去骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死18例临床分析

目的探讨去骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2003-01~2008-01收治的18例经去骨瓣减压术治疗的大面积脑梗死患者的临床资料。结果18例患者存活17例,死亡1例。随访3~6个月,根据GOS评分,恢复良好9例,中残5例,重残3例。结论对保守治疗无效的大面积脑梗死患者,去骨瓣减压术能显著改善患者的预后。合理选择手术适应证,及时把握手术时机以及充分手术减压是取得良好预后的关键。     

去骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死(附30例报道)

目的 探讨去骨瓣减压治疗大面积脑梗死的意义、手术适应证及手术技巧。方法 回顾分析2010年7月～2015年7月江门市中心医院神经外科收治的30例大面积脑梗死行去骨瓣减压术患者的临床资料,总结分析其手术的意义、手术时机及手术操作的体会。结果 25例患者术后存活,5例死亡。去骨瓣减压术后格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)较术前明显改善(t=-5.08,P<0.05)。术前瞳孔散大24例,术后有16例瞳孔缩小(80%)。术后绝大多数病例CT中线移位较术前回复(28/30)。术后3个月时GOS评分4分7例,3分17例,2分1例,1分5例。结论 去骨瓣减压术是大面积脑梗死的有效治疗手段,早期外科干预、术中充分减压可提高大面积脑梗死患者的生存率。     

标准大骨瓣减压术联合硬脑膜翻转及颞肌贴敷治疗 大面积脑梗死35例

目的 探讨标准大骨瓣减压术联合硬脑膜翻转及颞肌贴敷治疗大面积脑梗死的临床疗效。方法 回顾分析用标准大骨瓣减压联合硬脑膜翻转及颞肌贴敷治疗的35例大面积脑梗死的临床资料。结果 出院时存活32例,死亡3例;病死率为8.6%。存活的32例术后6个月GOS评分,5分5例,4分19例,3分8例。结论 标准大骨瓣减压联合硬脑膜翻转及颞肌贴敷能明显降低大面积脑梗死的死亡率。     

内科保守治疗与不同手术时机去骨瓣减压治疗大面积脑梗死的对比研究

目的对比内科保守治疗与不同手术时机去骨瓣减压手术治疗大面积梗死的临床效果。方法选取我院收治的60例急性大面积梗死患者,根据治疗情况及手术时机的不同,分为A组(内科保守治疗)、B组(脑疝发生后行去骨瓣减压手术)、C组(脑疝发生前行去骨瓣减压手术)各20例。比较3组治疗后NIHSS、GCS、BI、mRS评分、功能恢复状况、病死率及预后情况。结果与治疗前相比,3组治疗后1个月NIHSS评分均明显下降(P0.05),且C组下降幅度更大,3组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);3组治疗后GCS、BI及mRS评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),C组GCS及BI评分最高,mRS评分最低。治疗后6个月,3组病死率、功能恢复状况及预后比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。讨论去骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死的疗效及短期预后情况显著优于内科保守治疗,且脑疝前期实施手术有利于患者生存率的提高及功能恢复、预后情况的改善。     

后颅窝去骨瓣减压加侧脑室额角穿刺置Ommaya囊治疗大面积小脑梗死的疗效

目的探讨大面积小脑梗死的手术治疗经验。方法应用后颅窝去骨瓣减压+侧脑室额角穿刺置Ommaya囊治疗11例大面积小脑梗死。结果 11例术后存活9例,死亡2例。存活者术后随访6~24个月,术后半年1例ADL评分10分,严重功能缺陷,生活完全需要依赖;1例ADL评分35分,重度生活依赖;2例ADL评分40~60分,中度生活依赖;3例ADL评分75~95分,轻度生活依赖;2例ADL评分100分,生活完全可以自理。结论后颅窝去骨瓣减压+侧脑室额角穿刺置Ommaya囊治疗大面积小脑梗死有效。     

翼-颞联合入路去骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死

目的探讨对符合适应证的大面积脑梗死的患者行“翼-颞联合入路”去骨瓣减压术后的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2006年8月至2008年8月间收治34例大面积脑梗死病例,24例行标准大骨瓣减压术（标准组）,10例行“翼-颞联合入路”去骨瓣减压术（改良组）,以Barthel指数（BAI）和格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）评定临床效果。结果术后1d,两组脑组织膨出体积比例差异有显著性（t=2．788,P〈0．05）。所有患者均获随访。术后3、6个月,两组病死率比较差异无显著性（P=0．291,0．148,P〉0．05）;而术后3、6个月BAI、GOS评分比较差异都有显著性（t=7．329,4．076,8．734,3．818;P〈0．05）。结论翼-颞联合入路去骨瓣减压术具有操作简便,暴露及减压充分等优点,根据患者的具体情况进行翼-颞联合入路去骨瓣减压术是一种较好的治疗大面积脑梗死的方法。     

重型颅脑外伤性大面积脑梗死24例临床治疗体会

目的探讨重型颅脑外伤性大面积脑梗死的发病机制、临床诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析24例颅脑外伤性大面积脑梗死患者的临床资料、诊断与治疗。结果 19例患者入院后急诊手术治疗,行血肿清除,去骨瓣减压术。5例血肿量较少患者先行保守治疗,复查CT示大面积脑梗死形成后,行去大骨瓣减压术。药物治疗包括予钙离子拮抗剂,自由基清除剂,保持血容量稳定。伤后6个月,行格拉斯哥预后评分(glasgow outcome scale,GOS)死亡5例,植物生存4例,重残6例,中残7例,良好2例。结论重型颅脑外伤性大面积脑梗死患者病情危重,早期诊断,及时合理的手术治疗,术后抗血管痉挛,改善脑血管微循环有助于改善患者的预后。     

大面积脑梗死伴发脑疝的手术治疗

目的探讨大面积脑梗死伴发脑疝的外科手术治疗原则及疗效。方法本组12例患者,男8例,女4例,年龄49～75岁,左侧半球大面积梗死者7例,右侧5例;手术前GCS评分大于8分4例,5～8分7例,小于5分1例;其中11例一侧瞳孔散大,1例双侧瞳孔散大;所有患者均行去骨瓣减压术及硬膜扩大修补术。结果本组术后存活9例,占75%;3例死亡,占25%。随访6个月,在随访期内无死亡病例,其中GOS评分4分3例,3分5例,2分1例。结论去骨瓣减压术是大面积脑梗死伴发脑疝形成患者的一种有效治疗方法,它能大大降低患者的病死率和致残率,提高患者的生活质量。     

颅脑外伤去大骨瓣减压术后并发脑膨出、颅内血肿及脑梗死的临床分析

目的探讨颅脑外伤去大骨瓣减压术后主要并发症:脑膨出、新发颅内血肿或/和脑挫裂伤病灶扩大及脑梗死三者的发生率及其预后情况。方法对48例颅脑外伤去大骨瓣减压术后患者进行回顾性探讨。提出了自己测量脑膨出的方法;统计术后脑膨出的发生率,不同时间段测量脑膨出程度,术后新发颅内血肿或/和脑挫裂伤病灶扩大以及脑梗死等的发生率、部位;并与患者术前GCS评分、伤后六个月GOS评分进行分析。结果颅脑外伤去大骨瓣减压术后,(1)脑膨出发生率为77%,手术后14d脑膨出程度最显著。(2)新发颅内血肿或/和脑挫裂伤病灶扩大发生率为58.3%;其部位可以在手术野内、手术同侧非手术区甚至在手术对侧。(3)脑梗死发生率12.5%,均在手术侧。(4)本组伤后六个月GOS评分:死亡率10.4%;预后不良率56.2%(含植物生存率16.7%;重度残废率39.5%);预后较好率33.4%(含中度残废16.7%;恢复良好16.7%)。结论颅脑外伤去大骨瓣减压术后,脑膨出、新发颅内血肿或/和脑挫裂伤病灶扩大、脑梗死等的发生率高,虽然去大骨瓣减压术可以降低死亡率但植物生存率、重度残废率高,手术要慎重。     

大骨瓣减压术治疗脑梗死所致脑疝

目的 探讨开颅大骨瓣减压术对大面积脑梗死所致脑疝的手术时机及手术方法.方法 对大面积脑梗死所致天幕疝12例采用大骨瓣减压术,同时剪开硬脑膜.结果 10例早期手术者均存活,1例死亡,1例病危出院.结论 大骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死所致脑疝是有效的方法.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.