光助电催化降解偶氮染料酸性橙II的降解过程研究

使用自制的具有电催化活性和光催化活性TiO2改性的β-PbO2电极,研究了光助电催化氧化过程、电催化氧化过程和光催化氧化过程对于偶氮染料酸性橙II的降解.用紫外可见光谱和高效液相色谱分析了3种降解过程中不同的降解行为,对降解产物进行了FTIR和GC-MS分析.结果表明,单独电催化过程不同于其它2种过程,出现了醌类物质的大量累积;而在光助电催化氧化过程中,光催化氧化过程大大抑制了电催化氧化过程中累积的高毒性醌类物质.在2h内,光助电催化氧化过程是其它2种过程TOC去除率的1.56倍,产生了明显的协同作用.3种降解过程遵循相同的降解历程,都经历了产生醌类物质到低分子量有机酸的步骤.     

光助电催化降解偶氮染料酸性橙II的降解过程研究

使用自制的具有电催化活性和光催化活性TiO2改性的β-PbO2电极,研究了光助电催化氧化过程、电催化氧化过程和光催化氧化过程对于偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ的降解.用紫外可见光谱和高效液相色谱分析了3种降解过程中不同的降解行为,对降解产物进行了FTIR和GC-MS分析.结果表明,单独电催化过程不同于其它2种过程,出现了醌类物质的大量累积;而在光助电催化氧化过程中,光催化氧化过程大大抑制了电催化氧化过程中累积的高毒性醌类物质.在2 h内,光助电催化氧化过程是其它2种过程TOC去除率的1.56倍,产生了明显的协同作用.3种降解过程遵循相同的降解历程,都经历了产生醌类物质到低分子量有机酸的步骤.     

圆柱直齿轮精锻成形的UBET数值模拟

此文采用UBET对圆柱齿轮的精锻成形过程进行了模拟,得到了成形过程中成形力和金属充填齿腔过程中边界形状的变化规律.     

AutoCAD在噪声环境影响预测评价中的应用

研究声强等值线的分布情况,是声环境预测工作中的一个关键环节。应用AutoCAD开发技术,开发了一套适用于线屏障和封闭屏障影响条件下的一般系统进行模拟的绘图程序,实现了声强分布的图形表达过程。在计算多线屏障影响的过程中,采用了对数加权的近似处理,避免了复杂的求解过程;在等值线的绘制过程中,采用了"线段首尾连接"的方法来追踪等值点,简化了追踪过程。     

化工生产过程中的静电火灾爆炸危害与防护

介绍了化工生产过程中静电的产生、积聚和放电的过程,分析了化工生产过程中的静电火灾爆炸危害,并提出了相应的防护措施。     

水源水生物处理系统启动与再启动过程的硝化性能

基于中试规模试验 ,考察了微污染水源水生物接触氧化处理系统启动与再启动过程的硝化性能 ,探讨了处理系统启动过程的影响因素 ,比较了启动与再启动过程的氨氮去除效果。研究结果表明 ,氨氮去除量上升速率近似反映了启动与再启动过程硝化细菌的对数增长速率 ,是启动与再启动进程的重要量度 ;水温影响启动与再启动过程所需的时间 ,气水比影响处理系统可达到的氨氮硝化能力 ;保持长有成熟生物膜的填料浸没于水中 ,再启动过程较新填料挂膜的启动过程硝化细菌适应期短。     

职业教育专业教学的理念、设计与实施

文章提出职业教育专业教学过程应与职业岗位工作过程相一致的理念,在此基础上,建立了职业岗位工作过程的基本模型,以此模型为参照,构建职业教育的专业教学过程的行动模式,强调专业教学过程要以"学习性工作任务"作为载体来展开,并探讨了专业教学中"学习性工作任务"的设计和职业教育专业教学过程的实施模式。     

战略环境评价在过程工业中的应用研究解析

提出过程工业SEA的概念设定,阐述了过程工业进行SEA的现实必要性.引入环境管理全过程控制分析框架,讨论了目前进行过程工业战略环境评价应注意的几个主要内容,包括过程工业SEA的理论支撑、方法学模式等.最后对目前在我国开展过程工业SEA所需要注意的几个关键性问题进行了解析.     

过程安全管理关键要素——测量和指标探讨

介绍了过程安全管理关键要素"测量和指标"的主要内容,探讨了过程安全绩效指标的重要性、原理、分级、设置和用途,并以变更管理为例列举了过程安全绩效指标示例,为过程安全绩效指标设置提供借鉴。     

椭圆形拉深件的内涨式切边模

介绍了椭圆形拉深件由内向外进行切边的工艺过程和模具结构.并着重分析了模具工作过程以及在模具设计与制造过程中的特点.     

厌氧氨氧化过程中COD及pH与基质浓度之间的关系

分析了上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池中氮素化合物浓度、COD和pH变化规律以及ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布规律,利用数理统计的方法研究了厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH与氮素基质浓度之间的关系.结果表明,溶解氧和氮负荷的共同作用使得ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布沿滤层深度呈"山脊"状不均匀分布;异养反硝化的存在和H+的消耗使得厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH分别呈降低和升高趋势;100 mg/L以下的有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响不大,且COD和pH与基质NH4+-N浓度之间呈良好的线性相关关系.本试验中COD-NH4+-N和pH-NH4+-N拟合直线的斜率分别为1.113 8±0.052 2和-0.111 3±0.001 2,置信度为95%,平均相关系数R2分别为0.982 3和0.985 0.     

基于电子鼻土壤与地下水污染修复现场TVOC和恶臭的评估

根据上海某土壤与地下水污染修复现场情况,应用自主研发的电子鼻系统(iSA-M1)分别对未修复及修复过程中的土壤和地下水、修复场地上空及周边空气中的VOCs和恶臭类气体进行检测.结合前期研究所得TPI和OPI公式,求得各点的值,并将其用图表示.结果表明:①修复后TVOC和恶臭的浓度总体呈下降趋势;②在土壤和地下水修复过程中,VOCs和恶臭的挥发受气象要素和作业的影响,其浓度在总体下降的过程中伴随着阶段性上升现象;③结合GIS技术,电子鼻能初步用于评估土壤和地下水修复现场造成的空间污染情况及对周围居民产生的影响.但造成影响程度的具体细化分级还需要进一步研究.     

军工材料环境适应性工程化验证和研究发展战略探讨

通过对国内外发展现状分析,讨论了环境适应性工程化验证和研究在军工材料开发、应用及其在武器装备发展中的地位和作用。提出了军工材料环境适应性工程化验证的技术内涵、试验与研究的模式和军工材料开发到武器装备应用各个阶段的任务和目标。在此基础上。探讨了发展军工关键材料环境适应性工程化验证试验与研究的总体战略和目标。结合国情。提出了军工关键材料环境适应性工程化验证与研究和关键材料体系环境适应性数据完善．军工关键材料环境适应性工程化验证自主保障能力建设．军工关键材料环境适应性工程化验证技术的提升等3方面重点发展和研究内容的构想与建议。     

中国资源型城市的高质量发展：困境与突破

资源型城市的高质量发展具有重大的战略意义。为清晰认识中国资源型城市转型存在的问题以及高质量发展的路径,邀请来自不同领域的十位专家就当前资源型城市高质量发展的主要困境与突破路径等研究前沿进行访谈,访谈结果表明：中国资源型城市转型取得了巨大成绩,但距离高质量发展的要求仍有较大距离,突出表现在经济发展仍未能摆脱资源依赖的发展路径、推动高质量发展的新要素集聚偏弱和碳减排目标下资源型城市的内、外部均面临着巨大的压力;新时期需要重新认识资源型城市的作用和地位,提升资源型城市保障国家资源能源安全的能力;在深刻把握传统资源禀赋概念内涵基础上实现对新资源体系的再认知,注意挖掘新资源,充实资源型城市研究的新知识体系;要针对不同类型的资源型城市的发展条件,分类施策,因地制宜推动资源型城市的创新发展;要继续提高经济增长的就业弹性,增强经济发展拉动就业的能力,并充分重视就业机会的创造和培育;要加快探索绿色、高效的转型发展道路,同步实现“存量”的绿色化和“增量”的绿色性;要综合考虑资源型城市开发基础和要素资源条件,从传统的“增长和扩张型”转变为“高效增长与精明收缩结合型”发展模式;要整合新数据与新技术方法科学/智...     

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and heavy metals on soil and its components

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and two typical metals (copper and silver) on black soil and its components (kaolinite and humic acid) were investigated. It was found that because of their different valences and properties, Cu²⁺and Ag⁺ presented different effects on the sorption of mefenacet. Due to the competition of Cu²⁺, along with the shells of dense water formed by its surface complexation, for sorption surface area with mefenacet, the addition of Cu²⁺ decreased the sorption amount of mefenacet on soil and its components, especially on humic acid. However, the addition of Ag⁺ significantly enhanced the sorption of mefenacet, which was attributed to the softness of the cation that weakened the hydrophilicity of the local region around Ag⁺-complexed functionalities, and thus mitigated the competitive sorption of water. In addition, the sorption of mefenacet on soil with or without the two metals was generally decreased with increasing pH, which was caused by the hydrolysis of carbonyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of the sorbents, π-π interaction between mefenacet and the soil organic matter, and so on. On the other hand, the presence of mefenacet seemed to have little effect on the sorption of Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺, indicating that Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺ might be sorbed strongly on the tested sorbents and the mefenacet added was too low in concentration to affect the sorption of the metals.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

持续水动力作用下湖泊底泥胶体态氮、磷的释放

为揭示水动力扰动及其后续沉淀效应对湖泊内源氮、磷营养盐释放的作用,通过室内试验模拟了水体在受到持续扰动后又长时间静置沉淀的整个过程. 结果表明,水动力扰动初期可引起底泥颗粒态和胶体态氮、磷向水体大量释放. 在连续扰动0.5 d时,水体总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度分别达最高值2.106 mg/L和0.272 mg/L; 连续扰动1 d时,水体中胶体氮(CN)和胶体磷(CP)含量分别达最高值0.452 mg/L和0.052 mg/L; 之后虽继续扰动,因颗粒物和胶体物质的凝聚沉淀作用超过了其悬浮量,TN、TP、CN、CP的含量却转而降低.在停止扰动后的静置过程中,大颗粒悬浮物迅速沉淀,而胶体物质沉降缓慢,静置时间超过1 d后,CN和CP含量才开始因絮凝沉淀而降低.真溶解态氮(UDN) 和真溶解态磷(UDP)含量在扰动阶段升高较少而在静置1　d之后有持续大幅度升高,说明胶体的吸附作用在扰动阶段限制了水体溶解态氮磷含量的升高,且延长了其悬浮后在水柱中的停留时间,在扰动后的静置阶段,胶体又会将吸附的氮磷解吸释放到水体中,从而延缓了营养盐去除和水质的改善.     

污泥超高温好氧发酵去除氟喹诺酮类抗生素及其降解产物

对比分析了污泥传统高温好氧发酵(TC)和超高温好氧发酵(HTC)对诺氟沙星(NOR)、氧氟沙星(OFL)及其降解产物的去除性能.结果表明,超高温好氧与高温好氧发酵25d时NOR去除率分别为91.8％,92.1％,产物诺氟沙星脱乙基(NORP)残留含量分别为628,668μg/kg;OFL去除率分别为92.1％、88.1...     

MFI型沸石吸附分离水体中混合硝基氯苯的研究

采用MFI型沸石(HZSM-5与Silicalite-1沸石)为吸附剂分别吸附水体中的对硝基氯苯和邻硝基氯苯,研究了温度与沸石的结构特性对硝基氯苯吸附的影响,以及2种硝基氯苯分子在MFI型沸石中的扩散行为．结果表明,在不同温度下,对硝基氯苯与邻硝基氯苯在HZSM-5与Silicalite-1沸石中的吸附行为明显不同;对硝基氯苯在2种MFI型沸石中的扩散系数都显高于邻硝基氯苯．对硝基氯苯与邻硝基氯苯在吸附量与扩散性上的差异导致HZSM-5与Silicalite-1沸石对对硝基氯苯的吸附具有良好的选择性．尤其HZSM-5沸石在低温下更有利于从水体中选择性吸附分离混合硝基氯苯。     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.