基于SDN的动态负载均衡最优路径算法研究

在传统网络中,转发路径由各路由节点的动态协议决定,传统路径分配算法的全局性差、效率不高,对网络负载平衡的考虑不够,而且管理员难以确定业务报文所走路径。利用SDN改变传统网络对数据流控制的方式,提出一种H-Dijkstra负载均衡最优路径算法。该算法在传统Dijkstra算法的基础上设定一个动态负载均衡阈值,当检测到负载均衡参数超过此阈值,则触发动态调度策略对路径分配算法进行调整。通过反复实验与传统网络对比分析,结果表明,本文算法不仅发挥了SDN在转发与控制分离架构上的速度优势,而且避免了网络资源的浪费,提高了网络性能。     

自组网中一种基于跨层负载感知的按需负载均衡路由

本文提出了一种新的基于跨层负载感知的自组网负载均衡路由协议（CLLOR）。CLLOR在路由发现阶段和路由维护阶段将整个路径中各节点MAC层的总平均估计时延和路径总业务流负载结合起来共同作为路由选择和路由调整的重要依据,以实现网络业务流的均衡分布和均衡传输。协议通过禁止中间节点对路由请求进行应答和阻止不必要的路由请求分组经由重负载的中间节点转发,以保证路由发现时能够利用最新的负载信息,并避免了节点在重负载情况下成为新建路由的中间节点,使得协议具有一定的拥塞控制功能,以间接的方式实现了请求接纳控制。通过上述措施,可以很好地避免网络中出现拥塞节点,减少了网络瓶颈对网络性能的影响。仿真表明,CLLOR在分组丢失率、平均端到端时延和路由附加开销等方面具有良好的性能,其优良的分布式控制特征能适应自组网的动态环境。     

一种基于跨层负载感知和双向逐跳信息素更新的自组网蚂蚁算法

本文将跨层优化和蚂蚁优化方法结合起来解决自组网中的负载均衡问题，提出了一种基于跨层负载感知和双向逐跳更新信息素的蚂蚁优化路由协议（CLABHPU）.协议将整个路径中各节点MAC层的总平均估计时延和节点队列缓存的占用情况结合起来，共同作为路由选择和路由调整的重要依据，进行按需路由发现和维护;通过拥塞节点丢弃蚂蚁分组的方法减少了控制开销，增加了算法的可扩展性，较好地解决了自组网中现有基于蚂蚁算法的路由协议中普遍存在的拥塞问题和路由开销问题.同时，协议在路由发现阶段通过中间节点对信息素表进行双向和逐跳更新，提高了算法的收敛速度和对异常情况的反应速度.通过概率选路提供到目的节点的大量冗余路由，提高了算法的可靠性和顽存性.仿真结果表明，CLABHPU在分组成功递交率、路由开销以及端到端平均时延等方面具有优良性能，能很好地实现网络业务流负载均衡.     

基于能量感知的无线传感器网络路由算法

针对LEPS(Link Estimation and Parent Selection)在路由选择维护阶段数据收集成功率较低、节点间负载不均衡、链路质量评估复杂等问题,提出了基于能量感知的路由算法Energy-Aware and Load-Balance(EALB)。在路由选择时,EALB引入了能量感知和同层节点数据转发机制。通过仿真实验将该算法与LEPS路由协议进行比较,结果表明在相同的实验环境下,该路由协议能够提高收集成功率,有效均衡负载,延长网络生存时间。     

双向路径重选的自组网负载均衡路由协议

基于跨层负载感知和双向路径重选的自纽网负载均衡路由协议（CLBLR）在路由发现阶段和路由维护阶段，将整个路径中各节点MAC层的总平均估计时延和路径总业务流负载结合起来，共同作为路由选择和路由调整的重要依据，通过双向路径重选方法实现最优路径选择和网络业务流的均衡分布和均衡传输．协议通过禁止中间节点对路由请求进行应答和阻止不必要的路由请求分组，经由重负载中间节点转发，以保证路由发现时能够利用最新负载信息，并避免了节点在重负载情况下成为新建路由的中间节点，使协议具有一定的拥塞控制功能，以间接的方式实现了请求接纳控制．上述措施使分组传输路由很好地避免了拥塞节点，减少了网络瓶颈对网络性能的影响．仿真表明，CLBLR在分组丢失率、平均端到端时延和路由附加开销等方面具有良好性能，其优良的分布式控制特征能适应自组网的动态环境．     

路径优化的无线传感器网络CTP路由算法

针对无线传感器网络普遍存在因负载不均衡导致的转发率过高,网络寿命短的问题,提出了一种基于汇聚树协议(CTP)的路径转发优化协议深度和孩子汇聚树协议(DC-CTP).通过研究节点路径深度和孩子节点个数对当前节点以及对全网络转发数据量的影响,对CTP网络节点的路由算法进行优化.TOSSIM仿真的结果表明:DC-CTP协议选择优化后的路径,将整个网络的节点的数据转发量减少了平均10.25％左右,能够延长无线传感器网络的存活时间.     

基于剩余能量的无线传感网路由算法设计

小规模、分布集中的WSNs(Wireless Sensor Networks,无线传感器网络)适宜采用平面路由协议,但在平面路由协议中,传统的洪泛路由算法以广播的方式在整个网络中传输查询请求和查询结果数据帧,消耗了较多的传感器节点能量,导致节点过早失效.论文对传统的洪泛路由算法进行改进,提出并实现了一种节能路由算法BRE-Flooding(Based on the Remaining Energy Flooding,基于剩余能量的洪泛算法).在算法中,节点依据剩余能量决定是否接收和转发数据帧;节点维护由剩余能量、距离网络中聚合节点(Aggregation Node)的跳数等信息组成的邻居路由信息表,并依据数据帧中表示该查询请求关键程度的属性,结合邻居路由信息表动态确定向哪几个(或全部)邻居节点转发数据帧.经实验仿真,表明所提算法在节省节点能量消耗及网络负载均衡方面具有较好的表现.     

无线传感网多Sink负载均衡路由协议

大多数无线传感网络应用中,传感节点将所采集的数据传输到距离最近的汇聚节点(Sink),从而形成"多对一"的汇聚型传输.如果节点持续向Sink节点发送数据,由于传感节点产生和多跳传输转发数据分布的不均衡性,普遍采用最近Sink(nearest sink,NS)导致部分区域节点负载过重能量耗尽,整个网络分割,缩短网络寿命.为了延长网络寿命,在多Sink情况下提出一种基于最近Sink机制的启发式负载均衡路由协议.此算法不仅考虑Sink间均衡,同时考虑局部区域负载均衡.仿真结果表明本算法网络寿命大大优于同类算法.     

云基础设施中TPL2-SW网络模型的优化

为解决传统树型网络拓扑对大规模云集群造成的性能瓶颈,针对一种新的网络模型TPL 2-SW进行优化,提出了多路径负载均衡路由策略(MCLBR)和转发路由的硬件加速方案。通过在节点间建立网状链路,将负载指数纳入路由判定因素,并允许节点间负载分流;同时基于FPGA实现硬件转发路由器,并验证了在二层语义对多跳传输加速的可行性。仿真实验证明,优化方案可以在TPL 2-SW基础上显著提高网络的吞吐量和传输效率。     

基于跳数场的无线传感器网络路由协议研究

研究了无线传感器网络路由机制;在分析了基于跳数场的多径路由协议的基础上,针对其存在节点负载不均衡的缺陷,提出了新的局部动态改变节点功率的路由算法,该算法在建立跳数场时选取出一跳扩展节点来分担一跳节点的负担,在数据传输过程中使用基于节点剩余能量和连通度的加权函数值作为转发节点的选择依据,均衡了中间节点的能耗;仿真实验表明,新的算法能够有效均衡负载,延长网络生存期.     

Robust load-balanced backbone-based multicast routing in mobile opportunistic networks

Mobile opportunistic network (MON) is an efficient way of communication when there is no persistent connection between nodes. Multicast in MONs can be used to efficiently deliver messages to multiple destination nodes. However, because multiple destination nodes are involved, multicast routing is more complex than unicast and brings a higher communication cost. Backbone-based routing can effectively reduce the network overhead and the complexity of routing scheme. However, the load of backbone nodes is larger than that of regular nodes. If the backbone node’s buffer is exhausted, it will have a significant impact on the performance of the routing scheme. Load balancing can improve the ability of backbone to deal with the change of network load, and backbone maintenance algorithm can provide backbone robustness. In this paper, we propose a robust load-balanced backbone-based multicast routing scheme in MONs. In the backbone construction algorithm, we transform the problem of backbone construction into a multi-objective optimization problem, and propose a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm-based backbone construction algorithm, namely LBMBC-MOEA algorithm. In addition, in order to increase the robustness of the backbone-based routing scheme, we propose a localized multicast backbone maintenance algorithm (MBMA) to deal with the buffer exhaustion of backbone nodes. When a backbone node’s residual buffer is insufficient, MBMA algorithm selects other nodes to replace the backbone node. The results on extensive simulations show that when considering the node buffer size constraints, compared with previous backbone-based multicast routing schemes, our proposed algorithm has better performance, and when the node’s residual buffer is insufficient, MBMA algorithm can significantly improve the performance of the backbone-based multicast routing scheme.     

P2P流媒体的数据调度算法

数据驱动型覆盖网络中的数据调度算法是影响P2P流媒体系统性能的重要因素,为了解决当前算法未能有效利用数据块和节点的特性导致流媒体服务质量差的问题,提出了一种基于数据块优先级和节点能力度的数据调度算法。该算法能够根据数据块的稀缺性、紧迫性得到块的优先级大小,根据节点的上行带宽、在线时间、相对距离得到节点能力度的大小,使优先级高的数据块和能力度大的节点优先被请求,减少了数据块的播放等待时间。在OPNET网络仿真实验表明该算法能够有效降低流媒体播放系统的启动延时和服务器的负载。     

Epidemic机制下基于优先级的机会网络路由算法

在机会网络某些应用场景中,部分节点有优先使用网络资源的需求。提出并在ONE仿真平台上实现了Epidemic机制下基于优先级策略的路由算法。该算法为网络中节点分配了不同的优先级,并通过一定的策略抑制低优先级节点使用网络资源,以此来保证高优先级节点优先使用网络资源。仿真结果表明,当选择恰当的时间因子时,该算法可有效地抑制Epidemic过度泛洪,在不影响网络总体性能的前提下大幅度提高优先级节点的性能。     

Energy-efficient routing over coordinated sleep scheduling in wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, we study how energy-efficient routing at the network layer can be coordinated with sleep scheduling at the link layer to increase network-wide energy efficiency in wireless ad hoc networks. We identify a trade-off between the reduced transmit power at senders with multi-receiver diversity and the increased receive power at forwarders with coordinated sleep scheduling. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive study of how coordinated sleep scheduling affects the energy-efficient routing performance based on a 2-D gird topology and time division multiple access (TDMA) medium access control (MAC). Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the integrated routing and sleep scheduling, significant impact of coordinated sleep scheduling on the energy-efficient routing performance, and relationship between networking conditions (in terms of the traffic load and node density) and overall system performance achieved by different energy-efficient routing protocols.     

一种基于通信状态感知的MANET路由协议

现有的移动Ad hoc网络(MANET)负载感知路由协议,只重视避开重负载节点,在路由选择时并未综合考虑网络特性和路由间的耦合,所以增加了一定的时延和开销。文章针对以上情况,提出了一种新的基于通信状态感知的路由协议(CSAR),结合负载信息并予以归一化,考虑到加权系数,在特定要求的场合可以给出对应的评价效果,从而选出最优路由。性能分析结果表明,本算法能较好地降低端到端时延,减轻节点拥塞。     

一种SRIO网络负载均衡最短路径路由算法

在串行RapidIO传输过程中,路由选路算法是影响传输性能的重要因素之一。针对串行高速输入-输出(SRIO)网络深度优先搜索分配路径非最优问题,提出一种负载均衡最短路径路由算法。通过广度优先搜索对SRIO网络中的节点进行枚举并建立网络拓扑信息,以路由跳数定义路由的成本,根据改进Floyd-WarShall算法计算并保存交换节点间的K最短路径。给出预期负载的概念和链路上的路由路径数量来定义链路的负载,采用负载均衡算法从K最短路径中进行选路,建立SRIO网络最短路径约束的负载均衡路由。实验结果表明,与深度遍历路由算法、最小跳数算法相比,该算法在网络传输平均跳数、链路平均负载和链路负载均衡方面有更好的表现,能够有效提升SRIO路由网络的稳定性。     

基于改进Dijkstra算法的配用电通信网流量调度策略

针对配用电通信网中数据汇聚易产生拥塞的问题,提出了一种复合边权值流量调度路由算法。首先,依据跳数建立节点分层模型;然后,划分配用电业务优先级和节点拥塞等级;最后,以跳数、流量负载率和链路利用率为综合指标计算边权值,对需要流量调度的节点根据改进的Dijkstra算法进行路由选择,同时对重度拥塞节点按照配用电业务优先级进行调度。与最短路径（SPF）算法和贪婪背压算法（GBRA）相比,在数据生成率为80 kb/s时,所提算法紧急型业务丢包率分别减少了81.3%和67.7%,关键型业务丢包率分别减少了79%和63.8%。仿真结果表明,所提算法能有效缓解网络拥塞,提高网络有效吞吐量,降低网络端到端时延和高优先级业务的丢包率。     

A routing framework for load balancing of bandwidth sensitive traffic in differentiated service networks

The Differentiated Service (DiffServ) network model has been defined as a scalable framework for providing Quality of Service to applications. In this model, traffic is classified into several service classes with different priorities inside queues of IP routers. The premium service class has the highest priority. Due to the high priority of premium traffic, the global network behaviour against this service class, including routing and scheduling of premium packets, may impose significant influences on traffic of other classes. These negative influences, which could degrade the performance of low-priority classes with respect to some important metrics such as the packet loss probability and the packet delay, are often called the inter-class effects. To reduce the inter-class effects, the premium-class routing algorithm must be carefully selected such that (1) it works correctly (i.e., without loop) under the hop-by-hop routing paradigm; and (2) the congestion resulted from the traffic of premium class over the network becomes minimum. In this paper, we first introduce a novel routing framework, named compatible routing, that guarantees loop-freedom in the context of hop-by-hop routing model. Then, upon this framework, we propose two multipath architectures for load balancing of high-priority traffic on DiffServ networks. Our extensive simulations clearly demonstrate that the proposed methods distribute the premium bandwidth requirements more efficiently over the whole network and perform better than the existing algorithms, especially in the case of complex and highly loaded networks.     

Bandwidth-aware energy efficient flow scheduling with SDN in data center networks

Nowadays the energy consumption has become one of the most urgent issues for Data center networks. For general network devices, the power is constant and independent from the actual transfer rate. Therefore the network devices are energy efficient when they are in full workload. The flow scheduling methods based on the exclusive routing can reduce the network energy consumption, as the exclusive routing paths can fully utilize all their links. However, these methods will no longer guarantee the energy efficiency of switches, as they handle flows in priority order by greedily choosing the path of available links instantaneously. In a previous work we proposed an extreme case of flow scheduling based on both link and switch utilization. Herein we consider general scenarios in data center networks and propose a novel energy efficient flow scheduling and routing algorithm in SDN. This method minimizes the overall energy for data center traffic in time dimension, and increases the utilization of switches and meet the flow requirements such as deadline. We did a series of simulation studies in the INET framework of OMNet++. The experiment results show that our algorithm can reduce the overall energy with respect to the traffic volume and reduce the flow completion time on average.     

Random Walk Routing in WSNs with Regular Topologies

Topology is one of the most important characteristics for any type of networks because it represents the network's inherent properties and has great impact on the performance of the network. For wireless sensor networks (WSN), a well-deployed regular topology can help save more energy than what a random topology can do. WSNs with regular topologies can prolong network lifetime as studied in many previous work. However, little work has been done in developing effective routing algorithms for WSNs with regular topologies, except routing along a shortest path with the knowledge of global location information of sensor nodes. In this paper, a new routing protocol based on random walk is proposed. It does not require global location information. It also achieves load balancing property inherently for WSNs which is difficult to achieve by other routing protocols. In the scenarios where the message required to be sent to the base station is in comparatively small size with the inquiry message among neighboring nodes, it is proved that the random walk routing protocol can guarantee high probability of successful transmission from the source to the base station with the same amount of energy consumption as the shortest path routing. Since in many applications of WSNs, sensor nodes often send only beep-like small messages to the base station to report their status, our proposed random walk routing is thus a viable scheme and can work very efficiently especially in these application scenarios. The random walk routing provides load balancing in the WSN as mentioned, however, the nodes near to the base station are inevitably under heavier burden than those far away from the base station. Therefore, a density-aware deployment scheme is further proposed to guarantee that the heavy-load nodes do not affect the network lifetime even if their energy is exhausted. The main idea is deploying sensors with different densities according to their distance to the base station. It will be shown in this paper that incorporating the random walk routing protocol with the density-aware deployment scheme can effectively prolong the network lifetime.