生物柴油标准分析与制定研究

我国生物柴油技术的发展急需生物柴油标准的建立。本文分析了国内外生物柴油标准发展现状,讨论了国内现有生物柴油企业标准。建立了一系列生物柴油质量测试方法,测试了国内典型的3种工业生物柴油样品及原生植物油、柴油及20%生物柴油样品。在对测试结果和国际主要生物柴油标准进行对比和分析的基础上,对我国生物柴油标准的制定提出了建议。     

生物柴油稳定性及稳定剂研究进展

综述了国内外生物柴油稳定性和生物柴油稳定剂的研究发展状况,内容涉及生物柴油的化学组成与基本特征、生物柴油的稳定性及其影响因素、生物柴油的稳定性检测及评价方法、生物柴油稳定剂的种类及性能等,认为添加稳定剂是提高生物柴油稳定性的主要手段。     

生物柴油原料资源开发及深加工技术研究进展

生物柴油（脂肪酸甲酯）是一种绿色清洁的再生能源。我国生物柴油产业发展速度很快,但受原料价格高及产品多元化程度低等因素的影响,生物柴油价格高,产业缺乏竞争力。开发多样化的原料资源,进行产品深加工,对于生物柴油产业的发展具有重要的意义。本文综述了国内外生物柴油原料开发利用进展,介绍了国外生物柴油原料资源分布、资源特点及不同原料生物柴油的特点。简述了我国生物柴油原料资源现状及发展策略。介绍了生物柴油深加工技术研究进展,重点阐述了在制备第二代生物柴油、生物降解润滑油基础油、脂肪醇、烷醇酰胺、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐及绿色增塑剂等方面的研究进展及面临的问题,指出开发高效催化剂是发展生物柴油深加工技术的关键。     

棉籽油制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油属可再生能源,是一种清洁环保的新型燃料,降低传质阻力、提高生物柴油产率及质量是现今的研究热点。介绍了生物柴油制备用原料油、常用制备方法、强化技术及制备工艺条件。回顾了制备生物柴油常用的原料油,突出了在我国棉籽油制备生物柴油的可行性。综述了现有棉籽油生物柴油的制备方法及强化技术,化学酯交换法是常用的工业棉籽油生物柴油的制备方法,微波及超声强化技术得到应用,并分析提出后续研究方向,水力空化技术及新型反应器的开发为可持续进行生物柴油工业化发展开辟了新的道路。分析了生物柴油制备工艺条件对制备过程的影响,催化剂是有效提高生物柴油产率及质量的重要工艺参数,开发新型负载型固体催化剂及功能化离子液体可为棉籽油生物柴油的发展提供新的思路。     

生物柴油及其面临的挑战

生物柴油是可再生的清洁能源。简述了生物柴油及国内外生物柴油产业发展现状，阐述了生物柴油的性质，并分析了生物柴油产业未来面临的挑战。     

生物柴油的抗氧化研究进展

生物柴油的氧化稳定性是影响生物柴油贮存与使用的关键问题。本文作者对生物柴油的组成特点、影响生物柴油氧化稳定性的因素及国内外生物柴油抗氧化性能的改善方法进行了分析,重点阐述了抗氧化剂对生物柴油抗氧化性能的影响。     

生物柴油--快速发展中的油脂化工新产品

简述了我国目前石油化工和煤化工的情况以及我国发展生物柴油的重要性。回顾了世界生物柴油作为一种工业产品的发展史。指出了我国目前发展生物柴油所存在的问题,并对我国开发生物柴油新产品进行了分析。提出了开发生物柴油的必要性及重要性,以及生物柴油广泛的市场前景。     

生物柴油开发与应用

综论了国内外生物柴油的生产现状,对生物柴油的原料及不同原料的生物柴油性状进行了比较,介绍了化学酯交换、生物酶催化和超临界甲醇法等生物柴油的生产工艺,简述了生物柴油未来发展的趋势以及研究方向。     

生物柴油的发展与研究进展

综述了可替代柴油的生物柴油在国内外研究及生产的现状和发展趋势,指出了生物柴油的优势及生物柴油制备、应用中存在的问题,并展望了该产业的发展前景。     

生物柴油的生产和应用

综述了生物柴油的发展历史和西方主要国家对生物柴油的研究、生产现状及有关的政策。讨论了各种生物柴油的制备方法及生物柴油应用的主要问题 ,对我国生物柴油的研究与开发提出了一些新的看法。     

Fuel consumption and emissions from a diesel power generator fuelled with castor oil and soybean biodiesel

This work investigates the impacts on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of a diesel power generator operating with biodiesel. Fuel blends with 5%, 20%, 35%, 50%, and 85% of soybean biodiesel in diesel oil, and fuel blends containing 5%, 20%, and 35% of castor oil biodiesel in diesel oil were tested, varying engine load from 9.6 to 35.7 kW. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) and the exhaust concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC) were evaluated. The engine was kept with its original settings for diesel oil operation. The results showed increased fuel consumption with higher biodiesel concentration in the fuel. Soybean biodiesel blends showed lower fuel consumption than castor biodiesel blends at a given concentration. At low and moderate loads, CO emission was increased by nearly 40% and over 80% when fuel blends containing 35% of castor oil biodiesel or soybean biodiesel were used, respectively, in comparison with diesel oil. With the load power of 9.6 kW, the use of fuel blends containing 20% of castor oil biodiesel or soybean biodiesel increased HC emissions by 16% and 18%, respectively, in comparison with diesel oil. Exhaust CO₂ concentration did not change significantly, showing differences lower than ±3% of the values recorded for diesel oil operation, irrespective of biodiesel type, concentration and the load applied. The results demonstrate that optimization of fuel injection system is required for proper engine operation with biodiesel.     

Physical-chemical properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel and castor oil biodiesel blends

This work presents the physical-chemical properties of fuel blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel or castor oil biodiesel with diesel oil. The properties evaluated were fuel density, kinematic viscosity, cetane index, distillation temperatures, and sulfur content, measured according to standard test methods. The results were analyzed based on present specifications for biodiesel fuel in Brazil, Europe, and USA. Fuel density and viscosity were increased with increasing biodiesel concentration, while fuel sulfur content was reduced. Cetane index is decreased with high biodiesel content in diesel oil. The biodiesel blends distillation temperatures T₁₀ and T₅₀ are higher than those of diesel oil, while the distillation temperature T₉₀ is lower. A brief discussion on the possible effects of fuel property variation with biodiesel concentration on engine performance and exhaust emissions is presented. The maximum biodiesel concentration in diesel oil that meets the required characteristics for internal combustion engine application is evaluated, based on the results obtained.     

生物柴油发展现状

综述了世界各国生物柴油开发及应用现状、各国为发展生物柴油而采取的相应措施以及主要的油料资源.重点介绍了我国生物柴油研究开发现状及产业化情况、我国为发展生物柴油产业制定的相关法规及扶持政策和我国能源油料资源的研究和开发现状,指出了我国生物柴油发展中存在的主要问题并提出了相应的建议,展望了我国生物柴油的发展前景.     

Fuel structure and properties of biodiesel produced by the peroxidation process

Biodiesel is a clean alternative fuel, which can be used to reduce the emission pollution from diesel engines. The improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel through production technique was investigated in this study. A chemical production procedure of transesterification reaction combined with an additional peroxidation process was applied to produce the biodiesel. It was shown that the biodiesel produced by this method has a larger weight proportion of saturated carbon bonds, higher kinematic viscosity, and a higher flash point with less fuel residue collected after the fuel burning, than the biodiesel without the additional peroxidation process. Moreover, the peroxide value and the acid number increased while the thiobarbituric acid value, iodine value, combined relative oxidation rate, and number of double bonds of fatty acids reduced for the biodiesel produced with the additional peroxidation process. Therefore, it was concluded that the peroxidation process for biodiesel production can be used to improve the fuel properties of biodiesel.     

Influence of Methanol–Biodiesel Blends on the Particulate Emissions of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine

In this study, Euro V diesel fuel, biodiesel, and methanol–biodiesel blends were tested in a 4-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine to investigate the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of the diesel engine under five engine loads at the maximum torque engine speed of 1800 rpm. Compared with Euro V diesel fuel, biodiesel gives lower and earlier heat release rate. For the blended fuels, the peak heat release rate becomes higher and retarded. With regard to particulate mass concentration, biodiesel generates less than Euro V diesel fuel, while the blended fuels result in significant reduction especially at high engine loads. Compare with Euro V diesel fuel, the total particle number concentration of using biodiesel is always higher while the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the particles is lower. With the blended fuel, the total number concentration and GMD decrease in comparison with pure biodiesel. Further analysis shows that the difference between the total number concentration of biodiesel and Euro V diesel fuel is in particles smaller than 50 nm rather than in the larger particles. The use of methanol–biodiesel blends, compared with biodiesel, could reduce the number concentration of all sizes. A comparison between the particulate mass emission and total particulate number concentration with the mass of fuel burned in the diffusion mode show that they are strongly related to each other, even for the blended fuel.     

Fuel injection characteristics and spray behavior of DME blended with methyl ester derived from soybean oil

The objective of this work is to analyze the fuel spray injection characteristics and macroscopic behaviors of the dimethyl ether (DME) blended methyl ester derived from soybean oil at different blending ratios. The injection characteristics of the blended fuels such as injection delay, injection rate, and effective velocity in the nozzle flow passage were investigated under the various DME and its blended fuels. In comparison with the injection delay of blended fuels, the lower blending ratio of DME blended fuel with biodiesel showed a shorter injection delay than the higher blending ratio of the blended fuel. At the same energizing period and injection pressure, the DME fuel with a higher blending ratio showed a longer injection duration than that of the lower blending ratio. The higher DME blended with biodiesel also showed a low peak value of injection rate compared to the lower DME blended fuel at the same injection time. As the blending ratio of DME fuel was increased, the effective initial velocity of neat biodiesel and lower DME blended with biodiesel increased compared to the higher DME blended fuel. In comparison of spray penetration of blended fuel, biodiesel and blended fuel have a similar spray length at the same condition except the neat DME fuel.     

Synthesis of biodiesel fuel from safflower oil using various reaction parameters

Biodiesel fuel is gaining more and more importance because of the depletion and uncontrollable prices of fossil fuel resources. The use of vegetable oil and their derivatives as alternatives for diesel fuel is the best answer and as old as Diesel Engine. Chemically biodiesel fuel is the mono alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from renewable feed stocks like vegetable oils and animal fats. Safflower oil contains 75-80% of linoleic acid; the presence of this unsaturated fatty acid is useful in alleviating low temperature properties like pour point, cloud point and cold filter plugging point. In this paper we studied the effect of various parameters such as temperature, molar ratio (oil to alcohol), and concentration of catalyst on synthesis of biodiesel fuel from safflower oil. The better suitable conditions of 1:6 molar ratio (oil to alcohol), 60 degrees C temperature and catalyst concentration of 2% (by wt. of oil) were determined. The finally obtained biodiesel fuel was analyzed for fatty acid composition by GLC and some other properties such as flash point, specific gravity and acid value were also determined. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel was with in the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel with 96.8% yield.     

Experimental investigation on injection characteristics of bioethanol-diesel fuel and bioethanol-biodiesel blends

This paper analyses the fuel injection characteristics of bioethanol-diesel fuel and bioethanol-biodiesel blends considered as fuel for diesel engines. Attention is focused on the injection characteristics which significantly influence the engine characteristics and subsequently the exhaust emissions. In this context the following injection characteristics have been investigated experimentally: fuelling, injection timing, injection delay, injection duration, mean injection rate, and injection pressure. The tested fuels were neat mineral diesel fuel, neat biodiesel made from rapeseed oil, bioethanol/diesel fuel and bioethanol/biodiesel blends up to 15% (v/v) bioethanol with an increment of 5%. The fuels blends were experimentally investigated in a fuel injection M system at rated condition (FL, 1100 rpm), peak torque (FL, 850 rpm), and maximum pump speed (1100 rpm) for different partial loads (PL 75% and PL 50%), at ambient temperature.It has been proven that for all operating regimens tested, the addition of bioethanol to biodiesel reduces fuelling, injection timing, injection duration, mean injection rate and maximum injection pressure and increases injection delay compared to pure biodiesel. Meanwhile, increasing bioethanol in diesel fuel shows no significant variations or a slightly increase in fuelling, injection timing, injection duration, and mean injection rate and a decrease in injection delay and maximum injection pressure, compared to pure diesel fuel.The influence of bioethanol in biodiesel is much more significant that in diesel fuel; it has a beneficial effect on biodiesel injection characteristics because bioethanol addition brings them nearer to the diesel fuel one and it is expected to decrease biodiesel NO_x emissions.     

Engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with croton megalocarpus methyl ester with antioxidant

The use of biodiesel as a substitute for petroleum-based diesel has become of great interest for the reasons of combating the destruction of the environment, the price of petroleum-based diesel and dependency on foreign energy sources. But for practical feasibility of biodiesel, antioxidants are added to increase the oxidation stability during long term storage. It is quite possible that these additives may affect the clean burning characteristics of biodiesel. This study investigated the experimental effects of antioxidants on the oxidation stability, engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a four cylinder turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from croton megalocarpus oil. The three synthetic antioxidants evaluated its effectiveness on oxidation stability of croton oil methyl ester (COME) were 1, 2, 3 tri-hydroxy benzene (Pyrogallol, PY), 3, 4, 5-tri hydroxy benzoic acid (Propyl Gallate, PG) and 2-tert butyl-4-methoxy phenol (Butylated Hydroxyanisole, BHA). The fuel sample tested in TDI diesel engine include pure croton biodiesel (B100), croton biodiesel dosed with 1000 ppm of an effective antioxidant (B100 + PY1000), B20 (20% croton biodiesel and 80% mineral diesel) and diesel fuel which was used as base fuel. The result showed that the effectiveness of the antioxidants was in the order of PY > PG > BHA. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants decreased more than that of biodiesel fuel without antioxidants, but both were higher than that of diesel. Antioxidants had few effects on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine running on biodiesel. Combustion characteristics in diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. This study recommends PY and PG to be used for safeguarding biodiesel fuel from the effects of autoxidation during storage. Overall, the biodiesel derived from croton megalocarpus oil can be utilized as partial substitute for mineral diesel.     

Biodiesel: Current Trends and Properties

Biodiesel, an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel, is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats. Several current issues affecting biodiesel that are briefly discussed include the role of new feedstocks in meeting increased demand for biodiesel and circumventing the food versus fuel issue, biodiesel production, as well as fuel properties and their improvement.