电控膜生物反应器技术回顾与展望

电控膜生物反应器（Electrical membrane bioreactor，eMBR）在膜生物反应器中引入电极反应、电场效应，将膜分离技术、微生物降解以及电化学水处理技术有机结合，提升出水水质、减缓膜污染、强化产生物气，对构建"碳中和"型污水处理技术模式具有重要科学意义和应用价值.近年来，膜材料科学和反应器设计不断发展，推动eMBR技术进步，在强化污染物去除、电化学控制膜污染和微生物电化学响应原理方面取得重要进展；对eMBR的研究出现新态势：注重导电膜/膜电极材料研制与应用、回收污水中资源与能源、短流程-无药剂的反应器构造和工艺设计.本文总结回顾了国内外相关研究，分析了eMBR的基本特征和优势功能，重点关注膜污染电控原理以及微生物的电场响应机制，并展望了eMBR的发展趋势，以期推动电驱动膜分离技术的研究与应用.     

固体催化剂强化超声去除水中有机物的研究进展

概述了超声波和固体催化剂协同降解水中有机物的国内外研究成果,重点从协同降解水中有机物的效果、原理和动力学等方面介绍了一些零价金属、过渡金属氧化物以及其他固体催化剂应用于超声波水处理的研究进展,并对超声波和固体催化剂协同去除水中有机污染物今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

高分辨质谱技术在有机污染物降解产物鉴定中的应用进展

有机污染物在水处理过程中会发生降解反应,其降解产物的毒性可能会比母体化合物更大,因此开展有机污染物降解产物的检测、鉴定和毒性评估具有重要意义。针对水处理过程中有机污染物的组分转化及结构变化,归纳了轨道离子阱质谱和飞行时间质谱等几种高分辨质谱技术在有机污染物降解产物检测与鉴定中的技术特性和独特优势,总结了高分辨质谱技术对农药、塑化剂、抗生素、亚硝胺、微囊藻毒素五类新兴有机污染物检测的色谱质谱分析条件以及在水处理有机污染物降解产物鉴定中的应用成效,并展望了高分辨质谱技术在该领域未来的发展方向。     

纳滤技术在饮用水处理中的研究进展与应用

纳滤技术作为一种新型的膜分离技术,近年来成为水处理研究的热点.论文介绍了纳滤膜的特点及分离机理,详细阐述了纳滤膜技术在饮用水净化过程中的技术特点,如降低饮用水的硬度,去除饮用水中的重金属物质、有机污染物、藻类、细菌病毒等成分.同时探讨了纳滤的膜污染问题以及引起膜污染的因素.列举了比利时、日本、美国以及中国山东长岛等地纳滤膜技术的工程实例,说明了纳滤膜技术在饮用水处理中应用的处理效果.     

高分子有机膜亲水改性及光催化改性的研究进展

随着高分子有机膜材料在水处理领域中应用的不断加深,膜法水处理技术以其优越的性能,成为中国水质高效处理的主导技术。但膜污染却成为阻碍膜法水处理技术发展的关键性问题,如何有效抑制膜污染的发生关系着膜法水处理技术未来发展的前景,目前已成为众多学者开展研究的核心方向。膜改性技术能够赋予现有膜材料新的功能特性,满足膜材料适用于处理各种复杂水质的同时能够抑制膜污染的发生,成为推动膜法水处理发展的前沿方向。膜亲水改性通过将疏水性的膜材料转变为亲水性,提高其抗污染性能。膜光催化改性通过将光催化剂与膜材料相结合,实现膜分离与污染物光催化降解相耦合,可有效抑制膜污染的发生。文章阐述了目前高分子有机膜材料主要的亲水改性技术,并介绍了膜改性新方向-光催化改性的常用方法。     

过氧乙酸在高级氧化工艺中的应用研究

高级氧化工艺是一种常见的深度水处理技术,对于解决近年来污染物数量和种类增多的问题有着良好的效果。除了最常见的以H_2O_2作为化学氧化剂的反应体系外,作为在水处理消毒领域崭露头角的有机过氧化物过氧乙酸(PAA)引起了人们的注意,其独特的化学性质和分子结构,使其在高级氧化工艺中具有巨大的应用潜力。文章对近年来有关于PAA的高级氧化工艺在水处理领域中的实验研究和应用报道进行了归纳总结,综述了基于PAA的高级氧化工艺对于一些污染物的去除效果,介绍了活化PAA的各种方法,包括外加能量和添加催化剂,以及它们的活化机理,讨论了一些影响污染物降解效率的因素,并对现有的关于PAA在高级氧化工艺中降解污染物的应用提出了建议与展望,为基于PAA的高级氧化工艺降解污染物的相关研究和应用提供了更多的思路和方法。     

反渗透技术对消毒副产物的去除效果、机理及影响因素研究进展

反渗透(RO)技术因操作简便、无药剂添加等特点,被广泛应用于管网末端痕量污染物的去除. 为深入理解RO技术在去除饮用水中消毒副产物(DBP)的应用,总结了近20年来RO截留DBPs的效果、机理、影响因素及工艺. 结果表明:①空间位阻效应是RO膜去除DBPs的主要作用机制,静电排斥效应对带电小分子DBPs的去除更加明显. ② RO膜对疏水性DBPs也具有一定的吸附截留作用,适当提高pH、操作压力或膜改性(如使膜孔变小或增强膜的亲水性)能增强DBPs的去除,但升高温度不利于DBPs去除. ③在一定范围内DBPs浓度变化(0~200 μg/L)对RO膜截留影响不明显,目前尚存争议的是水中离子浓度和膜老化对RO膜截留的影响及各种RO工艺的优选. 建议未来深入探究DBPs在RO工艺中的吸附和穿透行为及规律,并致力于开发净水能力更强且更节能省水的RO工艺.      

电驱动选择性膜分离技术研究进展

电驱动膜分离将电化学与膜分离技术有机结合,通过调控电场或电极电位强化膜分离效果,有望突破膜污染、选择性分离弱及“trade-off”效应等技术瓶颈,是实现污/废水资源化的有效途径。提出电驱动膜分离概念,将电驱动膜分离分为电控膜分离、电渗析和膜电容去离子等技术类型,重点关注选择性膜分离回收废水中有价物质进而实现废水资源化。首先介绍了电驱动膜分离技术的基础研究进展,然后从膜/电极材料创新和工艺优化等角度对电控膜分离、电渗析和膜电容去离子的研究进展进行回顾和总结,最后从基础研究、材料创新和反应器开发3个方面对该技术未来的发展方向做出展望。     

氯化消毒对溶解性有机质光化学活性影响研究进展

氯化消毒工艺在水处理中应用广泛,改变了水中溶解性有机质(DOM)的结构组成和光化学活性,进而在排入地表水后显著影响受纳水体中共存有机污染物的光化学降解.本文聚焦DOM消毒后的环境光化学行为,系统地综述了氯化消毒工艺对不同水体DOM分子量、物质组成、官能团结构等特征的影响,分析了光生活性物质的量子产率和稳态浓度的改变趋势,阐述了消毒后DOM对共存有机污染物光化学降解的影响机制,以期为全面了解和评估消毒工艺的生态影响提供科学参考.     

电化学氧化法处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液的研究

实验利用电化学氧化法法除垃圾渗滤液中部分难降解有机物，以提高废水的可生化性，为后续生物处理创造条件。系统考察了温度、极板间距、氧离子浓度、pH值等因素对电化学处理垃圾渗滤液效果的影响，并通过GC-MS分析，探讨渗滤中有机污染物的去除情况，包括渗滤液中典型有毒难降解有机化合物的电化学氧化结果。结果表明：温度升高，COD和NH2-N的去除率均提高；极板间距太大或太小都会降低去除效果，极板间距10mm，处理效果较好，COD和NH3-N去除率分别达到86%和100%；随着渗滤液中Cl^-浓度的增加，COD去除率明显提高，同时高浓度Cl^-和较高的电流密度对垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机污染物的处理有相当强的协同作用效应，可以明显提高处理效果；在强酸性和强碱性条件下的电化学反应都不利于对COD、NH3-N的去除；在添加Cl^-4000mg/L，极板间距为10mm，电流密度为15A/dm^2，pH为8，初始温度为50℃的条件下，经4h的电化学氧化，COD、氨氮和色度的去除率分别达88%、100%和98%，苯酚的去除率为82%，电流效率可达84%以上。可见电化学氧化法不仅可有效的去除COD、氨氮、色度，而且对有毒的难降解有机污染物（苯酚等）有很好的去除作用，采用电化学氧化作为垃圾渗滤液废水处理的前处理，可大大改善后续生物处理的效果。     

A novel electrochemical ion exchange system and its application in water treatment

A novel electrochemical ion exchange system with porous cylinder electrodes is proposed for treatment of wastewater. This system can be used for desalination without the costly ion-exchange membrane and extra chemical reagents. Since the electrodes are completely uniform and no ion-exchange membrane was used in this system, it can be operated by switching anodes and cathodes flexibly for eliminating the scaling on the surface of electrodes. The strong base ion-exchange resin grains placed among the anode and cathode have played as supporting electrolyte, which is capable for the treatment of wastewater with low conductivity. The concentrated and neutralized anolyte containing chlorine is effective for disinfection and contaminants removal. Under the experimental conditions, the removal percentage of total dissolved salts was 83% and the removal percentage of chemical oxygen demand was 92% without consumption of extra chemical reagents.     

过滤式碳纤维电极消毒效果比较与机理研究

过滤式电极消毒作为一种安全、高效的新型消毒技术备受关注,然而目前使用的电极材料比较单一,且稳定性和高效性难以兼备,制约了该技术的设备化发展.本文采用过滤式消毒方式,考察了几种高孔隙率的导电碳纤维毡的消毒效果.结果表明,碳纤维毡电极具有优异的消毒能力,活性碳纤维电极可在几伏的电压下使细菌死亡,与传统电化学消毒相比,电压降低了1~2个数量级.其中A-PCF(聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维)电极在外接电压2 V,水力停留时间2 s时即可对大肠杆菌菌液实现6.5log的去除.当外接电压≤2 V时,流出物中未检测到氯,pH保持不变,排除了电化学产物的影响.A-PCF可作为过滤式电极消毒的优选电极材料.     

铁促电解深度处理填埋场渗滤液的研究

采用箱式电化学反应器（具有氧化物涂层的钛基阳极）进行填埋场渗滤液的深度处理,考察了FeSO₄浓度、初始pH值、电压（电流）对污染物去除的影响,对比了铁促电解过程使用Fe²⁺和Fe³⁺的污染物去除效果.结果表明,与传统有机物电化学氧化相比,铁促电解显著提高了有机物的去除效率.FeSO₄浓度增大,有机物去除效果提高,当FeSO₄浓度大于1　250　mg·L^-1,有机物去除率提高幅度减小;污染物去除速率在30　min内较快,然后逐渐递减;合理的初始pH值范围为3～4;若有效去除COD和NH⁺₄-N,则电解电压须大于3.3 V,电流大于4.8 A;Fe³⁺促进电解去除有机物的效果略低于Fe²⁺;提出了铁盐循环利用和将酸洗废水应用于铁促电解过程的设想.     

Recent improvements in oily wastewater treatment: Progress, challenges, and future opportunities

Oily wastewater poses significant threats to the soil, water, air and human beings because of the hazardous nature of its oil contents. The objective of this review paper is to highlight the current and recently developed methods for oily wastewater treatment through which contaminants such as oil, fats, grease, and inorganics can be removed for safe applications. These include electrochemical treatment, membrane filtration, biological treatment, hybrid technologies, use of biosurfactants, treatment via vacuum ultraviolet radiation, and destabilization of emulsions through the use of zeolites and other natural minerals. This review encompasses innovative and novel approaches to oily wastewater treatment and provides scientific background for future work that will be aimed at reducing the adverse impact of the discharge of oily wastewater into the environment. The current challenges affecting the optimal performance of oily wastewater treatment methods and opportunities for future research development in this field are also discussed.     

Removal of antibiotic-resistant genes during drinking water treatment: A review

Once contaminate the drinking water source, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) will propagate in drinking water systems and pose a serious risk to human health. Therefore, the drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs) are critical to manage the risks posed by ARGs. This study summarizes the prevalence of ARGs in raw water sources and treated drinking water worldwide. In addition, the removal efficiency of ARGs and related mechanisms by different DWTPs are reviewed. Abiotic and biotic factors that affect ARGs elimination are also discussed. The data on presence of ARGs in drinking water help come to the conclusion that ARGs pollution is prevalent and deserves a high priority. Generally, DWTPs indeed achieve ARGs removal, but some biological treatment processes such as biological activated carbon filtration may promote antibiotic resistance due to the enrichment of ARGs in the biofilm. The finding that disinfection and membrane filtration are superior to other DWTPs adds weight to the advice that DWTPs should adopt multiple disinfection barriers, as well as keep sufficient chlorine residuals to inhibit re-growth of ARGs during subsequent distribution. Mechanistically, DWTPs obtain direct and inderect ARGs reduction through DNA damage and interception of host bacterias of ARGs. Thus, escaping of intracellular ARGs to extracellular environment, induced by DWTPs, should be advoided. This review provides the theoretical support for developping efficient reduction technologies of ARGs. Future study should focus on ARGs controlling in terms of transmissibility or persistence through DWTPs due to their biological related nature and ubiquitous presence of biofilm in the treatment unit.     

上海市从源头到龙头的饮用水新型污染物分布特征及健康风险评价

通过监测饮用水新型污染物从源头到龙头的分布情况,研究明确了藻毒素、内分泌干扰物和抗生素三类新型污染物在各供水环节中的浓度情况,并对各类新型污染物对人体的健康风险开展评价工作.结果表明,进厂水中的藻毒素主要以MC-RR和MC-LR为主,内分泌干扰物仅为双酚S和雌酮两种.经过水厂处水工艺后,上述污染物可得到有效的去除.监测期间,除2020年1月检出磺胺类抗生素,其余时段的抗生素类型主要以氟甲砜霉素(FF)为主.FF的去除效果对氯的形态有较明显的相关性,自由氯消毒相对于化合氯消毒,对FF的去除效果较为良好.藻毒素的风险度、内分泌干扰物的非致癌风险值和抗生素的风险商值均远小于1,尤其在二次供水环节,表明这三类饮用水新型污染物对人体健康均不构成直接威胁.     

膜曝气生物膜反应器数学模型的研究进展

污(废)水处理与资源化是控制水体污染、缓解水资源短缺的重要手段。高效的污水处理工艺是实现污水处理与资源化的关键。膜曝气生物膜反应器(membrane-aerated biofilm reactor, MABR)是一种集膜技术和生物膜技术于一体的新型污水处理技术,具有氧传质效率高、同步除碳脱氮等优势,因此在污(废)水处理领域得到广泛研究与应用。MABR数学模型是依托于数理逻辑方法的系统定量描述,对于深入解析MABR系统运行机理、优化工艺参数具有重要意义。通过回顾MABR数学模型的发展历程,从底层逻辑出发归纳概括了MABR数学模型涉及的主要过程(包括MABR传质过程模型和MABR反应过程模型);分析了MABR模型研究中的关键影响参数;总结了现有MABR模型研究中存在的问题,并对今后MABR数学模型的研究方向进行了展望。     

A comprehensive evaluation of re-circulated bio-filter as a pretreatment process for petroleum refinery wastewater

Conventional biological treatment process is not very efficient for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) that contains high-concentration of organic contaminants. Prior to biological treatment, an additional pretreatment process for PRW is required for the effluent to meet the discharge standards. While re-circulated bio-filter (RBF) has been applied as a pretreatment process in several PRW treatment plants, its effects have not been comprehensively evaluated. In this study, the parameters of operation, the changes in pollution indexes and contaminant composition in an engineered RBF have been investigated. We found that mainly highly active de-carbonization bacteria were present in the RBF, while no nitrification bacteria were found in the RBF. This indicated the absence of nitrification in this process. The biodegradable organic contaminants were susceptible to degradation by RBF, which decreased the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD₅) by 83.64% and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD_Cr) by 54.63%. Consequently, the alkalinity and pH value of RBF effluent significantly increased, which was unfavorable for the control of operating parameters in subsequent biological treatment. Along with the decrease of COD_Cr, the RBF effluent exhibited a reduction in biodegradability. 834 kinds of recalcitrant polar organic contaminants remained in the effluent; most of the contaminant molecules having complex structures of aromatic, polycyclic and heterocyclic rings. The results of this study showed that RBF could efficiently treat PRW for biodegradable organic contaminants removal; however, it is difficult to treat bio-refractory organic contaminants, which was unfavorable for the subsequent biological treatment process operation. An improved process might provide overall guarantees for the PRW treatment.     

微滤-纳滤组合工艺在饮用水深度处理中的大型工程应用

张家港第三水厂供水规模为20万m3/d,日常采用混凝+沉淀+过滤+氯消毒的常规饮用水处理工艺。基于纳滤膜对于中小分子有机物与钙、镁、硫酸根等盐离子的高效截留能力,该项目创新性地在国内首次采用现状常规工艺+压力罐式微滤+纳滤的净水工艺,对张家港第三饮用水厂深度处理大型工程（设计产水规模为10万t/d）进行升级改造设计。经改造后,预计纳滤系统对于COD以及TOC的去除率可达到90%以上,消毒副产物的去除率可达到70%~80%,色素类物质的去除率可达到70%以上,臭味物质的去除率为50%~70%,整体脱盐率为30%~40%;纳滤系统回收率整体可达到90%。预计压力罐式微滤系统和纳滤系统的能耗分别为0.003,0.197 kW·h/t;在实现高品质供水的同时,可提高水厂应对突发污染风险的能力。