雎水地区水文地质条件分析

雎水地区位于成都平原北缘,北西侧为龙门山前缘侵蚀溶蚀中山区,山前为典型的冲洪积平原。在调查基础上,主要分析雎水地区含水层特征、地下水类型、含水层（组）富水性、地下水补径排特征、研究区分区及分区渗流场等。研究区域主要以冲洪积砂砾卵石层为主,并叠置于晚更新统泥质砾卵石层之上,二者共同构成冲洪积平原松散岩类孔隙潜水主要含水层。上部潜水流向总体方向为140°,地下水径流从扇顶至平原区由强减弱。研究结果可为当地地下水资源的合理开发利用及污染防治提供科学依据。     

山东大学齐鲁医院综合楼工程对济南泉水的影响分析

通过对山东大学齐鲁医院门诊保健综合楼工程建设对泉水是否影响的论证,认为场区内第四系碎屑岩孔隙裂隙水与奥陶系裂隙岩溶水为2个不同的含水系统。拟建工程在开挖深度内未揭穿第四系砾岩层,保留部分砾岩层作为基底持力层,并保持了下伏黏土的天然隔水性能,不会阻挡地下水径流补给通道,对泉水不会造成影响。     

湖南水口山矿田老鸭巢爆破角砾岩特征及成因初探

老鸭巢铅锌金多金属矿床中的岩体超覆侵入时形成了一系列角砾岩,其中岩浆隐蔽爆破角砾岩就是矿床铅锌金矿体主要赋矿构造.隐蔽爆破角砾岩可分为隐爆角砾、震碎角砾、流化角砾.老鸭巢矿区广泛分布着晚三叠世-中侏罗世的古岩溶沉积体,这些沉积的孔隙度高且富含地下水.当岩浆超覆侵入此处时,由于外部环境发生急剧变化,岩浆减压、降温、二次沸腾,并不断析出流体,在局部圈闭环境下流体压力将逐渐增大;加之岩溶中地下水丰富,地下水不断的气化,使气体的压力骤然增大.在屏蔽作用良好的超覆部发生了爆破作用形成了隐爆角砾;在爆破的外部震碎带形成了震碎角砾;而爆破之后的流化作用则形成了流化角砾.通过对老鸭巢爆破角砾岩的特征的研究,结合爆破角砾岩形成的地层、构造、岩体等条件的分析来探讨隐蔽爆破角砾岩的形成过程.分析了老鸭巢铅锌金矿体与隐蔽爆破角砾岩的关系,为今后矿山找矿提供服务.     

水下冲孔灌注桩在工程中的应用

分析水下冲孔灌注桩在地下水较为丰富,同时穿越流沙层,圆砾混卵石层等复杂地质条件施工中的质量控制及桩基方案的应用,,并对冲孔灌注桩轴线尺寸容易发生偏位的质量通病和泥浆排放是城市桩基文明施工的难题提出了有效的治理方案,实践证明桩型的选用和施工质量控制方法是正确的,也得到了明显的效果。     

兰州黄河阶地卵砾石层渗透系数测试研究

采用多孔抽水、钻孔注水和单环注水试验测得兰州黄河Ⅰ级阶地卵砾石层渗透系数分别为34.19m/d、32.68m/d和26.50m/d。颗粒分析成果表明,研究区卵砾石层孔隙体系形式为卵砾类骨架形成架空大孔隙,含量较少的中细砂小颗粒难以完全充填架空大孔隙,仅起到减少大孔隙通道的作用,其渗透系数大于中细砂但小于一般意义上不含或仅含极少量中细砂的卵砾石层。对比分析可知,基于特征粒径、不均匀系数的半经验渗透系数预测值具有很大的离散性和变异性,与实测值有较大差异,作为工程建设设计参数时应通过多种方法验证其准确性。依据水文地质测试成果,结合相关资料工程经验值及地区经验,推荐研究区降水方案设计含水层渗透系数取34.19m/d。     

甘肃黑方台地区灌溉型黄土滑坡形成机理 与运动学特征 ——以焦家崖头13号滑坡为例

甘肃黑方台地区常年农业灌溉导致塬边产生大量的黄土滑坡,灌溉水长期入渗引起灌区地下水位上升,因地下水作用造成水敏性黄土遇水乃至饱水后强度劣化,进而产生斜坡失稳,因黄土滑坡剪出口高悬于上缓下陡的坡体中部,其成灾模式呈现出高位剪出后高速滑动,并产生远程运移,波及范围大,致灾后果严重。以甘肃省永靖县黑方台焦家崖头滑坡为例,在现场调查和地下水动态监测的基础上,对灌溉型黄土滑坡塑流-拉裂形成机理进行分析,并运用离散元模拟方法,对地下水位上升过程中模型底部饱水黄土软弱层的形成、演化过程和滑坡运动学特征进行模拟研究。结果表明,随地下水位的上升,模型底部软弱层范围不断增大;孔隙水压力主要作用于滑坡底部软弱层饱水黄土;地下水位高程上升至标高1682m时,滑坡产生整体破坏。     

冀东铁矿田的开发对区域地下水环境的影响

冀东铁矿田赋存在太古界单塔子群白庙子组中,资源量（332＋333）为25亿 t,平均品位〉30%,是我国重要的铁矿基地。矿区位于滦河冲洪积扇中上部,矿体上覆第四系砂砾卵石含水层富水性强,水量丰富,属于大水矿床,矿床疏干排水困难,疏干排水将破坏地下水环境。本文在分析矿区水文地质条件的基础上,提出了具有密切水力联系的多层含水层系统的水文地质概念模型,并建立了刻画多层含水层系统的数值仿真模拟模型,基于预留隔水顶板井下充填法采矿,预测矿山开采地下水流场演变,评价了矿山开采对区域地下水环境的影响,提出了环境保护措施,对今后矿山开发过程中的地下水环境影响评价方法、地下水资源开发利用及环保管理决策具有重要意义。     

四川宁南水塘村滑坡形成机理

四川宁南县水塘村在同一黄土斜坡上发生过三次滑坡,最近一次滑坡发生在雨季持续降雨后,包括新的流滑和老滑坡的复活滑动,并且引起了前缘滑坡堆积体的复活。本文通过现场调查,分析了滑坡的工程地质特征,通过室内饱和黄土的应力路径试验、饱和黄土与黏土的环剪试验和稳定性计算探讨了滑坡形成机理。结果表明,灌溉与强降雨是滑坡发生的主要诱发因素;发生于黄土层内的流滑型新滑坡是由于灌溉和强降雨入渗导致弱透水黏土层上部地下水位上升、饱和黄土层孔隙水压力增大发生的静态液化;对于滑动型老滑坡复活,稳定性计算结果表明强降雨在滑体中的入渗导致黏土层上部地下水上升,降低了老滑坡稳定性,致使老滑坡沿已有滑面复活。     

公路涎流冰的成冰机理与新型防治措施研究

建立了粗、细粒土冻结模型, 分析了扰动三层体内部的析冰原理, 提出密闭水体的冻结-压力循环, 该循环是涎流冰发育的机理. 对饱水粗颗粒土与饱水细颗粒土的冻结模型比较表明, 饱水粗粒土在密闭体系中的冻结; 就其产生的水压力而言, 实质上就是密闭水体的冻结, 也就是水冻结成冰体积膨胀受限而产生力的问题. 这种体积膨胀产生的力导致约束结构(如薄弱层)的整体性破坏. 在公路边坡数值模拟分析的基础上, 提出边坡薄弱层破坏导致渗水是形成坡积冰的主要原因之一, 薄弱层破坏处是病害最严重的位置. 根据病害形成原理和成因分析, 并提出渗井与仰斜式排水管相结合的复合防治措施, 工后效果良好.     

晚更新世以来台湾浅滩西部地层结构与古环境演化

根据对台湾浅滩西部地质浅钻的沉积相、粒度和AMS 14C年代分析及高分辨率浅地层剖面解释,本文研究了浅滩大型沙波区的地层结构与沉积环境演化.台湾浅滩西部保存了三期海相层和两期陆相层.下部的海相层(DU6)可能形成于氧同位素5.1期,以潮间带—潮下带浅海沉积为主;中间的海相层(DU4)可能形成于氧同位素3期,以滨岸—潮间带沉积为主;上部的海相层(DU2和DU1)为形成于末次冰消期以来的海侵砂和潮流砂.两期陆相层(DU5和DU3)为沟谷充填沉积,可能形成于氧同位素4和2期.冰后期海侵过程形成的中粗砂层构成了沙波的基底部分(DU2).沙波的主体部分(DU1)形成于全新世高海平面以来,主要由中粗砂和含砾中粗砂组成.沙波的粒度频率分布曲线主要众数组分-1~3 Φ,形态尖陡;概率累积曲线多为两段式,跃移组分含量高于80%,悬移组分不足20%,滚动组分缺失或很少.潮流砂(DU1)的平均粒径与分选系数呈良好的正相关,反映潮流的淘洗作用越强,沉积物粒径越粗、分选越好.     

砾钢渣抗液化特性试验研究

陈化的钢渣作为土工回填材料是废弃钢渣循环利用的主要途径之一。按土的工程分类方法,将废弃钢渣划分为砾钢渣、粗钢渣和细钢渣。针对砾钢渣,考虑固结应力比、振动频率、围压和含砾量等影响因素开展动三轴试验研究。分析了砾钢渣的应力、应变和动孔隙水压力的特性,分析了砾钢渣试样的动强度与振动次数、动应变与振动次数、孔隙水压力与振动次数和动应力与动应变关系。采用Seed和Finn提出的饱和砂土动孔压计算模型分析砾钢渣的动孔压曲线类型,并与传统砂砾土的抗液化强度进行比较。得出砾钢渣的抗液化特性较好,工程中可以用砾钢渣替代传统的砂土、砂砾土、砂砾料和砂卵石作为回填料,解决砂砾资源日渐短缺的问题。     

Tectonically significant pebble types: Sheared,pocked and second-cycle examples

A history of repeated faulting, within an area, can be obtained from unconformity analysis or sediment-vector sequences (not treated in the present paper) or from studies of gravel tongues. The latter may include sheared pebbles, pocked pebbles, half-rounds, and second-cycle (or multi-cycle) pebbles. Sheared pebbles (and larger fragments) were cut by faulting after deposition, hence represent two episodes of deformation. Pocked pebbles (scarred pebbles) were ground against each other, after deposition, by a second episode. Sheared and pocked pebbles typically develop where sand matrix is not abundant; single pebbles “floating” in sandstone rarely show these features. Quartz sand schist is a fine-grained equivalent of the sheared-pebble gravel or conglomerate. Half-rounds represent transportation of sheared pebbles, after shearing; where half-rounds have been sheared, at least three episodes of deformation are indicated.A second-cycle conglomerate is one in which individual pebbles (or larger pieces) are themselves conglomerates. They likewise indicate at least two episodes of deformation.In some areas, details of displacement can be obtained best from unconformity analysis; in other areas, the special pebble types listed here may provide such details. In a few places, both types of information may be available, thus giving a fuller picture than could be obtained in other ways.The best example of a thick stratigraphic sequence containing these special pebble types (representing repeated deformation), described in the present paper, is located near Bucaramanga, Colombia. A second example from northern New Mexico is described less fully. Brief references to other occurrences, in Wyoming, Montana, Oklahoma and Alabama, are made. It is concluded that, although these pebble types may not be abundant at any one locality, they nevertheless occur at many places, and therefore can provide important information about deformational history.     

粉细砂的室内无填料振冲试验研究

在室内严格控制的边界条件下,通过室内模型试验研究了粉细砂无填料在振冲中孔隙水压力增长与消散的规律、孔隙水压力空间分布规律、相对密度和静力触探指标与振冲次数之间的关系等。定性地验证了无填料振冲对于规范中未推荐使用的粉细砂土的适应性,并为后来某工程大面积地基处理成功地提供了参考。     

侧限条件下充填散体压缩承载和传力特性

充填散体的压缩承载和传力特性对防控充填开采矿山的地表变形具有重要意义。通过河卵石、碎石、尾矿、河砂、尾砂5种散体材料和7组不同粒径河卵石的侧限压缩试验,以及河卵石数值模拟压缩试验,分析了其压实过程和粒径对其变形、承载的影响,揭示了散体压缩过程中的传力特性。结果表明：散体压缩过程可分为空隙压密、颗粒破碎压密和压实固结3个阶段,且散体类型和粒径对其非线性压实过程基本没有影响,但对其内部结构重组过程有较大影响;压缩过程中,存在一个临界密实度使不同粒径河卵石的承载能力次序发生反转,且河卵石散体平均变形模量与颗粒特征因子呈负指数关系;基于河卵石数值模拟压缩试验得到的散体内部力链强度分布和“压力拱”,很好地证实了室内压缩试验中散体垂直应力沿加载方向呈递减的趋势,以及侧向应力在整个散体高度上先增后减这一试验结果。     

Glaciodynamically upthrusted bands of englacially transported debris in the Pleistocene of central Poland

Two kinds of buried structures are described from Dzirżenin, north-east of Warsaw, where they occur within a glaciofluvial landform: (1) narrow till ridges, showing vertically oriented structures, excavated from stratified gravel and sands; and (2) a narrow vertical zone of massive gravelly/sandy material, involving vertically oriented lens-like layers composed of massive sand with pebbles, or of diamicton. The gravelly/sandy zone is also closely surrounded by stratified glaciofluvial sediments. In spite of their vertical position and internal deformation, the till ridges and gravelly/sandy zone show non-tectonic contacts with the surrounding, stratified, undisturbed sediments. The glaciofluvial sediments that occur immediately next to the structures under discussion are characterized by the occurrence of comparatively coarse material and interbeddings of diamicton, which wedge out away from these structures. The gravelly/sandy zone separates different kinds of water-laid deposits. The buried structures are interpreted as former debris-laden bands, thrust upwards within the frontal part of the ice sheet and then transformed into still-frozen debris ridges projecting over the already dead ice. Further melting of the decaying ice resulted in abundant glaciofluvial sedimentation, and the debris ridges also supplied material for the deposition of the neighbouring stratified deposits. One of the ridges separated different glaciofluvial environments. The glaciofluvial sediments completely buried the ice-cemented ridges, which were finally transformed by a melting-out process into the till ridges and the gravelly/sandy zone. The former are interpreted as having been transformed from upturned debris-laden bands with a high concentration of debris or from the bands composed of frozen-up sediment slabs. The gravelly/sandy zone is interpreted as having (most probably) been deposited from upturned bands characterized by a lesser concentration of debris.     

金沙江其宗河段河床深厚覆盖层特征及其工程效应研究

金沙江其宗河段发育60～120m的河床深厚覆盖层。深厚覆盖层纵向上可分为三大层:河床底部为卵(块)砾(碎)石层夹中细砂或粉质粘土,为冲积及冰水堆积成因(al+fglQ3),厚11.1～33m;中部为细砂、粉细砂、粉质粘土层及卵(块)砾(碎)石层,该层为加积层,由冲积、泥石流堆积、洪积、崩坡积、堰塞多成因堆积组合而成(al+pl+sefQ3),厚10.04～35m;中上部为漂(块)卵(碎)砾石夹砂层透镜体,冲积堆积形成(alQ3-4),厚9.5～59m。河床覆盖层中的砂层透镜体分布范围广泛,埋藏深,最大埋深达83.1m,最大厚度达到29.4m,最小厚度仅0.5m,一般厚度在5m以内。研究表明砂层不具有湖相堆积的特征,而是相对静水环境条件下及正常河流漫滩相等堆积形成。通过原位及室内取样试验表明,其宗河段河床覆盖层中粗粒土(漂(卵)碎块石等)强度相对较高,中下部细粒土工程性质具有超固结性,不具液化性,上部细砂层强度较低,地震工况下可能液化。该河段深厚覆盖层的工程效应主要有坝基地质条件差,仅适合堆石坝、坝基开挖方量大、砂层处理深度大、防渗处理难度较高等。     

饱和砂砾土的孔压发展模式试验研究

利用GDS振动三轴系统,对饱和砂砾土进行不排水动三轴液化试验,研究了含砾量和振动频率对饱和砂砾土振动孔压发展模式的影响,结果表明:含砾量越高和振动频率越高,振动孔压增长越快。结合试验结果采用不同的孔压应力模型描述砂砾土的孔压发展特性,给出了相关试验参数;提出了包含砾量参数与频率参数的孔压应变模型,并计算出相关试验参数的参考值。     

A gravel lobe deposit in the prodelta of the Doumsan fan delta (Miocene), SE Korea

The Doumsan fan-delta system in the Pohang Basin (Miocene), SE Korea comprises tripartite components of Gilbert-type topset, foreset, and bottomset environments with an extended prodelta in the deeper part (a few hundred metres deep). The present study documents sedimentologic features and origin of a gravel body (here interpreted as a gravel lobe) formed in the prodelta region of the Doumsan fan delta. The gravel lobe lies on sandy mud deposits and is capped by a thick massive sand bed. It extends for more than 1.5 km with a height of up to 30 m and shows a narrow tongue-like geometry. Eight sedimentary facies have been distinguished to describe characteristic features of the gravel lobe and the associated deposits. Of these, three types of gravelly sedimentary facies are important with regard to volumetric contribution and depositional processes: (1) crudely stratified pebble-grade conglomerate; (2) disorganized, clast-rich pebble(-to-cobble)-grade conglomerate; and (3) matrix-rich, bimodal cobble-grade conglomerate. The former two types dominate the central part of the lobe where they are not accompanied by sand beds, whereas the latter, as subordinate units, is prevalent in the fringe which otherwise is dominated by thick sandy mud deposits. The stacked successions of crudely stratified pebble-grade conglomerate are representative of the active aggradational phases of the gravel lobe, whereas the occurrence of channels within the lobe reflects that the gravel lobe prograded under the influence of subaqueous channel systems. The gravel lobe resulted from catastrophic disturbance (slumping) on the foreset region that further caused the development of channel systems, promoting efficient transport of gravelly sediments. This type of deposit may represent an important additional category of low-efficiency subaqueous fans.     

卵砾石含水层高压旋喷注浆止水帷幕技术

高压旋喷桩主要适用于淤泥质土、黏性土、粉土、砂土、黄土和碎石土等地层，在卵砾石地层或动水条件下的应用较少。我国某露天矿在施工旋喷桩止水帷幕的过程中，采用RJP工法进行帷幕施工，成功将高压旋喷注浆技术应用于卵砾石含水层中，通过试桩和筛分试验将卵砾石层特征对桩径大小的影响进行了分析研究，结果表明，RJP工法在卵砾石含水层中成桩效果良好、质量可靠，其桩径大小与卵砾石颗粒大小及含砂量有关。围井试验结果显示，高压旋喷桩帷幕墙完整，止水效果显著。研究成果表明高压旋喷注浆技术可在卵砾石含水层的加固和止水领域进行推广应用。      

压实宽级配砾质土干-湿循环效应研究

为探索在干-湿循环条件下,宽级配砾质土作为垃圾填埋场复合防渗系统中土工织物黏土垫和土工膜（GCLs/GM）防渗衬垫的保护层时其水力特性的变化规律,采用压力膜仪测试了土样干-湿循环作用下的土-水特征曲线参数,并借助van Genuchte方程和Fredlund 3参数方程拟合了0～3次干-湿循环的压实宽级配砾质土样的4条脱湿土-水特征曲线。结果显示：随着干-湿循环次数的增加,试样的土-水特征曲线在0～100 kPa的低吸力区间内逐渐变陡,含水率随吸力增加而逐渐减小,在位于400 kPa附近趋于平缓;干-湿循环过程中,试样的饱和含水率存在峰值,而残余含水率逐渐降低并趋于稳定;两种模型拟合的宽级配砾质土土-水特征曲线的差异不大,van Genuchte模型略优于Fredlund 3参数模型。在此基础上,将试验结果与已有文献中干-湿循环条件下的黏性土以及膨润土的土-水特征曲线进行了比较,表明作为防渗垫保护层的宽级配砾质土更有利于GCLs的吸湿与水化。