复合电解质溶液中纳米SiO2颗粒分散性及其表面动电电位

针对含有纳米二氧化硅(n-SiO2)颗粒的硫酸镍盐复合电解质溶液,研究了溶液n-SiO2颗粒的分散性、动电电位(ζ)及其影响因素.结果表明复合电解质溶液中SiO2颗粒表面ζ电位值为负值,且其绝对值随着pH值增大而增大;ζ电位影响纳米颗粒在溶液中的分散稳定性.电解质浓度影响纳米颗粒的分散性,在以Na2SO4溶液为稀释剂时,电解质中SO42-浓度为0.125 mol/L时,溶液中颗粒粒度分布范围最小,小尺寸颗粒含量最高;颗粒粒径分散效果与前处理溶液中纳米颗粒含量有关,前处理料浆中纳米颗粒含量越低,其粒度越小,分散效果越好.     

双梳型共聚物对吡虫啉悬浮剂分散稳定性的影响与表征

通过FTIR、SEM、XPS、zeta电位和粒度测试研究了双梳型共聚物Agrilan^TM 752对吡虫啉悬浮剂分散稳定性的影响。结果表明Agrilan^TM 752分子中存在羧基、酯基和聚氧乙烯醚侧链,通过氢键、范德华力和疏水作用力结合吡虫啉,从而有效地分散吡虫啉颗粒;Agrilan^TM 752用量与悬浮剂的分散稳定性密切相关,实验条件下得出其最佳用量为3%（质量分数）,此用量下Agrilan^TM 752的吸附层厚度和zeta电位负值最大;初始pH值超过6后Agrilan^TM 752的吸附层厚度逐渐降低,zeta电位在初始pH = 10处存在最大负值,初始pH值在2～10范围内悬浮hina剂的分散稳定性普遍较高,pH值超过10后分散稳定性明显降低;电解质离子（Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺）浓度越高则Agrilan^TM 752的吸附层厚度和zeta电位负值越低,悬浮剂的分散稳定性越差,相同浓度下电解质离子对悬浮剂的分散稳定性影响程度顺序为Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺。     

双梳型共聚物对吡虫啉悬浮剂分散稳定性的影响与表征

通过FTIR、SEM、XPS、zeta电位和粒度测试研究了双梳型共聚物AgrilanTM 752对吡虫啉悬浮剂分散稳定性的影响。结果表明AgrilanTM 752分子中存在羧基、酯基和聚氧乙烯醚侧链,通过氢键、范德华力和疏水作用力结合吡虫啉,从而有效地分散吡虫啉颗粒;AgrilanTM 752用量与悬浮剂的分散稳定性密切相关,实验条件下得出其最佳用量为3%(质量分数),此用量下AgrilanTM 752的吸附层厚度和zeta电位负值最大;初始pH值超过6后AgrilanTM 752的吸附层厚度逐渐降低,zeta电位在初始pH=10处存在最大负值,初始pH值在2～10范围内悬浮hina剂的分散稳定性普遍较高,pH值超过10后分散稳定性明显降低;电解质离子(Na+、Mg2+和Ca2+)浓度越高则AgrilanTM 752的吸附层厚度和zeta电位负值越低,悬浮剂的分散稳定性越差,相同浓度下电解质离子对悬浮剂的分散稳定性影响程度顺序为Ca2+Mg2+Na+。     

气泡的ζ电位

对气泡ζ电位的测量方法以及纯水中、表面活性剂体系中、电解质体系中气泡ζ电位的测量结果进行综述。研究表明,气泡在纯水中的等电点处于pH 1.5~3.5之间。阴、阳离子型表面活性剂会改变气泡表面的ζ电位,非离子型表面活性剂对ζ电位的影响与其结构和基团有关,当浓度达到临界胶束浓度时,ζ电位不再发生变化。无机电解质对ζ电位的影响与离子在溶液中的存在形式及吸附状态有关,pH对ζ电位的影响主要是通过影响H＋和OH-的吸附量以及溶液中表面活性剂和无机电解质的存在形式来实现。     

气泡的ζ电位

对气泡ζ电位的测量方法以及纯水中、表面活性剂体系中、电解质体系中气泡ζ电位的测量结果进行综述。研究表明,气泡在纯水中的等电点处于pH 1.5~3.5之间。阴、阳离子型表面活性剂会改变气泡表面的ζ电位,非离子型表面活性剂对ζ电位的影响与其结构和基团有关,当浓度达到临界胶束浓度时,ζ电位不再发生变化。无机电解质对ζ电位的影响与离子在溶液中的存在形式及吸附状态有关,pH对ζ电位的影响主要是通过影响H+和OH-的吸附量以及溶液中表面活性剂和无机电解质的存在形式来实现。     

不同pH环境下CMS改性纳米铁在异质多孔介质中的迁移

纳米铁在污染土壤和地下水的修复中受到广泛关注。为进一步探究其在多孔介质的迁移行为,本研究采用羧甲基淀粉钠（CMS）对纳米零价铁（nZVI）进行包覆,进行了改性纳米零价铁的沉降试验,测量zeta电位与粒径分布探究其分散性;进行了不同pH条件下改性纳米零价铁在酸洗砂与水洗砂的柱实验,分析了化学异质性与pH对纳米铁在多孔介质迁移的影响。结果表明,CMS包覆纳米铁不仅使纳米颗粒本身稳定,而且还减少其在多孔介质表面沉积,大大提高了迁移性。pH=6～8时,nZVI的zeta电位由18.3mV减小到2.9mV,有效粒径由685nm增大到880nm,稳定性变差;而CMS-nZVI的zeta电位值由-19.7mV增大到-53.5mV,颗粒间静电排斥力增强稳定性变好。经能量色散X射线光谱（EDS）分析,水洗砂表面存在碳、铝、铁等氧化物杂质,这些杂质带有正电荷,会增强与带负电的CMS-nZVI的吸附作用,不利于其迁移;而经过酸洗后的石英砂,其表面杂质大大减少,在pH=8时,CMS-nZVI在酸洗砂最大迁移率为77.0%要好于水洗砂的63.0%。此外较高pH环境有助于增加石英砂介质的表面负电荷,减少颗粒与介质的吸附,促进纳米颗粒的迁移。     

纳米CeO2悬浮液的流变性能研究

在化学机械抛光过程中,抛光液的流变性能起到至关重要的作用。本文利用Haake流变仪研究了水基纳米CeO2悬浮液在不同pH值、CeO2颗粒浓度、温度、中性电解质浓度下的流变性能。研究结果表明,随着zeta电位减小,悬浮液表观粘度增大,体系逐渐转变为剪切变稀的非牛顿流体。悬浮液中CeO2颗粒浓度低于17.4wt%时,颗粒浓度对体系的流变性能影响较弱,体系为牛顿流体,但是继续增大颗粒浓度,悬浮体表观粘度明显增大,出现剪稀现象。温度对悬浮液流变性能影响较为复杂,当温度小于35℃时,随着温度的升高体系表观粘度变小,温度大于35℃时,温度的升高反而使体系表观粘度增高。中性电解质的加入使得悬浮体的zeta电位降低,从而使体系表现出较高的表观粘度。     

纳米氢氧化铝佐剂的制备及其相关性质分析

目的 制备纳米氢氧化铝佐剂,并分析其相关性质。方法 优化现有氢氧化钠法制备佐剂工艺,获得纳米级氢氧化铝佐剂后,对其吸附率、沉降率、粒径分布、zeta电位及pH变化、扫描电镜特性进行检测。结果 所得氢氧化铝佐剂吸附率大于98%,沉降率为0,粒径分布范围小于100 nm,zeta电位约为30 mV,pH变化范围相对稳定。结论经优化后工艺可获得纳米级氢氧化铝佐剂,且性质优于原有微米级氢氧化铝佐剂。     

纳米氧化锆在水中分散性研究

鉴于粉体分散对无机膜制备具有重要意义,研究了添加不同分散剂及其加入量对纳米氧化锆粉在水中的分散性,以及分散性与溶液pH值的关系。结果表明:悬浮液的分散性能受到分散剂及其加入量和pH值的影响,不同的分散剂在各自的加入范围内有其最佳加入量。通过对粒径和zeta电位分析,考察含分散剂时pH值对纳米氧化锆粉的分散性能,从中优选最佳pH值的范围。     

均匀沉淀法制备不同粒径的纳米Cu（OH）2

以无水硫酸铜和氢氧化钡为原料,采用均匀沉淀法研究了不同粒径纳米Cu（OH）2的制备,考察了搅拌温度、硫酸铜溶液浓度等反应条件对纳米Cu（OH）2粒径的影响。实验结果表明,用均匀沉淀法可以制备出不同粒度的纳米Cu（OH）2颗粒。反应条件对纳米Cu（OH）2的粒径有显著影响,反应温度越高,纳米粒子的粒径越小;硫酸铜溶液的浓度越高,纳米粒子的粒径越大。     

Attachment of solid particles to air bubbles in surfactant-free aqueous solutions

This paper presents a mechanism to explain the attachment of solid particles to air bubbles in surfactant-free aqueous solutions where both solids and air bubbles have the same sign of zeta potential via investigating the mechanical properties of micro air bubbles and the adsorption of hydroxide on air bubble surfaces.Particle-bubble attachment was measured in a Hallimond tube. The results indicate that purified quartz particles attached to air bubbles in surfactant-free deionised water, and the attachment increased with the pH of the aqueous solutions. The mechanical properties of micro air bubbles in aqueous solutions were measured using a novel micromanipulation technique. It was found that the micro air bubbles were pseudo-elastic and spherical in the solutions. The rigidity of the air bubbles decreased with increasing pH of the solutions. When a moving particle with a certain kinetic energy collided with an air bubble in a surfactant-free aqueous solution, the deformation of the air bubble varied with pH of the solution. In an alkaline solution, the micro air bubble was much softer and the deformation was larger than that in an acidic solution. The larger deformation of the softer air bubble resulted in a large contact area between the solid particle and the air bubble, therefore increasing the attachment, and reducing the rebound.The attachment of purified quartz particles to air bubbles in surfactant-free aqueous solutions was possibly due to hydrogen bond formation. The OH⁻ ions on air bubble surfaces formed hydrogen bonds with silicon and oxygen atoms in ≡Si-O-Si≡ or with the adsorbed OH group on quartz surfaces.     

假酸浆子胶质的乳化性评价

评价了假酸浆子胶质的乳化性。结果表明,假酸浆子胶质能降低油水界面张力;乳状液稳定性随胶质质量浓度增加而增强,加油量增多而下降。乳化温度和贮存温度越高,乳状液越不稳定。胶质溶液pH改变胶质溶液的黏度进而影响乳状液稳定性。pH=3时,胶质溶液乳化活性(emulsion ability,EA)和乳化稳定性(emulsionstability index,ESI)达最高值,分别为1.247和63.353 h。乳状液粒径随质量浓度和均质压力增大而减小。均质压力过大会导致乳状液放置后易聚集而不稳定,合适的均质压力为5 MPa。     

纳米结构脂质载体的制备及其聚集动力学研究

采用高压均质法制备包覆二苯酮-3（BP-3）和对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯（OMC）两种紫外线吸收剂的纳米结构脂质载体（NLC）,并通过单因素实验探究了总油相含量、液体脂质用量、防晒剂含量、乳化剂种类及其用量对NLC粒径、ζ电位和包封率的影响,并优化了工艺配方。此外,还考察了电解质的种类、浓度以及乳化剂用量对NLC聚集行为的影响并建立了聚集动力学模型。结果表明,电解质的存在可以压缩胶体体系的双电层,导致ζ电位降低,加剧纳米粒之间的聚集结合。NLC样品在电解质NaCl和CaCl₂存在下的临界聚沉浓度分别为538.2和95.8 mmol·L^-1,且在CaCl₂溶液中的聚集速度比NaCl溶液中更快,适量的乳化剂对维持NLC体系的稳定性具有重要作用。     

N-马来酰化壳聚糖聚集行为的研究

在室温条件下,以壳聚糖和马来酸酐为原料合成了N-马来酰化壳聚糖(N-MACH)。利用Nano-ZS90 Malvern电位仪测定了N-马来酰化壳聚糖的粒径和ξ电位,研究了温度和壳聚糖/马来酸酐的摩尔配比对N-马来酰化壳聚糖粒径和ξ电位的影响,并进一步研究了N-马来酰化壳聚糖在水溶液中的聚集行为。     

A Comparative Approach for the Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Lecithin Liposomes Using Chloroform and Non‐Halogenated Solvents

Organic solvents used in various pharmaceutical preparations may be associated with chronic health effects, with special emphasis on halogenated solvents. Liposomes, lipid bilayer membrane carriers, have potential applications in targeted drug delivery systems. The non‐halogenated solvents, acetonitrile and ethanol, were used in comparison to commonly used chloroform. The effect of solvents and dispersion medium was demonstrated using physicochemical properties, stability studies and hemolytic activity. Increased sonication time showed decreased particle size in phosphate buffer saline and water medium. Vesicles prepared from all solvents exhibited better stability in phosphate saline buffer than water when evaluated by particle size and zeta potentials. Liposomes showed a positive zeta potential in buffer solution whereas liposomes in water showed negative zeta potential. In vitro hemolytic activity of liposomes was done with fresh human red blood cells. Results in buffer solution were in the range of 1–4 % which further proved this medium superior to pure water. The findings of this study are helpful in suggesting the formulation of thin films by less hazardous solvents in terms of the environmental integrity and human health.     

Experiments on the flotation of fine particles: The influence of particle size and charge

The dispersed-air flotation of polystyrene particles of size 4–20 μm has been studied under conditions in which the effect of particle diameter on the rate of flotation could be analysed. The particle charge was controlled by electrolyte addition. The particle charge had a drastic effect on the flotation rate, an increase by an order of magnitude being observed when the zeta potential was reduced from 60 to 30 mV. The flotation rate was found to vary as the 1.5 power of the particle diameter, and this exponent was substantially independent of the zeta potential. It is clear that double layer effects on the surfaces of particles and bubbles have significant roles in flotation of particles as small as those studied here.     

Studies on precipitation of highly dispersed silica from sodium metasilicate–sodium hydrogencarbonate system

A novel procedure is presented for precipitation of highly dispersed silica from sodium metasilicate solution using sodium hydrogencarbonate. In the course of silica precipitation, hydrophobicity‐inducing agents were introduced to the reactor, including derivatives of saturated and unsaturated higher fatty alcohols and nonylphenylpolyoxyethyleneglycol ethers. Silicas of variable physicochemical characteristics were obtained. Analysis of the principal physicochemical properties of the silicas was performed, their surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy while particle size distribution, polydispersity and tendency to form the agglomerate structures were estimated by the dynamic light scattering technique. The zeta potential was also measured by estimation of electrophoretic mobility. Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution was found to be a very good silica‐precipitating agent in solutions of sodium metasilicate. The hydrated silica obtained demonstrated low bulk density and a high capacity to absorb paraffin oil. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis of two novel acenaphthyl-quinoxaline based low-band gap polymers and its electrochromic properties

Dispersion stability and electrokinetic properties of TiO₂ nanoparticles, dispersed in aqueous solution of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAAm.HCl) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blends was examined. The electrophoresis method was employed to study electrokinetic properties of nanodispersion by varying pH and temperature with an emphasis on dispersion stability. The measurements were performed over a wide range of pH from 2–12 and temperature from 25–65 °C and the isoelectric points (IEPs) of nanodispersions were determined. The concentration of TiO₂ was varied from 2–12 wt%. The dispersions were found to be quite stable (no sedimentation) over a period of two months. The zeta potential of nanodispersions decreases as the pH increases. When temperature increases, a more distinct decrease in the zeta potential was observed. Such behavior may be due to the changes occurring in the linear dimension of adsorbing macromolecules with increasing temperature. As temperatures increases, the adsorption of polymers causes a decrease in the diffuse layer charge, which leads to a decrease in zeta potential. Also, the increase in ionic strength leads to a compression of the diffuse layer and reduction in the zeta potential. The conductivity of nanodispersions increases for all pH and temperatures studied.     

Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of Vinblastine Microparticles by Supercritical Antisolvent Process

The objective of the study was to prepare vinblastine microparticles by supercritical antisolvent process using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as solvent and carbon dioxide as antisolvent and evaluate its physicochemical properties. The effects of four process variables, pressure, temperature, drug concentration and drug solution flow rate, on drug particle formation during the supercritical antisolvent process, were investigated. Particles with a mean particle size of 121 ± 5.3 nm were obtained under the optimized process conditions (precipitation temperature 60 °C, precipitation pressure 25 MPa, vinblastine concentration 2.50 mg/mL and vinblastine solution flow rate 6.7 mL/min). The vinblastine was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and dissolution test. It was concluded that physicochemical properties of crystalline vinblastine could be improved by physical modification, such as particle size reduction and generation of amorphous state using the supercritical antisolvent process. Furthermore, the supercritical antisolvent process was a powerful methodology for improving the physicochemical properties of vinblastine.     

Electrostatic and electrosteric stabilization of aqueous suspensions of barite nanoparticles

Electrostatic and electrosteric stabilization of aqueous suspensions of barite nanoparticles were investigated. The state of dispersion was evaluated in terms of zeta potential, apparent viscosity and the mean particle size of solid phase in the solution. Zeta potential, apparent viscosity and the mean particle size as a function of pH were performed in absence of dispersant. The result showed that electrostatic stabilization of the aqueous suspension of barite nanoparticles can be accomplished in low acidic and high basic range of pH. In presence of sodium polyacrylate (PAA-Na) dispersant, the isoelectric point (IEP) of the barite nanoparticles was shifted to lower pH and the negative zeta potential was increased in a large range of pH above the (IEP). The optimum amount of PAA-Na dispersant is discussed in the light of zeta potential and viscosity. It is found that the adsorption of PAA is correlated to the net surface charge of the barite nanoparticles and the fraction of dissociated polymer at pH 4, 8.5 and 10. At pH 4, the state of dispersion was achieved at higher amount of electrolyte due to the low fraction of negatively charged dissociated polymer and the positively charge particles. At basic pH, the fraction of dissociated polymer was high and the surface charge of particle was highly negative, therefore, the lowest viscosity was obtained at a small amount of PAA. In addition, the optimum amount of polymer decreased with the increase in pH of the suspension.