圆形自由水射流冲击换热及喷嘴布置

引言 水射流冲击冷却由于具有较高的换热能力,广泛应用于机械和化工行业,以实现工件的快速冷却和控制工件的温度变化.在大型轴类工件(工件直径D=1000～3000 mm)喷水冷却装置中,多喷嘴圆孔自由水射流以特定阵列布置冲击至工件表面,相对短暂的沸腾换热结束后,阵列自由水射流即以强制对流方式实现工件冷却.因此,自由水射流冲击换热特性及多喷嘴布置形式对喷水冷却装置的结构设计至关重要.     

不同工作因数下方波冲击射流的换热特性

应用数值模拟方法研究了不同工作因数下方波冲击射流的换热及流动特性,并分析了冲击靶面换热特性的变化规律。研究了冲击靶面换热特性随Reynolds数、脉冲频率、喷嘴距冲击靶面距离与喷嘴直径之比等参数的变化规律,重点分析了不同工作因数对冲击射流滞止区域换热与流动特性的影响,并将数值计算结果与连续冲击射流、脉动冲击射流实验结果进行对比验证。计算结果表明:当工作因数为0.5与0.7时,冲击靶面滞止区域Nusselt数非常接近;当工作因数为0.5时,壁面射流区域Nusselt数比工作因数为0.7时提高了10%;工作因数为0.9时,冲击靶面Nusselt数比连续冲击射流提高3%;工作因数为0.7时,相对于工作因数为0.5、0.9及连续冲击射流时,冲击靶面滞止区域存在强烈的涡结构变化。     

变压器油圆形浸没射流冲击换热特性

对变压器油圆形浸没射流冲击换热特性进行了系统的实验研究,分析了恢复效应、喷距、射流Re、喷嘴尺寸等因素对换热的影响.对极小尺寸射流冲击换热情况下的一些特殊现象进行了描述,并对其形成机理进行了分析.     

Ag纳米流体浸没射流冲击换热特性

采用超声膜扩散法一步制备出水基Ag纳米流体作为实验工质,并对不同质量分数的Ag纳米流体在受限浸没阵列射流冲击针肋热沉中的流动和换热特性进行了实验研究.结果表明:采用超声膜扩散法制备的Ag纳米颗粒粒径分布均匀,平均粒径只有4.8 nm;表面活性剂对纳米流体的黏度影响较大;相同射流速度下,与基液(水+表面活性剂)相比,Ag...     

强润湿性液体在圆形断面喷嘴浸没射流冲击下沸腾的热滞后

系统地研究了液体在圆形断面喷嘴浸没射流作用下沸腾热滞后与射流冲击速度大小、液体流动方向、液体过冷度和喷嘴直径等因素的影响 .结果表明 :沸腾起始过热度随液体过冷度增加而减小 ,与其他因素无关 ,而温度过头值则随射流速度和液体过冷度减小而增加 .从强润湿性液体沸腾机理的角度对起始沸腾点的影响给出了相应的解释 .最后总结出了几种减小或消除沸腾热滞后的方法     

喷嘴结构对射流特性的影响

基于计算流体力学,以射流清洗喷嘴的结构为研究对象,分析喷嘴结构对喷嘴射流特性的影响.本次研究基于Fluent软件平台,对不同喷嘴结构进行数字模拟仿真分析,再利用正交试验设计方法分析计算结果得出最佳结构的喷嘴结构.研究结果表明,喷嘴出口切面形状对射流速度影响最大,收缩角其次,喷嘴出口段长度影响最小.     

喷嘴结构改进及其液体射流过程颗粒团聚研究

在重质原料液的射流阶段降低反应温度会导致液体呈现不同的黏度,促使颗粒聚集形成不同尺寸的团聚结构,阻碍了原料液的热量传递,减缓了裂化反应的速率,颗粒团聚是流体焦化反应工艺面临的一个重要而又具有挑战性的问题。选用水-沙系统模拟热态沥青-焦炭系统,利用气罩装置改进喷嘴结构,基于电导信号法测量多黏度液体射流过程的电导信号随时间的变化规律,研究不同条件下流化床内颗粒团聚过程。研究结果表明：多孔气罩装置可以为喷嘴射流创造理想的稀相环境,避免了液滴在射流空腔以及交换区域的聚集和压缩;液体射流在床层扩散过程中可以观察到不同的流化阶段,即颗粒润湿阶段、团聚形成阶段、团聚隔离阶段;较高的气液比可以有效地阻止颗粒团聚,相比于较低的流化气速,较高的气速条件允许高黏度糖水溶液参与液体射流。本研究为多黏度液体射流过程颗粒团聚现象的在线监测提供了理论研究基础,确保了流化床内射流液滴与颗粒表面的良好接触。     

表面微结构对阵列微射流沸腾换热的影响

与单相射流相比,阵列式微射流沸腾换热耦合了分布式射流与气液相变两种高效传热模式,在高热通量电子器件冷却领域具有重要的应用前景。本文创新性提出一种具有顶部浸入式阵列射流柱与底部微针肋阵列结构耦合的微射流沸腾换热系统,采用无水乙醇为工质,研究了入口过冷度、入口Re、热通量对射流沸腾换热影响特性;采用电刷镀制备了镍/石墨烯微纳复合结构,研究了该复合结构对微针肋阵列表面射流沸腾换热的影响规律,揭示了镍过渡层引入的附加热阻以及蘑菇状微纳复合结构对气泡脱离的抑制是换热削弱的主要原因。为克服上述弊端,采用激光对镍/石墨烯微纳复合结构表面进行了刻蚀,发现激光刻蚀消除了镍/石墨烯微纳复合结构导致的附加热阻及其气泡脱离抑制效应,其最大传热系数达到30787.0W/(m2·K),较镍/石墨烯微纳复合结构表面和针肋阵列光滑表面传热系数分别提高了140.7%和119.8%。本文的研究结果表明,微纳复合结构对沸腾换热的影响取决于制备工艺及其结构形貌,激光刻蚀较电刷镀形成的微纳复合结构在微射流沸腾换热强化方面更具优势,为表面微纳结构强化沸腾换热系统设计、制备和运行提供科学参考。     

高压水射流消除残余应力的喷嘴流场分析

介绍了射流机理,给出了控制方程。建立了喷嘴流场计算模型,研究了5种喷嘴结构对速度分布和靶件冲击压力的影响规律。结果表明:圆锥直线型喷嘴的水射流冲击压力和轴心速度虽然略小于圆锥型(13°)喷嘴,但其水射流的集束性和稳定性均优于其他4种类型的喷嘴,因此圆锥直线型喷嘴最适宜作为高压水射流消除焊接残余应力的配套喷嘴。     

纳米流体冲击射流换热特性实验

以纳米流体为工质对冲击射流冷却系统的综合性能进行实验,主要研究了添加纳米颗粒的纳米流体与水在不同流速、不同射流高度等条件下冲击射流的传热效率,同时也对不同种类的纳米流体的换热效率进行了对比。结果表明：对于添加了纳米颗粒的冲击射流冷却系统,传热效率得到显著提高,但当质量分数达到0.5%时,传热系数变化不明显。对于不同种类的纳米流体：Cu-水、Al₂O₃-水和Al-水纳米流体,其中Cu-水的换热效率最高,存在一个特定的射流高度,使传热系数达到最大值。研究结果对设计制造轻型紧凑的高效换热器有实用的工程价值。     

圆形自由表面水射流冲击换热特性

对圆形自由表面水射流冲击换热特性进行了系统的实验研究,总结了喷距、射流出口速度以及相变等因素对换热的影响,并对其形成机理进行了分析,得到了驻点传热系数以及局部传热系数径向分布的关联式.     

INVESTIGATION OF IMPINGEMENT HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

Very little information exists for the impingement heat transfer coefficient at high temperatures. All available empirical correlations are mainly based on experiments conducted at relatively low impingement temperatures, and thus cannot describe the heat transfer characteristics of the impingement air at high temperatures with sufficient accuracy. A comprehensive study of the impingement heat transfer coefficient at high temperatures is carried out and presented in this paper. The aim of the study is to give a summary of the experimental results of the impingement heat transfer covering a large impingement air temperature range from 100 to 700°C. Heat transfer measurements were carried out on a laboratory-scale test rig. The main parts of the rig were a fan, a gas burner for air heating, a heavily insulated nozzle array with 300 × 500 mm impingement surface, a 40 mm thick and 300 × 500 mm sized aluminium plate for determination of heat transfer, and a data acquisition system. The heat transfer rate was determined from the heat-up rate of the aluminium plate due to the high temperature jet impingement.     

Nanofluid impingement jet heat transfer

Experimental investigation to study the heat transfer between a vertical round alumina-water nanofluid jet and a horizontal circular round surface is carried out. Different jet flow rates, jet nozzle diameters, various circular disk diameters and three nanoparticles concentrations (0, 6.6 and 10%, respectively) are used. The experimental results indicate that using nanofluid as a heat transfer carrier can enhance the heat transfer process. For the same Reynolds number, the experimental data show an increase in the Nusselt numbers as the nanoparticle concentration increases. Size of heating disk diameters shows reverse effect on heat transfer. It is also found that presenting the data in terms of Reynolds number at impingement jet diameter can take into account on both effects of jet heights and nozzle diameter. Presenting the data in terms of Peclet numbers, at fixed impingement nozzle diameter, makes the data less sensitive to the percentage change of the nanoparticle concentrations. Finally, general heat transfer correlation is obtained verses Peclet numbers using nanoparticle concentrations and the nozzle diameter ratio as parameters.     

INVESTIGATION OF IMPINGEMENT HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

ABSTRACT

Very little information exists for the impingement heat transfer coefficient at high temperatures. All available empirical correlations are mainly based on experiments conducted at relatively low impingement temperatures, and thus cannot describe the heat transfer characteristics of the impingement air at high temperatures with sufficient accuracy. A comprehensive study of the impingement heat transfer coefficient at high temperatures is carried out and presented in this paper. The aim of the study is to give a summary of the experimental results of the impingement heat transfer covering a large impingement air temperature range from 100 to 700°C. Heat transfer measurements were carried out on a laboratory-scale test rig. The main parts of the rig were a fan, a gas burner for air heating, a heavily insulated nozzle array with 300 × 500 mm impingement surface, a 40 mm thick and 300 × 500 mm sized aluminium plate for determination of heat transfer, and a data acquisition system. The heat transfer rate was determined from the heat-up rate of the aluminium plate due to the high temperature jet impingement.     

肋化结构对两相受限式阵列射流冷却的影响

为了利用两相沸腾换热提高阵列射流冷却热沉性能,使其可以用于更高热流密度散热场景,基于肋化结构对相变换热的促进作用,本文提出了两种复合不同肋化表面的受限式阵列射流冷却热沉结构,并对优化后的热沉的传热、流动特性展开了相关实验研究。两种肋化表面结构分别为：光滑切割针肋（SL1）、外覆烧结多孔层的粗糙针肋（SL2）,针肋尺寸均为0.6mm×0.6mm×1mm（长×宽×高）,SL2中多孔层颗粒粒径为120~150μm,厚度约为2倍颗粒直径。分布式阵列射流孔板构成5×5的射流单元,每个单元对应4×4针肋阵列,热源总面积30mm×30mm,针肋共计400个。实验使用无水乙醇为工质,得到了热沉在工质流量2.6~12.7mL/s、入口温度283~313K范围时的沸腾曲线和传热曲线。结果表明,两种针肋结构均可以有效实现单相强迫对流换热向两相沸腾换热的转变;增加入口温度或降低工质流量均可以有效地促进相变的发生。在相同工质流量、温度时,SL1较SL2具有更优的单相换热性能,随着加热热流密度的增加,SL2可以在更低壁面过热度下达到沸腾起始点实现过冷沸腾,表现出更佳的传热特性,但SL1可以达到更高的临界热流密度。     

Pulsating Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement

This article presents results from a numerical study of pulsating jet impingement heat transfer. The motivation is to seek conditions offering a significant enhancement compared to steady flow impingement drying. The CFD software package FLUENT was used for simulating slot-type pulsating jet impingement flows with confinement. The parameter study included velocity amplitude ratio, mean jet velocity, and pulsation frequency. The distance from nozzle exit to surface was three times the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle hydraulic diameter and jet temperature was 2,460 with a mean jet velocity of 30 m/s, which is the base case of the numerical experiments. Results showed that time-averaged surface heat transfer increased with increasing velocity amplitude for the same mean jet velocity. Large velocity amplitudes helped enhance heat transfer by two mechanisms: high jet velocity during the positive cycle and strong recirculating flows during the negative cycle. For the cases with different mean jet velocities but the same maximum velocity, time-averaged surface heat flux decreased with decreasing mean jet velocity. As for the effects of pulsation frequency, with high-velocity amplitude ratio, time-averaged surface heat fluxes were at the same level regardless of frequency. However, at low-velocity amplitude ratio, high frequency caused stronger recirculating flows resulting in greater heat transfer compared to the cases with a lower frequency.     

Pulsating Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement

This article presents results from a numerical study of pulsating jet impingement heat transfer. The motivation is to seek conditions offering a significant enhancement compared to steady flow impingement drying. The CFD software package FLUENT was used for simulating slot-type pulsating jet impingement flows with confinement. The parameter study included velocity amplitude ratio, mean jet velocity, and pulsation frequency. The distance from nozzle exit to surface was three times the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle hydraulic diameter and jet temperature was 2,460 with a mean jet velocity of 30 m/s, which is the base case of the numerical experiments. Results showed that time-averaged surface heat transfer increased with increasing velocity amplitude for the same mean jet velocity. Large velocity amplitudes helped enhance heat transfer by two mechanisms: high jet velocity during the positive cycle and strong recirculating flows during the negative cycle. For the cases with different mean jet velocities but the same maximum velocity, time-averaged surface heat flux decreased with decreasing mean jet velocity. As for the effects of pulsation frequency, with high-velocity amplitude ratio, time-averaged surface heat fluxes were at the same level regardless of frequency. However, at low-velocity amplitude ratio, high frequency caused stronger recirculating flows resulting in greater heat transfer compared to the cases with a lower frequency.     

圆形浸没射流冲击驻点时射流速度对传热影响的实验研究

以R113为工质系统地实验研究了圆形浸没射流冲击驻点时的传热情况 ,实验涉及单相对流传热、沸腾起始温度、核沸腾传热和临界热流密度等 .结果表明 :出口速度对沸腾起始温度和核沸腾传热没有影响 ;速度增加 ,单相对流传热和临界热流密度提高 ,而温度过头值减小 .当出口速度超过 10m·s^-1后 ,高速射流冲击驻点的核沸腾曲线需要修正才能位于相应过冷度下池核沸腾曲线的延长线上 .     

Flow characteristics of a laminar swirling impinging jet: A numerical study

The primitive Navier-Stokes equations were solved to predict the flow field induced by a partially confined swirling laminar jet impinging normally on a flat surface. A study is made of the influence of the jet Reynolds number, nozzle-to-plate spacing, axial and swirl velocity profiles at nozzle exit plane, size of the confining and impingement plate and uniform suction applied at the plate. An interesting feature of the flow configuration is the predicted development of a recirculation bubble in the stagnation region which influences the heat and mass transfer characteristics. Axial and swirl velocity profiles at entry have dominant influence on the development of the flow field.