儿童脊柱结核治疗现状及进展

正中国是全球结核病高发病率国家之一,疫情较为严重~([1])。骨结核占所有结核病例的1%~2%,其中脊柱是最常见的受累部位,约占全部骨结核的50%~([2-3])。儿童作为结核病的易感人群,其脊柱结核的发生率有上升趋势,如诊治延误,致残率较高~([4-6])。生长期儿童脊柱结核如无法得到有效控制,易继发后凸畸形和神经损伤,严重影响患儿的生长发育~([7])。由于儿童脊柱生长发育的特殊性,其解剖特点和成人不同,儿童脊柱结核的临床特点和治疗方式和成     

可调节式骨科手术架在强直性脊柱炎伴脊柱后凸畸形矫形中的应用

正强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是一种慢性炎症性疾病~([1]),通常会导致脊柱畸形和关节强直,晚期常需手术治疗,以恢复矢状面平衡、脊柱力线和视野,以期获得满意的外观和临床效果~([2])。脊柱截骨手术常需在俯卧位下施行~([3]),因部分患者长期处于脊柱后凸畸形及下肢关节非功能位强直~([4]),造成手术体位摆放困难,且AS常伴有中轴骨骨质疏松及周围韧带骨化~([5]),在体位摆放过程中,轻微外力亦会造成医源性骨折发生~([6]),在脊柱截骨矫形术中,在截骨端闭合过程易造成脊髓剪切、螺钉拔出~([7])。     

强直性脊柱炎假关节的形成机制、影像学表现及治疗策略进展

正强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是一种主要累及脊柱、骶髂关节等中轴骨的慢性非特异性炎症性疾病~([1])。疾病进展期主要表现为疼痛、晨僵以及进行性发展的胸腰椎后凸畸形,晚期出现严重的脊柱畸形和关节强直~([2])。脊柱假关节作为强直性脊柱炎中晚期常见的并发症,最早由Andersson提出(即"Andersson损害")。由于缺乏明确的     

强直性脊柱炎颈胸段后凸畸形合并胸腰椎后凸畸形截骨顺序的选择

正强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)晚期患者常合并脊柱后凸畸形~([1])。根据后凸畸形的顶椎位置,AS后凸畸形可分为五种类型:腰椎后凸、胸腰椎后凸、胸椎后凸、颈胸段后凸、颈胸段后凸合并胸腰椎后凸畸形~([2])。重度AS颈胸段后凸畸形会形成"颌触胸"畸形,严重影响患者平视、平卧功能,甚至造成呼吸、吞咽困难等~([3～6])。然而,对AS颈胸段后凸合并胸腰椎后凸畸形者,两处畸形是否均需矫正,应先行     

MRI在强直性脊柱炎诊疗中的应用进展

<正>强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是血清阴性脊柱关节病(seronegative spondylarthropathy)中最常见的一种类型,通常累及骶髂关节、脊柱、髋关节及其他外周关节等部位~([1])。其基本病理变化包括炎症反应、骨化修复和钙化~([2])。这些病理改变常发生于肌腱附着点、滑膜和软骨关节处,产生特征性影像学特点~([2])。X线和MRI是AS诊断及疗效评价最常用的检查手段。然而,由于普通X线检查只能发现由炎症反应导致的骨性结构破坏而非炎症反应本身,且不能显示软组织的病理改变,因此其在AS诊疗中的     

前后联合入路治疗先天性颈椎半椎体畸形并上胸椎重度脊柱侧凸1例报告

正先天性脊柱畸形是由于脊柱发育缺陷导致的脊柱形态及结构功能异常,在婴儿中其发生率约为1/1 000~([1])。颈椎半椎体畸形是先天性脊柱畸形的一种,常见于Klippel-Feil综合征,与胸腰椎畸形相比,此类畸形在临床上更为罕见。Deburge等~([2])和Winter等~([3])分别于1981年首次报道颈椎半椎体畸形及其治疗方法,Ruf等~([1])在2005年对其进行详细阐述。近年来,临床报道了多例颈椎半椎体畸形病例,治疗方法各有不同~([4-6])。本院2015年收治C_5半     

强直性脊柱炎合并骨折的特点及手术治疗研究进展

<正>强直性脊柱炎(AS)是一种累及人体中轴骨的慢性炎症性疾病,常由于骶髂关节炎、肌腱炎、脊柱附着点炎症及韧带骨化等原因导致背部疼痛~([1]),常伴有严重的骨质疏松,早期即可发现~([2]),晚期伴有严重的后凸畸形,常表现为颈椎、腰椎前凸减小甚至变为后凸及胸腰段后凸~([3])。AS患者多存在脊柱骨性强直、椎体骨质疏松及脆性增加,因此,无外力或轻微的外力作用即可发生脊柱骨折,且容易并发严重的脊髓损伤~([4]);病史较长的患者,常形成僵     

先天性脊柱侧凸半椎体切除短节段融合术后失代偿的研究进展

正椎节先天性发育异常可导致脊柱生长不平衡,形成的畸形被称为先天性脊柱侧凸(congenital scoliosis,CS),可分为椎体形成缺陷、分节缺陷和混合型三种类型~([1])。据统计,新生儿中CS的发生率约为0.5‰～1‰~([2])。半椎体畸形是先天性脊柱侧凸最常见的类型(46%)~([3]),而半椎体又可分为完全分节(65%)、部分分节(22%)和未分节(12%)~([4])。CS的进展与患者的年龄、畸形椎体的形态和部位密切相     

颈椎后路减压术后轴性症状的研究进展

正颈椎后路减压术后良好的临床疗效已得到肯定,但C5神经根麻痹、轴性症状(axial symptoms,AS)等并发症的出现,则会降低其术后疗效满意度。AS常常反复发作,劳累、受凉时出现或加重,休息后缓解,给患者生活和工作造成很大负担~([1])。作为颈椎后路减压术后重要的并发症之一,AS逐渐引起了越来越多脊柱外科医师的重视。为增强临床医生对AS的认识,降低其发生率,提高颈椎后路减压术后的     

上颈椎结核外科手术诊疗的研究进展

正近年来,结核病的发生率呈增长趋势,骨关节结核约半数累及脊柱,上颈椎结核占脊柱结核的0.3%~1.0%~([1-2])。发生率虽低,但其部位特殊,造成该区域骨和韧带的广泛破坏,进而导致的压迫和不稳定严重威胁到延髓、脊髓,引起神经和呼吸功能障碍~([3])。但上颈椎漏斗结构对脊髓压迫容忍度较大,早期不易发现,出现严重神经症状时常需要手术治疗~([1-2])。手术治疗的目的主要是清除结核病灶,利于药物渗入,重建上颈椎稳定性,保留和恢复神经功     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.