M310型核电厂在役检查的改进和优化

核电厂在役检查是核电厂机械设备安全运行的重要保证手段之一。本文结合国内核电厂在役检查的经验反馈,对RSE-M规范中某些技术条款的合理性进行探讨,介绍风险指引型在役检查方法的应用,并为我国M310型压水堆核电厂在役检查的优化提供建议。     

AP1000与EPR机组在役检查的差异性比较与分析

定期对核电厂实施在役检查是保障核电厂安全运行的重要手段之一。本文通过对国内第三代核电机组适用的在役检查相关法规标准的解读,结合AP1000机组与EPR机组的机械设备核心设备的各自设计特点,分析比较两者包括检查项目、在役检查周期和验收标准等在役检查活动的差异性,并对两者的在役检查活动提出改进建议。     

我国核电厂役前检查异常情况汇总与典型案例分析

役前检查是在役检查活动的重要组成部分,是后续在役检查结果的比较依据。我国核安全法规要求:核电厂首次装料前必须完成役前检查工作,并向核安全监管机构提交役前检查结果报告,核安全监管机构对报告进行审评。本文梳理了近年来我国核电厂役前检查发现的异常情况,并对典型案例进行了深入分析,为后续役前检查活动的实施和核安全审评提供了经验和建议。     

AP1000核电厂主泵法兰螺栓在役检查系统开发

AP1000核电厂反应堆主泵法兰螺栓是在役检查重要监督项目之一,目前国内尚无针对该部件的在役检查系统及应用案例。本文结合AP1000主泵法兰螺栓结构特点、现场高剂量环境及复杂检查条件分析,设计开发了一套从螺栓中心孔内壁实施超声检测、适用于在役检查要求的主泵法兰螺栓在役超声检查系统。主泵模拟体上的调试试验结果表明,该系统可实现周向运行、垂直方向避障、专用超声探头与螺栓孔精确对中调节等功能,进而实现对主泵法兰螺栓的超声扫查。工程应用结果证明本系统满足AP1000核电厂主泵法兰螺栓在役检查现场要求,具有较高的可靠性和良好的适用性。      

核电厂风险指引型管道在役检查方法研究及应用

本文对核电厂风险指引型管道在役检查(RI-ISI)方法开展研究。RI-ISI方法将风险见解融入到在役检查,采用风险矩阵从两个维度(管道失效可能性和管道失效后果)考虑安全重要度,提高了在役检查的有效性和针对性。将该方法应用于田湾核电站1、2号机组一回路压力边界内的管道在役检查,评价结果表明,在役检查工作量和成本得到明显降低,减少了在役检查人员的放射性照射。本文在最后给出了开展RI-ISI的一些建议。     

核电厂在役检查无损检查资质在我国的实践和探索

本文介绍了核电厂在役检查无损检查资质要求在我国核电厂的实践以及遇到的一些问题,并提出探索性的建议.     

核电厂设备超声检测显示性质判定准则的对比与分析

超声检测是核电厂设备制造、建安以及在役检查活动中重要的无损检测方法,超声显示的性质判定与缺陷验收密切相关。通过对比分析我国各类核电堆型适用的设计建造和在役检查规范标准,调研了相关工业实践,选出可操作性较强、适用性较好的超声显示性质判定准则,并通过试验验证了该判定准则的准确性。     

核电厂通用老化经验报告分析与编制建议

美国核管会编制发布的通用老化经验报告是美国核电厂运行执照更新的基石文件,对指导核电厂设计、运行和延寿,包括水化学管理、在役检查等老化管理工作具有重要意义.同时国际原子能机构也组织各成员国共同开发国际通用老化经验报告,而国内尚未编制中国核电厂通用老化经验报告.本文从报告适用性、老化经验积累与反馈、老化管理和科研水平提升等...     

核电厂水压试验设备设计方案优化研究

核岛容器水压试验是核电厂在役检查的重要方法之一，能够验证容器在持续承压状态下的完整性和密封性。根据不同类型容器对试验临时特殊装置的安装要求，在设计阶段优化容器本体及管道布置方案，从而降低在役水压试验人员受照剂量、缩减试验工期、减少对设备和相关附件的破坏，降低核电厂检修成本。      

方家山核电工程一回路主设备役前检查实施优化

核电厂一回路主设备在首次装料前必须完成役前检查,役前检查一直以来被安排在一回路水压试验后实施。方家山核电工程根据工程进度情况,通过分析对比法规标准,探讨主设备役前检查与主系统水压试验之间的关系,打破以往的观念,创造性地将主设备役前检查的时机进行优化,并通过国家核安全局(NNSA)审评。按此优化方案,方家山核电工程在国内首次在一回路水压试验前实施了主设备役前检查,不但保证了水压试验顺利进行,还缩短检查工期,有效达到了优化目标。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.