胸腔镜术前CT引导下双弹簧圈标记定位孤立性肺结节

目的探讨术前CT引导下双弹簧圈精准标记定位在胸腔镜下切除孤立性肺结节(SPN)中的临床应用。方法对我院经胸部CT发现的45例SPN患者,术前采用CT引导下双弹簧圈精准标记定位,然后于当日或次日行胸腔镜楔形切除肺内病灶。记录弹簧圈定位时间,术中、术后并发症,观察弹簧圈在术中的引导作用。结果 CT引导下双弹簧圈可精准标记、定位肺内微小结节,成功率100%,定位操作平均时间为(18.0±5.3)min。定位后无气胸、咯血发生,沿穿刺针道及弹簧圈周围少量渗血8例(8/45,17.78%);未发生弹簧圈移位、脱落。患者均接受胸腔镜手术治疗。胸腔镜进入胸腔后均能看到标记弹簧圈并可迅速找到病灶,获得病理结果。结论采用双微弹簧圈进行SPN胸腔镜手术前精准标记定位,具有安全、准确、方便、易于操作的优点,值得临床推广应用。     

医用胶标记在肺部小结节胸腔镜手术前定位的应用

目的探讨CT引导下肺穿刺注射医用胶在肺部小结节(small pulmonary nodule,SPN)胸腔镜手术前定位的可行性和临床价值。方法 21例21个肺内孤立性结节病灶,术前均行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺注射医用胶定位标记,术中先行肺楔形切除术切除病灶并根据病理结果决定进一步手术方案。结果术前CT引导下经皮肺穿刺注射医用胶定位成功率100%(21/21)。穿刺定位后出现刺激性咳嗽6例(28.6%),无症状气胸5例(23.8%),无出血、血胸。术中均能准确定位后行肺楔形切除术,病理证实为肺癌15例,良性病变6例。结论胸腔镜术前CT引导下经皮肺穿刺注射医用胶定位SPN快速、安全,值得临床推广使用。     

微弹簧圈定位在胸腔镜肺小结节切除术中的应用

目的探讨术前CT引导下微弹簧圈定位在胸腔镜孤立性肺小结节切除术中的应用价值。方法 2014年5月~2016年4月,对21例单发肺部小结节病灶经术前定位后行胸腔镜手术切除。结节直径7~21(10.3±8.0)mm,距离脏层胸膜深度5~23(10.2±4.3)mm。术前1日在CT引导下行"拖尾法"微弹簧圈术前定位,胸腔镜下行病灶楔形切除术,送冰冻病理,如为恶性继续行胸腔镜下肺叶切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫术。结果全组21例肺小结节均成功经皮肺穿刺置入微弹簧圈。定位并发症为无症状气胸3例,均无需处理。胸腔镜术中发现微弹簧圈脱位3例,定位成功率85.7%(18/21)。21例均行胸腔镜手术切除。病理确诊原位癌5例,腺癌11例,非典型腺瘤样增生1例,炎症2例,炎性假瘤1例,肺内转移瘤1例。结论 CT引导下微弹簧圈定位用于肺内小结节术前定位是一种简单、直观、有效、精确的方法,值得推广。     

连续100例全胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的临床分析

目的探讨全胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的安全性和可靠性,评价其手术适应证。方法2006年9月至2008年6月我院共施行全胸腔镜下肺叶切除100例,男46例,女54例;年龄18～82岁（60．1±12．5岁）。所有患者均为需行肺叶切除的肺局限性病变,包括拟诊原发周围型肺癌85例,良性疾病15例。手术通过胸部3个微小切口全程非直视下完成,均为解剖性肺叶切除,恶性肿瘤同时施行淋巴结清扫;施行右肺上叶切除25例,右肺中叶切除14例,右肺下叶切除22例,左肺上叶切除18例,左肺下叶切除21例。结果中转开胸3例。术后诊断：原发性肺癌81例,肺内淋巴瘤1例,透明细胞癌肺转移1例,良性疾病17例。术后发生并发症5例,分别为肺不张2例,短暂呼吸机辅助1例,肺炎1例,乳糜胸1例,均经保守治疗后痊愈,无二次手术;本组无严重并发症及围手术期死亡。手术时间186．4±52．9min（60～300min）,出血233．9±275．9ml（50～750ml）,输血1例,胸腔引流时间7．1±3．0d,术后住院时间9．5±3．2d。随访1～27个月,原发性肺癌中2例分别于术后15个月和3个月发生远处转移,其余患者无复发、转移。结论全胸腔镜下肺叶切除术是一种安全、有效、更加微创的术式,适于经选择的早期周围型肺癌和需要肺叶切除的良性疾病患者。     

胸腔镜辅助小切口手术诊治肺周围型结节

目的探讨胸腔镜辅助小切口手术在诊断和治疗肺周围型结节病变中的临床应用价值。方法胸腔镜辅助小切口手术诊治肺周围型结节55例，其中单发结节54例，多发结节1例。肺楔形切除术23例；肺叶切除联合淋巴结清扫治疗原发性肺癌32例，采用常规开胸手术器械及胸腔镜用器械切除肺叶，自制淋巴结摘除钳完成淋巴结清扫。结果55例均在胸腔镜下完成手术。手术时间35～180min，平均109min，术中出血量50～400ml，平均122min。均未输血，1例术后漏气术后32d出院，1例切口延迟愈合，术后19d出院，余53例术后住院4～11d，平均8．3d。无严重并发症。术后病理：良性病变15例，原发性肺癌38例，非典型性腺瘤样增生1例，转移性肺癌1例。良性病变行肺楔形切除术，32例原发性肺癌行解剖学肺叶切除联合淋巴结清扫，4例肺癌胸膜广泛播散未手术处理，2例肺癌因肺功能差行姑息性肺楔形切除。结论胸腔镜辅助小切口手术有助于明确诊断肺周围型结节病变，治疗临床早期原发性肺癌的长期疗效有待随访观察。     

食管、肺双原发癌胸腔镜下同期手术17例报告

目的探讨胸腔镜下食管、肺双原发癌同期手术的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2005年7月~2015年12月我科同期胸腔镜手术治疗食管、肺双原发癌17例资料。如术前肺部病灶活检明确诊断为癌,先行患侧胸腔镜肺楔形切除、肺段切除或肺叶切除术,再行右侧胸腔镜食管癌切除术。术前肺部病灶病理未明确者,先行患侧胸腔镜下肺楔形切除或肺段切除术,快速病理检查,病理结果为原位癌行肺段切除并淋巴结采样,病理结果提示浸润癌行肺叶切除、纵隔淋巴结清扫术,再行右侧胸腔镜食管癌切除术。结果 17例均完成同期手术,1例术后7天因肺栓塞死亡。术后颈部吻合口漏1例,声音嘶哑2例,肺部感染1例,均治愈。术后病理证实17例食管癌均为鳞癌;17例肺癌中腺癌13例,腺鳞癌3例,小细胞癌1例。术后随访死亡8例,生存时间12~36个月,平均33.6月;存活8例,随访12~60个月,平均45.6月。结论胸腔镜下同期手术治疗食管、肺双原发癌,围手术期治疗效果及预后较好,风险可承受,手术方式安全可行。     

氩气刀定位法在胸腔镜肺楔形切除手术中的应用

目的探讨氩气刀定位法在胸腔镜肺楔形切除手术中的应用价值。方法 2015年1月～2018年1月,对63例肺部小结节(直径≤2 cm)采用氩气刀定位法实施单操作孔胸腔镜肺楔形切除术。病灶均为单发,最大径0. 8～2 cm,(1. 22±0. 34) cm,均位于肺边缘,CT上测量病灶距离脏层胸膜0. 5～3 cm,(1. 67±0. 54) cm。在CT上确定病灶的肋间层面及钟位方向,在胸腔镜下将病灶虚拟投影在壁层胸膜表面。氩气刀标记投影点,膨肺后再次喷射氩气,标记病灶在肺脏层胸膜表面的投影点,楔形切除病灶,根据冰冻病理结果决定下一步手术方案。结果 61例(96. 8%)在楔形切除标本中找到病灶,2例定位失败。行肺楔形切除53例,解剖性肺段切除2例,肺叶切除8例。术后病理证实肺癌58例,良性病变5例。结论氩气刀定位法对胸腔镜术中肺内小结节的定位实用、可靠,值得临床推广。     

混合现实技术辅助下肺小结节精准定位切除

目的探讨应用混合现实技术辅助肺小结节精准定位的可行性。 方法选取解放军总医院第一医学中心胸外科的肺部小结节患者1例,术前检查完善,无绝对手术禁忌,拟行胸腔镜肺楔形切除术。术前利用患者平卧位胸部CT对患者体表及靶病变进行三维重建,拟定辅助线,使用hookwire定位针对靶病变进行穿刺定位,利用术中CT进一步验证定位的准确性,进而对病变进行楔形切除。 结果病变定位准确,患者术后4 d顺利出院。 结论混合现实技术辅助下肺小结节精准定位切除病例1例,定位过程顺利,定位准确,有望开创胸外科肺小结节定位中新篇章,该技术的进一步探索和应用将为胸外科手术带来更多的发展可能和进步前景。     

全胸腔镜下肺叶切除技术要点分析

目的探讨全胸腔镜下肺叶切除的技术难点及对策。方法2006年9月～2008年5月,施行全胸腔镜下肺叶切除91例。通过胸部3个微小切口非直视下完成肺叶解剖性切除及淋巴结清扫,方法与常规开胸手术相同。施行右肺上叶切除21例,右肺中叶切除12例,右肺下叶切除20例,左肺上叶切除18例,左肺下叶切除20例。结果中转开胸2例。全胸腔镜下完成的89例手术时间（185.8±52.9）min（60～300min）;术中出血量50～650ml,平均213.2ml;胸腔引流时间（6.9±2.9）d;术后住院（9.4±3.2）d。乳糜胸1例,无严重并发症及围术期死亡。随访原发肺癌中2例分别于术后15、3个月发生远处转移,其余患者无复发、转移。结论全胸腔镜下肺叶切除手术是一种安全有效的手术方式,但是需要把握适应证并熟练掌握处理血管和清扫淋巴结等关键技术。     

胸腔镜诊治肺部微小结节29例报告

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术（video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery，VATS）在肺微小结节的诊断和治疗中的可行性。方法2000年5月～2005年6月对29例肺微小结节行VATS，术中明确结节所在位置、大小、性状以及与胸膜关系；对于肺实质内微小结节的探查全部依赖于手指的触诊定位，一般用食指即可，若定位有困难，可将切口适当延长至4cm左右，以2根手指协助定位。根据探查结果行结节所在肺组织的楔形切除，术中切除标本送快速冰冻病理学检查，如为良性，则术毕；如为恶性，进一步行VATS辅助小切口开胸肺叶切除联合纵隔淋巴结清扫术。结果全组患者手术顺利，无严重手术并发症和围手术期死亡。食指触诊定位微小结节，无一例延长切口。恶性病变11例（11／29，37．9％），良性病变18例（18／29，62．1％）。8例（57．1％）术前拟诊为恶性病变及3例术前拟诊为良性病变最终确诊为恶性病变。11例具有分叶、毛刺及胸膜皱缩等“恶性”影像学表现中仅6例（54．5％）确诊为恶性病变。21例单发结节恶性7例；8例多发结节良性和恶性各4例。18例良性行VATS肺楔形切除；11例肺癌中6例行根治性肺叶切除联合纵隔淋巴结清扫术，5例行姑息性肺楔形切除术。结论肺部微小结节诊断困难；VATS手术诊治肺部微小结节，技术成熟可行，疗效满意。     

全胸腔镜下对肺部亚厘米结节的诊治分析

【摘要】〓目的〓总结全胸腔镜手术对肺部亚厘米结节的诊治经验。方法〓对一组CT诊断怀疑为恶性的肺部孤立性结节病例(38例)进行回顾性分析,总结Hookwire定位、胸腔镜手术的围术期资料,并对亚厘米结节的病理结果作一总结分析。结果〓所有结节借助Hookwire能明确定位,无严重并发症;全组均顺利完成手术,包括楔形切除术24例,肺段切除术4例,肺叶切除及淋巴结清扫术10例。中转开胸2例,无围术期死亡,术后均获得明确诊断;其中浸润性癌15例,浸润前病变5例,转移瘤2例,良性病变16例。冰冻病理与石蜡病理的符合率为92.1%。结论〓采用全胸腔镜手术对肺部亚厘米结节的进行术前检查是一项安全、有效的诊断或治疗手段。     

电视胸腔镜手术在肺部孤立性结节诊治中的应用

目的评价电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）在肺部孤立性结节（SPN）诊治中的应用。方法回顾性分析55例SPN患者行VATS手术的临床资料,术中对SPN进行探查定位,然后行肺叶楔形切除并送快速冰冻病理检查。若为良性,则缝闭结束手术,若为恶性,则VATS辅助小切口行肺叶切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫术。结果全组55例SPN患者中31例为良性病变,24例为恶性病变;30例行VATS下肺楔形切除,25例行VATS辅助小切口肺叶切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫。全组患者无围手术期死亡,无严重手术并发症发生。结论 VATS对SPN患者具有诊断准确和治疗规范的突出优势,应做为SPN主要或标准的诊治手段加以明确。     

A case of long-term survival after pulmonary resection for metachronous pulmonary metastasis of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

INTRODUCTIONBasaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (BSCE) is a rare malignancy among esophageal cancers. We reported a case of 63-year-old woman with metachronous pulmonary metastasis of BSCE, successfully treated by metastasectomy of the left lung.PRESENTATION OF CASEBiopsy specimens of upper gastrointestinal fiberscopy led to diagnosis of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Computed tomography revealed metastatic lymph nodes surrounding the bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve and no evidence of metastasis to distant organs. Curative esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection was performed through thoracoscopic approach. Pathological examination of the resected specimens led to diagnosis of BSCE with invasion into the submucosal layer of the esophageal wall. Two years later, a solitary oval-shaped pulmonary lesion of approximately 10 mm was detected in the left lung. Wedge resection of the left upper lobe was performed via thoracoscopic approach. The postoperative course was uneventful. Histologically, the pulmonary lesion was diagnosed as metastatic BSCE. Follow-up indicated no recurrence 9 years after the initial surgery.DISCUSSIONSurgical intervention was acceptable on this case of solitary pulmonary metastasis. However, data are lacking about the efficacy of pulmonary resection for metachronous pulmonary metastasis of BSCE because the postoperative outcome is usually poor. The efficacy of surgical intervention for metastatic lesions of BSCE is debatable and requires further examination.CONCLUSIONAlthough the usefulness of surgical intervention for metastatic lesions from BSCE is controversial, the patients with metachronous solitary metastasis to the lung and without extrapulmonary metastasis would be good candidate for pulmonary resection.     

纤维支气管镜、胸腔镜诊治肺错构瘤43例报告

目的总结肺错构瘤的诊断和治疗经验。方法1例腔内型错构瘤在纤维支气管镜下行肿物摘除术，余42例行胸腔镜或胸腔镜辅助小切口手术，其中肺楔形切除40例，肺叶切除1例，双侧病灶活检1例。结果43例病理均为错构瘤，其中1例为多发性肺错构瘤，1例肺癌合并肺错构瘤。术后病理诊断与术前诊断符合率11．6％（5／43）。37例随访4个月～11年，平均41．2月，无复发与恶变。结论肺错构瘤术前难以确诊，腔镜手术可以提供明确的诊断并能彻底切除病灶，创伤小，恢复快。     

Minimally invasive lung and pleural biopsies using 2-mm and standard thoracoscopic equipment.

Videoendoscopic surgery is commonly used to obtain a definitive diagnosis in a patient with pleural lesions or pulmonary infiltration of unknown etiology. We have performed minimally invasive pleural and lung biopsies, using 2-mm mini-videoscopic instruments supported by standard thoracoscopy via one 11.5-mm port, in 10 patients. These involved 8 patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltration, and two with diffuse pleural thickening. They underwent thoracoscopic pulmonary wedge resection and pleural biopsy using one 11.5-mm port and two or three 2-mm mini-ports. The mean operating time was 37 minutes. This procedure was successful in establishing a definitive diagnosis in each patient. Complications included subacute acceleration in pulmonary infiltration in one patient. No patient complained of pain or discomfort at the 2 mm-thoraco port sites. Healing of this port site resulted in excellent cosmesis. Mini-videoscopic surgery supported by standard thoracoscopic equipment can be used to perform lung or pleural biopsy less invasively than standard thoracoscopic approach.     

Combined use of preoperative methylene blue dye and microcoil localization facilitates thoracoscopic wedge resection of indeterminate pulmonary nodules in children

The ability to biopsy indeterminate pulmonary lesions in children has evolved with advances in minimal access surgery. Recent advances in preoperative localization including image-guided dye injection or wire implantation have expanded the types of lesions that are accessible via minimal access surgery. We present a case of a 13-year-old boy who underwent preoperative localization using both methylene blue dye and microcoil labeling, and a subsequent thoracoscopic pulmonary wedge resection under the same anesthesia. The combined use of both dye and microcoil localization provides the advantage of superior intraoperative visualization of the lesion and the ability to use fluoroscopy to confirm the presence of the nodule in the surgical specimen. We recommend this technique for the biopsy of indeterminate pulmonary lesions that would not otherwise be accessible via a minimally invasive approach.     

Surgical treatment for bilateral multiple lung cancers]

We reviewed 21 patients with bilateral multiple bronchogenic carcinomas. Eleven of them had synchronous carcinomas and 10 had metachronous carcinomas. We treated 6 patients with lobectomy and wedge resection under median sternotomy synchronously, and 2 patients with lobectomy on both lungs under standard thoracotomy, 2 patients with lobectomy and wedge resection, 1 patient with segmentectomy on both lung, 1 patient with lobectomy and segmentectomy, 1 patient with pneumonectomy and wedge resection, and 8 patients with lobectomy and thoracoscopic wedge resection on each lung metachronously. Two patients who had lobectomy on both lungs were dead, one of whom of pulmonary edema 2 weeks after second operation and the other of respiratory failure 3 years after second operation. We concluded that lobectomy on both lungs are not recommended because of high mortality rate (10%) and the limited resection under thoracoscopic surgery should be considered to treat the other contra lateral primary lung cancers.     

Fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic surgery after computed tomography-guided bronchoscopic barium marking

BACKGROUND: Small lesions of the peripheral lung have been detected more frequently with the recent prevalence of computed tomography (CT). Identification of these lesions is indispensable for wedge resection performed by video-assisted thoracic surgery. Previous reports of marking techniques showed some failure and complications. We have developed a new marking technique and herein describe the efficacy of this technique: fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic surgery after computed tomography-guided bronchoscopic barium marking. METHODS: Twenty patients underwent this procedure for 21 small peripheral pulmonary lesions approximately 10 mm in size. RESULTS: All the lesions were successfully marked and identified during fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopy. They were resected with sufficient margins. There were no complications related to this procedure. The pathologic examination of these 21 lesions revealed primary lung cancer in 14, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia in four, a metastatic tumor in one, and a benign tumor in two. CONCLUSIONS: This procedure is both a reliable and minimally invasive technique in thoracoscopic wedge resection for small peripheral pulmonary lesions.     

Pulmonary thromboembolism after thoracoscopic pulmonary wedge resection; report of a case

We encountered a case of acute pulmonary embolism after lung cancer surgery. The case was a 64-year-old female. She was admitted to our hospital with an abnormal shadow on chest X-ray. There was a past history of hypopituitarism medicated with steroids. Chest computed tomography (CT) demonstrated ground glass attenuation shadow measuring 10 mm in the left upper lobe. She underwent left thoracoscopic pulmonary wedge resection due to bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma. Postoperatively, the patient suddenly complained of chest pain and dyspnea the day after surgery. Chest CT showed left and right pulmonary arterial thromboembolism. Thrombolytic and anticoagulation therapy with urokinase and heparin sodium were immediately started. Venography demonstrated thrombus located in the vein of the bilateral lower leg region. We inserted an inferior vena cava filter to prevent aggravation of pulmonary embolism. After 11 days, CT showed completed thrombolysis in the bilateral pulmonary artery. The patient was discharged on the 25th postoperative day, and has been followed with anticoagulation therapy.     

Simultaneous three-port thoracoscopic surgery for bilateral lung cancers with a pulmonary vein anomaly: A case report

IntroductionSimultaneous resection of bilateral lung cancers is technically challenging but may be preferable to a staged procedure in patients with a partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) in an affected lobe. We performed single-stage resection of bilateral lung cancers in a patient with a PAPVC.Presentation of caseA 73-year-old man was diagnosed as having bilateral lung cancers (right, cT3N1M0, stage IIIA and left, cT2aN0M0, stage IB). Left upper trisegmentectomy was performed, followed by right upper lobectomy with deep wedge bronchoplasty. A PAPVC was found incidentally in the affected right upper lobe and successfully divided. The postoperative course was uneventful and he commenced chemoradiotherapy.DiscussionResection of the PAPVC, which was located in the same lobe as the lung cancer, would have mitigated load increase in the right heart and may have alleviated the adverse effects of bilateral lung resection. Moreover, the single-stage procedure likely shortened the overall duration of treatment.ConclusionSingle-stage bilateral thoracoscopic resection may have advantages over staged procedures in some patients with PAPVCs.