2010—2012年新疆乌鲁木齐地区零售生肉中沙门菌污染情况调查

通过对2010—2012年新疆乌鲁木齐地区零售生肉中沙门菌的检测分析,了解沙门菌污染情况,掌握乌鲁木齐地区零售肉品中沙门菌污染动态变化。方法 按照沙门菌检验国家标准GB/T 4789.1—2010对乌鲁木齐地区的零售肉(鸡肉、羊肉、牛肉、猪肉)检测分离沙门菌并进行血清型分型。结果 2010—2012年共检测1406份零售生肉样品,生鸡肉的感染率达到9.14%,生猪肉为9.06%,生羊肉为8.05%,生牛肉为6.44%,检测共分离得到123株沙门菌,经血清型鉴定可以分为4个血清群,7种血清型,分别为肠炎沙门菌(n=17)、萨奥沙门菌(n=9)、塔西沙门菌(n=8)、乌干达沙门菌(n=6)、康科德沙门菌(n=3)、汤姆逊沙门菌(n=3)和德尔卑沙门菌(n=2),未定型沙门菌75株。结论 新疆乌鲁木齐地区零售肉类中存在沙门菌污染,沙门菌菌株为不同的表型,地区内生肉品中沙门菌污染不容忽视,需要加强对零售肉市场的卫生检疫,防控沙门菌病。     

广东、广西、福建省和上海市零售鸡肉源沙门氏菌的血清型和基因型

目的:研究399株分离于广东(130株)、广西(105株)、福建省(82株)和上海市(82株)零售鸡肉中沙门氏菌的血清型和基因型,为确保食品安全提供数据支撑。方法:使用沙门氏菌诊断血清,WHO推荐的玻片凝集法鉴定沙门氏菌的血清型;使用美国疾病预防控制中心推荐的脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法检测沙门氏菌的 DNA 酶切图谱,BioNumerics 软件分析电泳结果,确定沙门氏菌的基因型。结果:从399株沙门氏菌中共检出47种血清型,以肠炎沙门氏菌(17.04%)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(16.04%)、印第安纳沙门氏菌(14.04%)、汤卜逊沙门氏菌(9.02%)、阿贡纳沙门氏菌(7.52%)和罗森沙门氏菌(3.76%)较常见,检出率较低的血清型有德尔卑沙门氏菌、婴儿沙门氏菌、杜塞尔多夫沙门氏菌、爱丁堡沙门氏菌、贝尔维沙门氏菌、肯塔基沙门氏菌、波尔沙门氏菌等。分离于广东省的菌株以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(20.00%)最为常见,广西省(18.10%)和福建省(29.27%)均以肠炎沙门氏菌最为常见,上海市以印第安纳沙门氏菌最为流行(26.83%)。使用XbaⅠ酶切、PFGE分型后,源自同一省市、不同样品、同一血清型的沙门氏菌显示出较高的同源性,源自不同省、市、不同样品、血清型相同的菌株分型后显示出基因型多样性。结论:广东、广西、福建省和上海市零售鸡肉中沙门氏菌的血清型具有多样性,PFGE基因型表现为地域间的多样性和同一地区的较高同源性。     

合肥市售鸡蛋壳表面与内容物沙门氏菌污染的 检测及其分离株耐药性分析

目的 了解市售鸡蛋壳表面、内容物中沙门氏菌的污染情况及分离菌株的血清型分布与耐药性。方法 采用沙门氏菌常规检测法并结合PCR技术, 对采自合肥市农贸市场、超市的100枚鸡蛋进行检测; 利用国标法和K-B 纸片法对分离株进行血清型鉴定和抗生素药物敏感试验。结果 蛋壳表面沙门氏菌检出率为10%(10/100), 蛋内容物沙门氏菌检出率为1%(1/100); 11株沙门氏菌分离株血清型均为鸭沙门氏菌; 14种抗生素药物敏感试验中, 对青霉素100%耐受, 链霉素18.2%耐药, 36.4%中等耐药率, 其余抗生素均敏感。 结论 合肥市售鸡蛋壳表面的沙门氏菌检出率高于蛋内容物, 抗生素选择压力导致不同地区沙门氏菌分离株的血清型和耐药性有所不同。     

天津地区鸡源沙门氏菌的基因分型研究

目的 研究并评估几种分子分型方法对亲缘关系相近沙门氏菌的分辨能力。方法 针对2015-2016年从天津市大型市场和超市中分离的106株沙门氏菌及其全基因组测序结果,分析了沙门氏菌的血清型、STs,并通过PFGE、cgMLST以及一种基于59个基因的分型方法对沙门氏菌进行分子分型研究。结果 106株沙门氏菌共分为8种血清型(肠炎沙门氏菌(n=94)、印第安纳沙门氏菌(n=4)、肯塔基沙门氏菌(n=2)、哈达尔沙门氏菌(n=2)、汤普森沙门氏菌(n=1)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(n=1)、田纳西沙门氏菌(n=1)和阿哥纳沙门氏菌(n=1))和8个ST型;PFGE分型方法将沙门氏菌分为7个集群,cgMLST分为8个集群,59个基因的分型方法将亲缘关系相近的分离株分为9个集群。结论 血清型分析表明肠炎沙门氏菌为这些沙门氏菌中的优势亚型,并与ST型结果一致;PFGE显示7个集群中包含一个优势集群,多为肠炎亚型;cgMLST具有最高的分辨率,将106株沙门氏菌分为8个集群;建立的基于59个基因的分子分型方法将沙门氏菌分为9个集群,分型结果表明此方法可以满足对亲缘关系相近沙门氏菌的分型研究。     

实时荧光PCR检测技术在冷冻禽畜肉类沙门氏菌快速分型检验中的应用

本文探讨冷冻肉类沙门氏菌的快速检验方法,以建立一种准确、快速、简便的检验方法。在实验样本中抽取大批量的冷冻禽、畜肉类,共检验样品3 647份。以传统标准方法为基础,结合实时荧光PCR快速检测技术进行检验。实验室共检验3647份冷冻禽、畜肉类样品,共检出沙门氏菌121份,阳性率为3.32%,对所检出的沙门氏菌进行血清分型鉴定,沙门氏菌血清分型中以沙门氏菌海德堡血清型、肯塔基血清型、鼠伤寒血清型占比较大,分别为23.97%、21.49%、20.66%。传统标准检测方法结合实时荧光PCR快速检测技术,弥补了传统检测方法的操作繁琐、耗时长的不足,以其快捷、准确、灵敏的优势被广泛应用于冷冻禽畜肉类沙门氏菌的快速分型检验中,有较高的应用价值。     

进出口食品中不同血清型沙门氏菌PFGE和MLST分型比较研究

目的通过脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)和多位点序列分型(MLST)两种方法对进出口食品中不同血清型沙门氏菌的分辨力和应用价值进行了比较研究。方法采用PFGE和MLST两种方法对进出口食品中分离得到的鼠伤寒及肠炎两种血清型共30株沙门氏菌进行分型研究。结果两种血清型共30株沙门氏菌经PFGE分型可得到23种型别,DI值为0.9563;鼠伤寒和肠炎两种血清型菌分别经PFGE分型,DI值分别为1.000和0.9048。MLST对30株沙门氏菌分型得到4种ST型,DI值为0.5793;鼠伤寒和肠炎两种血清型菌分别经MLST分型,DI值分别为0.2571和0.1333。结论 在分辨力方面,PFGE更适合于同一沙门氏菌血清型的分型,MLST则适合于不同沙门氏菌血清型间的分型。MLST在替代、补充血清型分型方面有潜在的优势,PFGE在溯源研究方面更胜一筹。     

杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌污染状况及耐药和分型特征研究

目的研究陕西杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌的污染状况及其药敏性、血清型和基于脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)的基因型,为预警食源性沙门菌疾病暴发提供数据基础。方法采用GB 4789.4—2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》对陕西杨凌及周边地区采集的188份零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌进行分离和鉴定,并进行血清学分型。采用PFGE方法确定沙门菌DNA酶切电泳图谱,使用BioNumerics软件聚类分析电泳结果,确定沙门菌基因型。结果 188份零售分割鸡肉中共有34份(18.1%)样品检出沙门菌,农贸市场样品沙门菌检出率(24.6%,29/118)高于超市(7.1%,5/70)。鸡腿、鸡爪、鸡脖和鸡肝样品中沙门菌检出率高于鸡肠和鸡胗。34株沙门菌中共检出10种血清型,其中科瓦利斯沙门菌最为流行,高于德尔卑沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌等,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。分离株均对磺胺异噁唑、氯霉素、头孢噻呋和环丙沙星耐药,对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑、萘啶酮酸、四环素、链霉素、氨苄西林和阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率均在50%以上。34株沙门菌PFGE分型后可被分为11个簇,同一血清型菌株基本聚于同一大簇,同一时间、从相同市场采集的不同样品,其分离株PFGE型相似度均较高,表明分割鸡肉在加工或销售过程可能存在交叉污染。农贸市场分离菌株基因型多样性比较丰富。结论杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉存在沙门菌污染,沙门菌血清型和基因型多样化,耐药菌株比例较高。     

进出口食品中不同血清型沙门氏菌PFGE和 MLST分型比较研究

目的：通过PFGE和MLST两种方法对进出口食品中不同血清型沙门氏菌的分辨力和应用价值进行了比较研究。方法：采用PFGE和MLST两种方法对进出口食品中分离得到的鼠伤寒及肠炎两种血清型共30株沙门氏菌进行分型研究。结果：两种血清型共30株沙门氏菌经PFGE分型可得到23种型别,DI值为0.9563;鼠伤寒和肠炎两种血清型菌分别经PFGE分型,DI值分别为1.000和0.9048。MLST对30株沙门氏菌分型得到4种ST型,DI值为0.5793;鼠伤寒和肠炎两种血清型菌分别经MLST分型,DI值分别为0.2571和0.1333。结论：在分辨力方面,PFGE更适合于同一沙门氏菌血清型的分型,MLST适合于不同沙门氏菌血清型间的分型。MLST在替代、补充血清型分型方面有潜在的优势,PFGE在溯源研究方面似乎更胜一筹。     

食源性沙门氏菌分离株致病性研究和毒力相关基因检测

为研究零售鲜肉源沙门氏菌（Salmonella）优势血清型分离株的致病性及相关毒力基因的相关性,本研 究分别取4 种优势血清型S. derby、S. agona、S. enteritidis、S. typhimurium沙门氏菌分离株对SPF级昆明小鼠进行致 病性实验,采用改良寇氏法计算半数致死量,判断4 种血清型沙门氏菌的毒力,并通过聚合酶链式反应检测实验 菌株中9 种毒力相关基因的分布情况并分析其相关性。结果表明,4 种不同血清型的沙门氏菌分离株对小鼠均有 40%～70%的致死率,S. enteritidis、S. agona、S. derby对昆明小鼠的致病力相似,S. typhimurium较弱,且发现致病 力的强弱与毒力岛SPI-2中的sseL基因密切相关。     

四川部分地区鸭蛋沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及药敏实验

为了解四川部分地区不同饲养方式的鸭蛋沙门氏菌(Salmonella spp.)污染与耐药情况,本实验采集了集约化养殖(50枚)和农户散养(50枚)的100枚鸭蛋,采用国家标准GB 4789.4-2010对其蛋壳及内容物进行沙门氏菌检测,同时进行血清型鉴定和药物敏感实验。结果发现散养鸭蛋的蛋壳和内容物沙门氏菌污染率分别为28%和30%;集约化养殖的蛋壳污染率为24%,蛋内容物无污染。血清凝集实验共检测出8种血清型,流行菌株为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(34.1%),其次为肠炎沙门氏菌(22%)和鸭源沙门氏菌(14.6%),其余菌株检出率较低。分离得到的41株沙门氏菌对青霉素(100%)、氨苄西林(87.80%)、阿莫西林(75.61%)、四环素(73.17%)耐药率较高,对链霉素呈现中等敏感,对其余抗生素表现不同程度的耐药。研究结果表明四川地区鸭蛋沙门氏菌污染情况和耐药性已较为严重,应加强沙门氏菌流行病学监测和抗生素的使用监管。     

Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw red meats in the United Kingdom: prevalence, characterization and antimicrobial resistance pattern, 2003-2005

The prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella was assessed in 3959 raw red meats in the UK during 2003-2005. Meats were more frequently contaminated with Campylobacter (7.2%) than with Salmonella (2.4%). Lamb and other meats (e.g. mutton, rabbit) exhibited the highest contamination from Campylobacter (12.6% and 19.8%, respectively), compared with pork (6.3%) and beef (4.9%). Pork however had the highest contamination from Salmonella (3.9%), followed by lamb (2.0%), other meats (2.0%) and beef (1.3%). Offal samples (36.6%) were more frequently contaminated with Campylobacter or Salmonella than muscle tissue (7.0%). C. jejuni predominated in all meat types. C. coli isolates were more likely to exhibit antimicrobial drug resistance, including quinolones, than C. jejuni. Salmonella typhimurium was the most frequent Salmonella serotype isolated from meats; S. typhimurium DT104/104b isolates exhibited higher rates of multiple drug resistance than other serotypes. The findings reinforce the importance of adequate cooking of meat and good hygiene to avoid cross-contamination.     

Salmonella in uncooked retail meats in New Zealand

A national quantitative survey of Salmonella in five types of uncooked retail meats in New Zealand was undertaken from August 2003 to May 2005 to establish baseline proportionality data. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in 1,108 meat samples was 1.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 1.9). Low prevalences of Salmonella in each meat type were observed, with 3% (1.2 to 6.1) in chicken, 1.3% (0.3 to 3.8) in lamb and mutton, 0.5% (0 to 3.0) in unweaned veal, 0.4% (0 to 2.4) in beef, and 0% (0 to 1.6) in pork. The Salmonella serotypes isolated were Salmonella Infantis from beef; Salmonella Typhimurium PT1 from unweaned veal and chicken; Salmonella sp. 6,7:k:-, Salmonella Enteritidis PT9a, Salmonella sp. 4,5,12:-:-, Salmonella sp. 4,12:-:-, and Salmonella Typhimurium PT160 from chicken; and Salmonella sp. 4:-:2 and Salmonella Brandenburg from lamb. Four of the isolates from chicken, Salmonella sp. 4,5,12:-:- (two isolates), Salmonella sp. 4,12:-:-, and Salmonella Typhimurium PT1, were very similar phenotypically and serologically to the attenuated Salmonella vaccine strain used in MeganVacl for poultry. One lamb sample yielded a count of Salmonella Brandenburg of 4.24 most probable number (MPN)/g, while all other positive samples were <1.0 MPN/g. The results provide baseline proportionality data for Salmonella in retail uncooked meats that will contribute invaluably toward future risk assessment in light of other information, such as consumption data that can be used for risk characterization.     

Contamination of Salmonella in retail meats and shrimps in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

From March 2000 to September 2001, 608 samples of retail meat (136 pork, 70 beef, 202 chicken, and 200 ducks) and 110 samples of retail shrimp from six provinces of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam were collected individually and examined for the prevalence of Salmonella. Of the 718 samples examined, 243 (33.8%) were Salmonella positive. Salmonella was isolated from 69.9% of the pork samples, 48.6% of the beef samples, 21.0% of the chicken meat samples, 22.3% of the duck meat samples, and 24.5% of the shrimp samples. From 261 Salmonella isolates, 24 different serovars were identified. The predominant serovars of the isolates were Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Weltevreden, and Salmonella London in pork; Salmonella Weltevreden, Salmonella London, and Salmonella Dessau in beef; Salmonella Emek, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Dessau in chicken meat; Salmonella Lexington, Salmonella Derby, and Salmonella Dessau in duck meat; and Salmonella Weltevreden, Salmonella Tennessee, and Salmonella Dessau in shrimps. Salmonella Bovismorbificans, Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Dessau, and Salmonella Weltevreden were the most common serovars in all the samples examined. These results indicate a high rate of contamination by Salmonella in retail meats and shrimps in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.     

新疆零售牛肉中沙门菌毒力基因的检测

目的了解新疆库尔勒市零售牛肉沙门菌污染状况和沙门菌分离株毒力基因携带状况。方法参考食品安全国家标准GB 4789.4-2016的方法,采用培养基培养和沙门菌生化鉴定试剂盒对零售牛肉中的沙门菌进行分离鉴定,并对沙门菌分离株10种毒力基因(inv A、hil A、ssa Q、mgt C、sii D、sop B、spv B、spv C、spv D、spv R)进行PCR检测。结果 317份牛肉样品共检出沙门菌阳性样品28份,分离鉴定到阳性沙门菌28株,污染率为8.8%(28/317);除ssa Q、spv C毒力基因外,其余8种毒力基因均有检出。毒力基因inv A和spv R具有高度的稳定性,携带率均为100%(28/28);毒力基因sii D、spv B和spv D的携带率也较高,分别达78.6%(22/28)、75.0%(21/28)和75.0%(21/28)。结论新疆库尔勒市零售牛肉沙门菌污染较为严重,应采取措施加强对新疆库尔勒市牛肉生产各环节的防控与食品卫生监督。     

Prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli on the external packaging of raw meat

During September and October 2002, 3,662 prepackaged raw meat samples were collected to evaluate the extent and nature of microbiological contamination on external surfaces of the packaging, which could potentially cross-contaminate ready-to-eat foods during and after purchase. Salmonella was detected on two (<1%) samples of external packaging (both from raw chicken), and Campylobacter was detected on 41 (1.1%) samples of external packaging. The external packaging of game fowl exhibited the highest Campylobacter contamination (3.6%), followed by raw chicken (3.0%), lamb (1.6%), turkey (0.8%), pork (0.2%), and beef (0.1%); Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli accounted for 59% (24 of 41) and 24% (10 of 41) of the contaminating Campylobacter species, respectively. C. coli isolates from the external packaging were more multiresistant to antimicrobial drugs, including quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, than was C. jejuni. Escherichia coli (an indicator of fecal contamination) was isolated from the external packaging on 4% of the raw meat samples at levels of 40 to 10(5) CFU per swab. The external packaging of raw meats is a vehicle for potential cross-contamination by Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli in retail premises and consumers' homes. The external surface of heat-sealed packaging was less frequently contaminated with Campylobacter and E. coli compared with other types of packaging (e.g., overwrapping, bag, and tie tape) (P < 0.0001 to 0.01). In addition, external packaging of raw meats was contaminated less frequently with Campylobacter and E. coli when packaging was intact, packaging and display areas were visually clean, display temperatures were below 8 degrees C, and hazard analysis systems were in place.     

Impact of introducing specifications on the tenderness of retail meat

Over a 3-year period (1997-1999), the shear force of 4371 retail beef, lamb and pork midloin samples collected from 363 retail outlets were tested using a MIRINZ tenderometer. Information about aging time, processor and retail chain was recorded. Consumers (n=2313) were also surveyed on their perception of the tenderness of beef and lamb midloin samples with known shear force. The results validated that shear force, as measured by the MIRINZ tenderometer, could be used to create instrumental tenderness categories which reflected consumer perceptions of tenderness. Over the 3-year sampling period, the shear force of beef and lamb decreased by 21.9 and 17.2%, respectively, and there was a consistent decrease in the number of 'tough' samples. The improvement in tenderness coincided with the introduction of a Quality Mark program in 1997 for beef and lamb and 3 years of implementation by auditing. The Quality Mark program sets specifications for the quality of retail meat in New Zealand and guidelines to achieve these specifications. In comparison to retail beef and lamb, the shear force of retail pork decreased marginally by 7.9%. Furthermore, the decrease in the number of 'tough' pork samples was not consistent over the testing period. Analysis of these data showed that for all three meats a considerable improvement in tenderness can be achieved by adopting a minimum post-slaughter aging time and optimizing the processing conditions.     

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef and lamb cuts: results of a one-year study

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been associated with a broad spectrum of diarrhoeal syndromes. Some of these cases have been attributed to foods of bovine origin or other foods cross-contaminated by beef products or cow manure. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of STEC distribution in selected red meats over time. Samples of ground beef and lamb cuts were collected over a 52-week period from 31 different outlets and 25 g portions were assayed for STEC. STEC were isolated from 46/285 (16%) ground beef and 111/275 (40%) lamb samples using an stx PCR screen followed by colony hybridisation. All isolates were tested by PCR for additional STEC virulence markers with 95% of ground beef isolates shown to possess stx(2) and 80% of lamb cutlet isolates shown to possess stx(1) and stx(2). The enterohaemolysin gene (ehxA) was detected in 65% and 53% of ground beef and lamb isolates respectively. Putative enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), i.e. STEC possessing the E. coli attaching and effacing gene (eae) were not isolated. The STEC isolates comprised 18 and 15 different serotypes from ground beef and lamb respectively. STEC of serotypes O157, O111 and O26 (common enterohaemorrhagic E. coli serotypes) were not isolated. Serotypes O174 and O91 were the most common serotypes isolated from ground beef samples and O128 and O91 the most common from lamb cutlet samples. The presence of STEC in retail red meats highlights the need for a clearer understanding of STEC in food and human illness to interpret the public health significance of these findings.     

A national survey of the microbiological quality of retail raw meats in Australia

A national survey of the microbiology of meat (ground beef and diced lamb) at the retail level in Australia was undertaken. For ground beef samples (n = 360), the mean aerobic plate count (APC) was 5.79 log CFU/g, and Escherichia coli was detected in 17.8% of samples; the mean population for these positive samples was 1.49 log CFU/g. Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 96.9% of samples (mean for positive samples, 3.01 log CFU/g), and coagulase-positive staphylococci were detected in 28.1% of samples (mean for positive samples, 2.18 log CFU/g). For diced lamb samples (n = 360), the mean APC was 5.71 log CFU/g, and E. coli was detected in 16.7% of samples (mean for positive samples, 1.67 log CFU/g). Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 91.1% of samples (mean for positive samples, 2.85 log CFU/g), and coagulase-positive staphylococci were detected in 22.5% of samples (mean for positive samples, 2.34 log CFU/g). Salmonella was recovered from 4 (1.1%) of the 360 ground beef samples (isolates were Salmonella Typhimurium phage types), and E. coli O157 was recovered from 1 (0.3%) of 357 samples; Campylobacter and Clostridium perfringens were not recovered from any of the 91 and 94 samples tested, respectively. Salmonella was recovered from 2 (0.6%) of the 360 diced lamb samples (serovars were Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Typhimurium), Campylobacter was recovered from 1 (1.1%) of 95 samples, and C. perfringens was recovered from 1 (1.1%) of 92 samples.     

Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail raw meats in Northern Ireland

A 1-year study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail raw meats on sale in Northern Ireland. Retail raw poultry samples (n = 94), pork samples (n = 101), and beef samples (n = 108) were obtained from supermarkets in Northern Ireland, and raw milk samples (n = 101) were kindly provided by the Milk Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Presumptive arcobacters were identified by previously described genus-specific and species-specific PCR assays. Arcobacter spp. were found to be common contaminants of retail raw meats and raw milk in Northern Ireland. Poultry meat (62%) had the highest prevalence, but frequent isolations were made from pork (35%), beef (34%), and raw milk (46%). Arcobacter butzleri was the predominant species isolated from retail raw meats and was the only species isolated from raw milk samples. Arcobacter cryaerophilus was detected less frequently, and Arcobacter skirrowii was detected only as a cocontaminant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Arcobacter spp. prevalence in a diverse range of products of animal origin in Northern Ireland.