近海骨螺科的研究 Ⅲ.红螺属

本属包括的种类不多,主要分布于东亚、南亚及东非边缘浅海。个体较大,均为食用经济种类,有的种类为渔业捕捞对象。模式种为Rapana bezoar (Linnaeus)。 我国近海红螺属的种类,已往国内外都有不少报告,但迄今在种类鉴定上仍然存在一些令人困惑的问题,地理分布的记录也还有些混淆之处尚待澄清。 本文系统地整理了海洋研究所历年来在潮间带采集的标本及全国海洋综合调查的标本,共鉴定3种。其中红螺Rapana bezoar (Lirinaeus)分布于东海及南海,根据其形态的地理变异,我们认为东海的红螺,与南海产者比较,是一个独立的地方性种群。梨红螺Rapana rapiformis (Born)仅见于南海。脉红螺Rapana venosa (Valenciennes)主要分布于黄海和渤海,向南可见于厦门。以往定名的"强棘红螺" (Rapana peichiliensis Grabau et King, 1928)我们认为仅是脉红螺的一个生态型。红螺及梨红螺为我国与日本、菲律宾及印度洋的共有种;脉红螺为我国与日本及苏联远东海的共有种,近几十年来已进入黑海,为黑海的外来种。     

饵料、温度和个体规格对脉红螺摄食的影响

利用实验生态学方法,通过分析摄食喜好系数、单位体质量摄食量等参数,研究脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的摄食选择性,以及饵料种类、温度和个体规格对脉红螺摄食量的影响。结果表明,脉红螺(壳长100~120mm)具有明显的摄食选择性,喜食缢蛏(Sinonovacula constrzcta)、竹节蛏(Solen gouldi)和中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis),但不同饵料对其摄食量的影响不显著。随着温度的升高,不同规格脉红螺的摄食量变化趋势相似,即温度低于7℃时基本不摄食,温度高于16℃时开始大量摄食,22℃左右时达到摄食高峰。不同规格的脉红螺,随壳长的增加,单位体质量摄食量逐渐减小。不同壳长的脉红螺(38~108 mm),随壳长的增加,最低摄食温度先降低(壳长50~70 mm脉红螺最低摄食温度最低)后升高。本研究为脉红螺的人工养殖提供了理论依据,同时为脉红螺的生态影响评估提供参考。     

脉红螺形态学参数分析及其交配行为的观察

为探究脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的交配模式及交配前的性选择机制,本实验选取99个脉红螺成体进行形态学测量并分析6个形态参数的相关性。研究发现,脉红螺的壳宽、体螺层高、厣宽和厣高均与壳高有显著相关性(r≥0.8),与螺旋部高无相关性(r0.3),螺旋部高仅与壳高有弱相关性(0.3≤r0.5);进一步比较雌螺和雄螺的6个形态学参数,发现脉红螺不存在性别二态性现象。在室内养殖池内观察脉红螺交配行为,发现亲螺入池后2~4d,雌螺和雄螺陆续出现交配现象;脉红螺每次交配持续时间均小于96h,其中83.6%的交配在48h内完成;雌螺和雄螺的交配次数均在0~5次之间,交配间隔期在2.67~8.80d之间,且前2次交配的间隔期要长于其他间隔期;未发现脉红螺在交配前以外部形态特征作为选择依据。研究表明,脉红螺属于多雌多雄的混交模式。     

莱州湾脉红螺的分布及其壳高与体重的初步分析

脉红螺(Rapana venosa Valenciennes)是一种个体较大的海产经济软体动物,在我国主要分布于渤、黄海。本文所用样品为1984年4—11月黄河口海岸带鱼类资源底拖网捕获。测得样品数据运用数理统计和回归分析处理。     

动物性饵料对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)幼体的吸引性研究

采用生态学方法进行了新鲜和煮熟的动物性饵料对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)浮游幼体的吸引作用研究。结果表明, 脉红螺浮游幼体在4螺层期是食性转换期, 且在幼体到达3螺层后期的第1—6天是投放附着基和动物性饵料的最佳时期。此外, 新鲜和熟的双壳贝类肉对脉红螺幼体有明显的吸引力, 吸附于新鲜贝肉上的4螺层幼体占吸附幼体总数的48.61%, 显著大于其它螺层幼体; 脉红螺幼体选择新鲜紫贻贝肉的比例为33.75%, 显著大于菲律宾蛤仔(24.08%)、中国蛤蜊(18.97%)和长牡蛎(23.19%); 而熟贝肉中, 长牡蛎对幼体的吸引作用显著大于紫贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、海湾扇贝边粉和空白对照; 新鲜紫贻贝和熟长牡蛎肉具有作为脉红螺幼体食性转换期动物性饵料的开发潜力。     

国沿海脉红螺(Rapana venosa)居群数量性状遗传多样性研究

采用多变量形态度量学方法,对丹东（DD）、大连（DL）、秦皇岛（QH）、烟台（YT）、青岛（QD）、连云港（LY）、日照（RZ）和舟山（ZS）脉红螺8个地理居群间的形态变异进行了比较研究,建立了居群形态聚类图和形态判别函数.结果显示：我国沿海脉红螺形态存在地理变异现象,愈向北群体间的形态变异愈明显.沿海8个居群可分为与其生态相关的两大类群,即内湾近岸类群和外海栖居类群.依据壳重/壳高为指标的差异系数判断,大连居群（DL）与相邻海域丹东（DD）和烟台（YT）居群间的差异程度达到亚种水平,其他居群间都属亚种水平下的单元.本实验所得壳的形态参数按Mayer等（1953）标准比较,秦皇岛居群（QH）仅是脉红螺的独立地方居群,尚达不到亚种水平,因此,构不成新种,传统分类上的“强棘红螺Rapana peichiliensis”不存在.     

不同内倾角海螺笼对脉红螺的诱捕效果

作者对不同内倾角海螺笼对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的诱捕效果进行了实验研究。在实验室水槽中,观察了4种不同内倾角(35°、45°、55°和65°)的海螺笼对脉红螺的诱捕效果,同时还研究了光照和温度对海螺笼诱捕效果的影响,为优化海螺笼捕捞技术提供理论依据。实验结果表明:在相同的实验条件下,不同的内倾角对海螺笼诱捕效果影响十分显著(P<0.01),其中内倾角为45°的海螺笼诱捕效果最好,内倾角为35°和55°的海螺笼较好,而内倾角为65°的海螺笼诱捕效果则最差。同时发现,内倾角对脉红螺的个体大小具有选择性,随着内倾角的增大,壳高<7cm的个体占相应笼诱捕总数的百分比越来越小。光照对海螺笼的捕捞效果有十分显著的影响,而温度的影响则不明显。     

脉红螺Rapana venosa变态过程中自噬与凋亡研究

自噬与凋亡是细胞程序性死亡的主要形式,参与昆虫与两栖类动物的变态,并在旧器官的退化中发挥重要作用,但其在软体动物变态中的作用尚不清楚。本文对脉红螺Rapana venosa变态过程中自噬与凋亡的表达特征进行了研究,并通过药理学手段对脉红螺幼虫变态时期的自噬与凋亡进行了诱导和抑制。组织细胞学结果显示,在变态开始后,脉红螺幼虫面盘细胞自噬与凋亡的发生遵循严格的时序性关系,自噬的发生先于凋亡的发生;分子表达定位结果显示自噬与凋亡首先发生在脉红螺幼虫面盘的纤毛细胞中;对脉红螺变态时期进行自噬与凋亡的诱导和抑制后发现,面盘细胞中高水平的自噬会诱导凋亡发生,高水平的凋亡则会抑制自噬的表达。除此之外,脉红螺变态时期自噬与凋亡的诱导有助于脉红螺完成变态。这说明在脉红螺幼虫变态过程中,自噬对面盘进行充分利用后会诱导凋亡产生,自噬与凋亡协同作用使面盘退化。该结果有助于软体动物变态机制的研究,为自噬与凋亡在软体动物中的作用提供了新见解。     

红螺药食俱佳话

在各种海螺中,除鹑螺和角螺以外,红螺算是较大的一种,因其壳内面呈微红色而得名。过去,大个红螺在海鲜内比较少见。近年来,随着海珍品养殖业的发展,大个红螺已不再少见,正逐步走向寻常百姓家。在我国沿海,较多生活着两种红螺:脉红螺和皱红螺。脉红螺多生活在低潮线以下数米深的海底,有时也钻入泥沙内生活;皱红螺则生活在浅海     

紫贻贝贝壳和脉红螺厣中色素的提取与鉴定

为了确定紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)贝壳与脉红螺厣中的黑色物质是否为黑色素这一物质,作者实验选取紫贻贝贝壳和脉红螺(Rapana venosa)厣,清洗干净,之后分别对两份样品进行研磨粉碎、称量、盐酸浸泡、沸水浴加热、乙醚纯化等步骤后,将得到的黑色提取物质用0.01 ml/L氢氧化钠水溶液溶解,在190~500 nm的范围内测定紫外吸收光谱,发现两份样品最大吸收峰都在210~220 nm,随波长增加,其吸光值下降,与公认的黑色素紫外吸收光谱特征一致;另外将提取的两份黑色固体物质分别用溴化钾压片后进行傅里叶红外光谱扫描,其红外图谱都在3μm和6μm处分别有特征吸收峰,亦与公认的黑色素红外扫描图谱特征一致,从而首次确定紫贻贝贝壳和脉红螺厣中的黑色物质为黑色素,提示黑色素在贝类中可能是广泛存在的。     

3月龄脉红螺表型性状对体质量影响效应分析

随机抽取3月龄脉红螺稚螺103粒,开展其表型性状对体质量性状影响分析,以期为脉红螺人工选择育种提供较好的测度指标。实验测量了脉红螺壳长（X₁）、壳宽（X₂）、壳厚（X₃）、壳口长（X₄）、壳口宽（X₅）等5种表型性状和体质量性状（Y）,运用相关性分析、多元回归分析、通径分析及决定系数分析等方法分析了表型性状对体质量性状的影响。结果表明,脉红螺各性状间的相关性均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,拟合的多元线性方程为Y=-18.484 4+0.348 35X₁+0.463 79X₂,经自助法检验,在95%置信区间条件下,该方程决定系数（R²）范围为0.863 5~0.939 4,拟合度较好;壳长和壳宽对体质量的决定系数之和大于0.85,是最适宜用来预测体质量性状的两个表型性状指标。本研究成功分析出对脉红螺体质量直接影响作用最强的表型性状,为脉红螺选择育种理想测度指标的挑选提供了依据。     

Loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta (Linnaeus) preying on the invading gastropod Rapana venosa (Valenciennes) in the Río de la Plata Estuary

Here we report the first observations of loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta preying on a conspicuous molluscan invader, the rapa whelk Rapana venosa. An average number of 136 opercula were found in stomach contents of five turtles, the curved carapace length ranging in from 51 to 112 cm. No other alimentary items were found in the turtles analyzed. We suggest that the rapa whelk may constitute up to 100% of the diet for immature and mature loggerheads in the Río de la Plata estuary (Uruguay), highlighting the plastic nature of the foraging behavior of loggerheads.     

Role of bivalve mollusks in the sediment balance of the Anapa Bay Bar

The sandy beaches of Anapa Bay Bar are a unique natural resource, but they are gradually being degrade under both natural and anthropogenic factors. The emissions of sand and shelly ground from the adjacent sea bottom partly compensate for this process. The concentration of carbonates may reach up to 50% in the beach sands, and most of these carbonates are of mollusk origin. The major deposit formation role belongs to the key bivalve species: Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758). The average biomass of this mollusk species reaches up to 450 g/m² at the depths of 5–10 m. The other two subdominating mollusk species, the bivalve Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the gastropod Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846), may impact as 16 g/m² and 6 g/m², respectively. Annually, 350 kg of shelly ground per running meter are newly deposited on Anapa beach.     

Changes in the macrobenthic communities of the Gudauta Oyster Bank

Twenty-nine benthic invertebrate species were registered for the Gudauta Bank in the depth range of 8–32 m in 1990. The shallow-water biocenose was defined for the depths of less than 10 m, the biocenoses of Anadara inaequivalvis and A. inaequivalvis-Upogebia pusilla occupied the depths of 10–30 m; and the biocenosis of Pitar rudis was found for the depths of more than 30 m. The highest biodiversity and abundance of benthos was registered for the Anadara biocenoses, while the lowest, for the shallow-water ones. It was found that significant changes in the benthic communities took place in the forty years after the predator gastropod Rapana venosa was introduced into the Black Sea. The oysters became extinct on Gudauta Bank, and the species composition of the benthic community has been significantly depleted. Alien species of Anadara and Rapana became the most abundant by biomass, comprising more than 80% of the total biomass of the benthos. The population density of Rapana constituted 12 ind./m² and was the highest ever registered for the studied areas of the Black Sea. Insufficient nutrition preconditioned the small size of the mollusks.     

Comparative analysis of Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) from different biotopes of the Black Sea based on its morphological characteristics

The Asian whelk Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Muricidae), being tolerant to wide variations in the temperature, salinity, and oxygen concentration, successfully settled down in the Black Sea and eventually became one of the dominant species in the benthic ecosystems. The whelk inhabits all types of grounds all over the Black sea demonstrating a wide spectrum of morphological modifications. The objective of this research is to compare 10 samples of R. venosa from different biotopes of the Black Sea coast from the western Crimea to Sochi. The results of the statistical comparison based on 15 morphological characteristics showed that most of the samples differed from each other with high statistical significance (p < 0.001). The material fell into five groups on the discriminant analysis diagram corresponding to the biotope in which each was collected. The main ecological factor influencing the morphological variability of the rapa whelk populations is the characteristics of prey items they feed on, i.e., the bivalve species (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Anadara sp., Chamelea gallina), the prevailing prey size, and its abundance.     

Determination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rapana venosa</Emphasis> individuals’ ages based on the δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O dynamics of the shell carbonates

The results of the analysis of the stable oxygen isotopes content in shell carbonates for the purpose of the individual age determination of the Rapana venosa gastropod (Valenciennes 1846) are presented. The data acquired via this method agreed with the number of spawning marks on the shell surface. Additionally, the duration of the seasonal extrema can indicate the velocity of the shell’s growth throughout the mollusk life, and the relative δ¹⁸O value in the shell’s near-apex increments, the season when a young shell comes out of its cocoon. It has been shown that the common method of growth rings counting at the operculum is unreliable for a shell’s age determination. The distinguishing of modal classes is ineffective as well, since the corridor of the variations in size for coeval individuals is very broad. Apparently, such variable characteristics as the growth rate, the wall’s thickness, and the relative weight are greatly dependent on the alimentary conditions, which are unequal even in the same biotope.     

Mass occurrence of the recent brachiopod Magellania venosa (Terebratellidae) in the fjords Comau and Reñihué, northern Patagonia,Chile

Mass occurrences of the terebratellid brachiopod Magellania venosa with more than 200 individuals·m^?2 are reported from the fjords Comau and Reñihué in the northernmost region of the Chilean fjordland, whereas more southern fjords do not show these high numbers of the largest living brachiopod. This is an exception to earlier observations that the abundance of M. venosa on the Chilean shelf is positively correlated with increasing latitude. As the sympatric scleractinian coral Desmophyllum dianthus also occurs in unusually high numbers in the fjords Comau and Reñihué, the hydrographical regime and its associated environmental conditions in these fjords may be responsible for these mass occurrences.