肖蛸科蜘蛛的捕食行为

肖蛸科蜘蛛捕食过程中的行为单元、捕食的策略以及不同种类肖蛸捕食行为的多样性及其进化。     

不同年份油桃园三种主要害虫与其天敌的关系

为了科学施药,合理保护和利用自然天敌进行油桃害虫的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法、生态位分析方法和空间格局聚集强度指数分析方法,对2008年及2009年春-夏季油桃园桃蚜、小绿叶蝉和山楂叶螨与其主要捕食性天敌在数量、时间和空间格局等方面关系进行分析,两年春-夏季综合排序的结果是,桃蚜主要捕食性天敌依次是黑带食蚜蝇、异色瓢虫、三突花蟹蛛;小绿叶蝉主要捕食性天敌依次为三突花蟹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和草间小黑蛛;山楂叶螨主要捕食性天敌依次为草间小黑蛛、八斑球腹蛛和三突花蟹蛛。2008年秋季桃蚜的主要天敌依次是八斑球腹蛛、中华草蛉和锥腹肖蛸;小绿叶蝉的主要天敌依次是草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸和黑带食蚜蝇;山楂叶螨的主要天敌依次为八斑球腹蛛、异色瓢虫和中华草蛉。两年春-夏季之间3种害虫及天敌数量差异均不显著。     

石榴园棉蚜及其天敌之间的关系

采用灰色系统分析方法,分析了对主要害虫棉蚜及其天敌日捕食总量之间关联度,结果表明,棉蚜群落中与其关联度较高的天敌种类依次为肖蛸蛛(0．8607)、中华草蛉(0．8058)、八斑球腹蛛(0．7989)、异色瓢虫(0．7881)和大草蛉(0．7758),与理想天敌日捕食总量间关联度较高的天敌种类为草间小黑蛛(0.8975)、智利小绥螨(0．8132)、龟纹瓢虫(0.7806)和大草蛉(0．7669);与天敌数量间关联度较高的天敌依次为草间小黑蛛(0．8482)、中华草蛉(0．7533)、肖蛸蛛(0．7532)、八斑球腹蛛(0．7411)和大草蛉(0．7116),与理想天敌数量间关联度较高的为草间小黑蛛(0．8461)、智利小绥螨(0．7325)、龟纹瓢虫(0．6983)、大草蛉(0．6815)和中华草蛉(0．6757)．棉蚜垂直生态位和水平生态位的重迭值均>0．9567的天敌有草间小黑蛛、大草蛉和肖蛸蛛;时间生态位重迭值>0．4020的天敌有草间小黑蛛、大草蛉和肖蛸蛛,表明草间小黑蛛、大草蛉、肖蛸蛛等为棉蚜主要天敌优势种。     

捕食驯化对胭脂鱼和中华倒刺鲃游泳行为、应激和免疫功能的影响

鱼类对环境的行为和生理适应能力与其在自然界的资源变动状况密切相关, 研究选取胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)和中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼为研究对象, 考察1周捕食者(乌鳢, Channa argus)驯化对2种鱼类的运动能力(最大匀加速速度)、特异(血浆IgM水平)和非特异免疫(血浆溶菌酶含量)指标和抗氧化能力(血浆超氧化物歧化酶活性)的影响, 及在有无捕食者急性暴露两种条件下的驯化和非驯化鱼群自发游泳行为(游泳速度、运动时间比和个体间距离)和应激反应(血浆皮质醇水平)。研究发现: (1)总体上中华倒刺鲃比胭脂鱼有更快的游泳速度、更为活跃的自发游泳行为、更高的血浆皮质醇和IgM水平; (2)1周捕食驯化导致两种鱼类血浆皮质醇水平、特异免疫和非特异免疫水平的上升, 并且中华倒刺鲃比起胭脂鱼表现的更加明显; (3)急性捕食者暴露导致血浆皮质醇水平上升, 个体间距离下降, 但后者仅在非驯化组有所体现。研究表明: (1)捕食驯化鱼类通过皮质醇动员特异和非特异免疫应对应激, 这些生理和行为的改变可能有利于鱼类增强避敌能力或加快非致死捕食损伤的快速恢复。这表明捕食驯化可作为潜在的增殖放流前的生态锻炼; (2)2种鱼类的行为、免疫等生理基础状态及其对外界刺激的响应程度不尽相同, 未来相似的环境变化可能对两种鱼类的资源产生不同影响。     

利它素对中华通草蛉不同龄期幼虫捕食行为的影响

本文测定了棉蚜及棉花嫩梢不同溶剂提取液对中华通草蛉捕食行为的影响,结果表明,棉花受害嫩梢及未受害嫩梢提取液对中华通草蛉幼虫捕食行为无明显影响;棉蚜虫体浆液、棉蚜水提液,均含有很强的利它素活性物质,而棉蚜无水乙醇提取液利它素活性物质含量甚微,中华通草蛉各龄幼虫对棉蚜水提液均表现有明显的滞留和调转行为.     

四种鲤科鱼类对捕食胁迫行为响应的种间比较

为了比较早期捕食胁迫经历和当前环境中存在的捕食者对鱼类行为的影响, 并考查这些影响是否存在种间差异, 研究分别考查了测定环境(有、无捕食者存在)对有、无捕食胁迫经历的鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)和中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)等4种鲤科鱼类探索性、活跃性和勇敢性的影响。结果发现: 早期捕食胁迫经历与当前环境条件对鱼类行为产生截然不同的影响, 且存在较大的种间差异。无捕食胁迫经历的鳊、草鱼和中华倒刺鲃均会对陌生的捕食者乌鳢(Channa argus)做出行为响应, 提示这3种鱼可能对陌生捕食者具有一定的识别能力, 但这种识别与猎物鱼通过捕食胁迫经历获得的识别仍具有一定差距; 具有捕食胁迫经历的鳊和中华倒刺鲃在空白环境中未表现出反捕食行为, 可能是节约能量的一种策略。总体而言, 草鱼对捕食胁迫经历和测定环境处理反应更为敏感, 而中华倒刺鲃的反应则相对保守。但当周围环境中存在捕食者时, 4种鲤科鱼类均会通过维持较高运动状态的方式来应对捕食者。维持这种应激状态可能对猎物鱼保持与捕食者的距离, 并随时保持警惕较为关键。     

利用分子探针法研究稻田蜘蛛集团对褐飞虱的捕食作用

为褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens（Stal）的绿色防控提供理论参考依据,于2011年和2012年在调查了浙江富阳不同品种稻田褐飞虱和蜘蛛的发生密度后,利用荧光定量PCR分子探针技术分析了9科27种3 807头蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用。研究结果表明,在水稻Oryza sativa L.不同生育期,稻田总的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度等参数值均随调查时间呈规律性变化,且在调查时间点间出现了显著性差异（P<0.05）;各科蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率均随水稻生育期的发展呈增加趋势,整体上,狼蛛科Lycosidae、皿蛛科Linyphiidae、球腹蛛科Theridiidae、肖蛸科Tetragnathidae、跳蛛科Salticidae和园蛛科Araneidae捕食率在DAT21,DAT35和DAT77,DAT91之间有显著性差异（P<0.05）;2012年两品种稻田的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度等参数值均显著高于2011年的值,两年间汕优63（SY63）稻田的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度均显著高于IR64的密度;2012年各科蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率显著高于2011年的值（P<0.05）,且狼蛛科和球腹蛛科对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率在两品种间存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;稻田4种蜘蛛优势种拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bosenberg & Strand)、八斑球腹蛛Theridion octomaculatum (Boes. et Str.）、食虫瘤胸蛛Oedothorax insecticeps (Boes. et str.)和锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa (Thoren)的捕食阳性率均随褐飞虱种群密度的增加而增加,该捕食功能反应曲线可用非线性模型P=aN/(1+bN)拟合;除锥腹肖蛸外,其它3种的捕食功能反应曲线均呈饱和状态;拟环纹豹蛛捕食褐飞虱的DNA残留量显著高于八斑球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和食虫瘤胸蛛的残留量（P<0.05）。本研究结果充分说明稻田各蜘蛛类群对不同生育期、不同品种水稻的褐飞虱均具有较强的捕食作用,是生物防治策略中的重要因素,应加强田间蜘蛛的保护工作和增强自然天敌的控害功能。     

四种肖蛸卵袋特征及守卵习性观察

圆尾肖蛸(Tetragnathavermiformis)、鳞纹肖蛸(T.squamata)、锥腹肖蛸(T.maxillosa)和前齿肖蛸(T.praedenia)为我国农田、果园和森林内常见蜘蛛,能够捕食多种害虫,为某些植物害虫的重要天敌。作者通过田间和室内观察,将各种不同蜘蛛卵袋的形态和守卵状态作了观察和描述,以供野外调查时参考。一、圆尾肖蛸(图A)产卵地点稻、棉、旱地等作物上。卵袋多产于单子叶植株叶的正面。以向阳处为多。沟边、湿地较多见。卵袋特征圆形,多为黄白色或淡土黄色。卵粒团呈圆球形,最大直径达7毫米,一般为4—5毫米,随着日期的增长面色渐加深,以至呈灰褐色。…     

人工养殖条件下嘉庚蛸的生物学特性及繁育技术初探

对人工养殖条件下嘉庚蛸(Octopustankahkeei)的基础生物学和繁育技术进行了初步研究。嘉庚蛸喜栖息于阴暗的场所,属昼伏夜出型,主要捕食一些活体的天津厚蟹(Helicetientsinensis)等。其个体产卵量非常低,为60～1 1 0粒头,平均仅85粒 头。繁殖季节,雌雄个体间存在交配行为,交配后精子贮藏在雌性的纳精囊中。受精卵分2～3批产出,成葡萄状悬挂于瓦罐底部,亲蛸(♀)具有护卵行为。受精卵约经过40～45d孵化出膜,为盘状卵裂,经过肉眼可见的“红珠”期、“黑珠”期、胚胎的逆转,最后孵化出幼体。     

转双价基因抗虫杂交稻对华丽肖蛸生物学特性的影响

用转双价基因(cry1Ac SCK)抗虫杂交稻(Ⅱ优科丰6号)饲喂稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)一定时间后,作为华丽肖蛸(Tetragnatha nitens)的猎物,研究转基因杂交稻经食物链对高营养级华丽肖蛸的生物学特性的影响。结果表明,华丽肖蛸连续7、14、21 d取食经Ⅱ优科丰6号饲喂后的稻纵卷叶螟,死亡率和平均产卵量较对照无显著差异;第1周的体重增长率明显高于对照,而第2周的体重增长率明显低于对照,到了第3周则差异不显著;7 d后的捕食量明显减少,捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ方程;其7和14d的乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力显著高于对照,而21d的无显著差异;羧酸脂酶比活力则在7、14、21d时均显著高于对照。     

Laboratory breeding studies of freshwater crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet)

SUMMARY. 1. Mature crayfish, collected from an Irish lake before breeding had started, were held in breeding combinations and their mating and brooding activities observed.
2. All mating attempts were initiated by the male. A single mating led to spawning within 6 days but a subsequent mating cancelled the effects of the first. Males mated more often when there were more females present. Males lacking a major cheliped mated less often than did normal males.
3. Larger males mated more often than did smaller males, and although males showed no female size preference, matings were less frequent and generally unsuccessful when males were much larger than females; the female was usually killed. Large females mated successfully with smaller males.
4. Females held at high densities with a larger male mated earlier than at low densities. However, aggression also increased with density; at high densities males fought and killed females.
5. Males held in pairs without females fought; in occasional mating attempts spermatophores were not positioned correctly. Paired females rarely fought; all spawned normally although unmated. Although their eggs soon died and were removed during grooming, brooding behaviour continued for at least 2 months.
6. Brooding females held in pairs shed pleopodal eggs during aggressive encounters. Females held singly showed a lower initial rate of egg loss.     

Breeding strategy of the male brooding water bug,Diplonychus major esaki (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae): Is male back space limiting?

Breeding ecology of brooding males of the water bugDiplonychus major was investigated in the field and laboratory. During one breeding season an individual male may consecutively brood 3 or 4 egg-masses on his back until hatching. The 1st and the 2nd egg-masses brooded took about 1 month to hatch. Eggs generally hatched. Most of them hatched in synchronously, and males received a new brood of eggs within a few days. Therefore, total male back spaces in the pond, here regarded as the reproductive resource for females, showed considerable fluctuation. When the resource was in low availability, male back space was estimated to be strongly limiting, and in order to ensure successful oviposition in a competitive environment, females are expected to lay eggs aggressively. In laboratory studies, intensive competition to lay eggs was observed, and polygamy also occurred. Males always attempted to copulate before receiving eggs. However, some females sometimes thrust themselves into mating pairs and laid eggs without copulation before the copulating female laid her eggs. Repeated copulation was likely unnecessary for females. Furthermore, since individual male back space is always limiting for each individual male it is evolutionarily advantageous for a male to receive only eggs fertilized by himself. Oviposition occurring without additional copulations, as observed in this study, is new evidence supporting the paternity assurance hypothesis.     

Females prefer mating males in the carmine triplefin,Axoclinus carminalis,a paternal brood-guarder

Synopsis This study investigates the role of male mating status in female choice patterns in the carmine triplefin, Axoclinus carminalis, a tripterygiid fish that exhibits paternal care. The distribution of daily reproductive activity is clumped, with many males receiving no mates and some receiving three or more. Females in this species do not prefer larger males, and characteristics of the oviposition site appear to have minimal effects on male mating success. When a female is removed from a male early in the daily spawning period, that male attracts fewer additional females for the remainder of the spawning period than does a control male. These changes in mating success are temporary, and do not affect mating success on subsequent days. A preference for mating males or males that are guarding eggs could provide asymmetric benefits for males to defend oviposition sites. This preference for males with eggs could be acting alone or with other factors such as high variance in oviposition site quality to favor the evolution of paternal care in fishes.     

广聚萤叶甲成虫交配时长对产卵量与孵化率的影响

【目的】明确不同交配时长对广聚萤叶甲雌虫产卵量和卵的孵化率的影响。【方法】在室内条件下,对不同交配时长下广聚萤叶甲的雌虫产卵量和卵的孵化率进行观察:(1)选取羽化第3d的广聚萤叶甲雌雄虫随机配对,观察24 h,记录交配情况和时长;(2)在交配开始1、5、15、30、60 min时,强行分开雌雄成虫,然后将不同交配时长的雌虫进行单独饲养,以正常交配一次的雌虫作为对照,每个处理选取23组;(3)将15～30 cm健壮豚草小苗插入注满水的塑料小瓶内,将配对的一组雌雄成虫和豚草小苗放入养虫盒中饲养,每天更换带卵的小苗并记录叶片上的产卵量;(4)将上述带卵的小苗至于适宜条件下培养,记录5～7 d内卵块孵化的情况。【结果】广聚萤叶甲正常交配一次的对照组的产卵水平显著高于各处理组,单雌产卵为889粒,交配时间15 min以下各组雌虫的产卵量明显低于交配30 min以上的各组雌虫。同时交配时长5 min以下雌虫产的卵基本不能孵化,而交配时间达到30 min以上的各组卵块的孵化率明显提高。【结论】雄虫转移雌虫受精所需精子量需要耗费的时间为30 min左右,且雄虫有延长交配时间的趋性。该结果为研究广聚萤叶甲的生态特性以及优化种群繁殖提供科学依据。     

Synchronous female spawning and male mating behavior in a land-locked population of Japanese charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus

In resource-based promiscuous mating systems, synchronous spawning of females affects competition among males and variation in the reproductive success of males. We documented the mating behavior of Japanese charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus) through an annual breeding season to examine the relationship between female spawning synchrony and male mating behavior. Females spawned highly synchronously in the population studied, i.e., approximately half the spawning was finished within the first three days of the entire spawning season (11 days). The daily operational sex ratio (OSR) was nearly 1:1 through the spawning period. The number of males around a spawning female was very small (1.21+/-0.49 males per female) over the spawning ground and period, suggesting that a competitive male could effectively chase subordinate males away from a spawning female. A few males attempted to sneak near the oviposition site of females (16%; 9 of 57 breeding groups), while some males adopted sneaking tactics in the initial phase of females' spawning (24%). We did not observe any males to succeed in sneak fertilizations. We conclude that in this Japanese charr population, the synchronous spawning of females was related to the unbiased daily OSR, male aggregation around females, and consequently whether and how efficiently males engaged in sneak mating behavior.     

Predominant maternal egg care and promiscuous mating system in the Japanese filefish,Rudarius ercodes (Monacanthidae)

Synopsis Reproductive behavior of the Japanese filefish, Rudarius ercodes, was studied at the rocky reef off Koinoura, northern Kyushu, Japan, between June and October 1989. Aggressive display was observed between males, but they were not territorial. Males had four types of courtship behavior: vibrating, tail bending, leaning and nuzzle. Spawning occurred early in the morning. A female and 1–3 male(s) mated together on brown algae. Each female spawned repeatedly with an interval of 6–12 days. Females cared for eggs and embryos from just after spawning until hatching, 2–4 days. Female egg care consisted of tending and guarding. Females tended eggs by blowing water on them and by fanning them with their pectoral fins. Females guarded eggs by driving away fish passing nearby. In some cases, males also guarded eggs by staying near the eggs and driving away conspecific males. Whether a male cares for eggs with a female seems to be affected by the form of mating (pair mating or single female-multiple male mating), and the probability of further reproduction after spawning. Dominant males showed a tendency to pair with a specific female intermittently over a two-month period. Mating, however, did not always occur between members of such pairs, and mates appeared to be inter-changeable with a promiscuous mating system.     

Female life span and fertility are increased by the ejaculates of preferred males

In animals with internal fertilization, sperm competition among males can favor the evolution of male ejaculate traits that are detrimental to females. Female mating preferences, in contrast, often favor traits in males that are beneficial to females, yet little is known about the effect of these preferences on the evolution of male ejaculates. A necessary condition for female preferences to affect the evolution of male ejaculate characteristics is that females select mates based on a trait correlated with ejaculate quality. Previous work has shown that females of the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, prefer males that produce calling songs containing faster and longer chirps. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that females receive more beneficial ejaculates from preferred males. Females were placed on either a high- or a reduced-nutrition diet then mated twice to a male of known song phenotype. Females received only sperm and seminal fluid from males during these matings. There was no effect of male song phenotype on any fitness component for females on the high-nutrition diet. Reduced-nutrition females mated to males that produced preferred song types, however, lived longer, produced more eggs, produced more fertile eggs, and had a higher proportion of their eggs fertilized than those mated to other males. The life-span benefit was positively associated with male chirp duration, and the reproductive benefits were positively associated with male chirp rate. We explored two possible mechanisms for the life span and reproductive benefits. First, a path analysis suggested that part of the effect of male chirp duration on female life span may have been indirect; females mated to males that produced longer chirps showed delayed oviposition, and females that delayed oviposition lived longer. Males that produce longer chirps may thus transfer fewer or less potent oviposition stimulants to females in their seminal fluid. Second, there was a positive correlation between male chirp rate and the number of sperm transferred to females. The fertility benefit may thus have resulted from females receiving more sperm from males that produce faster chirps. Finally, there was a negative phenotypic correlation between male chirp rate and chirp duration, suggesting that females may have to trade off the life span and reproduction benefits when selecting a mate.     

Copulation Is Not a Prerequisite to Male Reception of Eggs in the Golden Egg Bug Phyllomorpha laciniata (Coreidae; Heteroptera)

Females of the golden egg bug, Phyllomorpha laciniata, lay eggs on the backs of conspecifics. Male response to female oviposition attempts is either passive or resistant. Passive males remain still during oviposition, while resistant males move repeatedly and thereby delay or avoid being encumbered. We investigated how previous mating experience affected male acceptance of eggs. Males from two Spanish populations, from Andalusia and Catalonia, were allowed to mate with single females repeatedly. These experimental pairs were then presented with either a single, nonmating male or a pair in copula. We expected mating partners to resist oviposition attempts less strongly than nonmating males but no differences were detected. However, there was a significant difference in behavior exhibited by males from the two populations; males from Catalonia were relatively passive but males from Andalusia routinely resisted encumbrance. Predation pressure and the availability of receptive females may explain the observed differences between the populations.     

栎旋木柄天牛生殖行为研究

为了阐明栎旋木柄天牛Aphrodisium sauteri Matsushita生殖行为的方式和特点,寻找有效的防治手段,本试验观察了栎旋木柄天牛的生殖行为,并在林间尝试了成虫诱集。结果表明:雌雄成虫之间表现出较强的吸引作用,近距离时雌雄虫可相互吸引,而远距离时雌虫引诱力更强。室内试验中求偶时间会随着成虫的衰弱而增加。成虫交配主要发生于白天。羽化出孔后1～14日龄雌虫和2～13日龄雄虫均可多次交配。成虫一次完整交配平均需时70.12min,交配后保护平均仅用时3.86min。一次完整交配过程中,不同日龄成虫的交配历时、交配间隔历时及交配次数都存在差异,各日龄成虫的交配间隔历时均大于交配历时。交配或产卵经历对雄虫交配行为的影响明显大于雌虫。雌虫产卵前期平均为30.71h。雌虫每产1粒卵平均需时99.58s,并随日龄增长显著加长。每头雌虫平均每日产卵量和总产卵量分别为7.89和26.20粒。雌虫多在白天产卵,用产卵器触探树皮表面寻找合适的产卵部位。卵主要产于树皮裂缝和枝条疤痕内,一般每次产卵1粒,卵表面无覆盖物。     

SPERM MIXING IN THE COCKROACH DIPLOPTERA PUNCTATA

Females of the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata store sperm from their first mating, and do not remate until after giving birth to their first batch of young. The irradiated male technique was used to determine the outcome of sperm competition in the second batch of eggs of females mated sequentially to normal and irradiated males. It is estimated that the second male to mate with a female fertilizes approximately two thirds of the eggs in a female's second batch of eggs. Direct evidence for sperm mixing was obtained. Undeveloped eggs (fertilized by irradiated sperm) and developing embryos (fertilized by normal sperm) were found interspersed throughout oothecae that were extruded from females, demonstrating that normal and irradiated sperm were released from the spermathecae at oviposition and that they competed for fertilizations.