考虑最小尺寸控制的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化设计

拓扑优化设计的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑构型容易出现类铰链结构,导致难以制造加工。为了满足制造工艺要求,提出一种考虑最小尺寸控制的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化设计方法。采用改进的固体各向同性材料惩罚模型,利用达西定律结合排水项计算流体压力载荷,以机构的互应变能最大化和应变能最小化为优化目标,采用Otsu算法和拓扑细化算法提取柔顺机构的骨架特征,从而构建最小特征尺寸控制,以结构体积和最小特征尺寸作为约束,建立考虑最小尺寸控制的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化模型,采用移动渐近线算法进行压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化问题求解。数值算例结果表明,所提设计方法获得的压力驱动柔顺机构最小特征尺寸满足约束,能够有效地抑制类铰链结构,并且分析不同最小控制尺寸对柔顺机构拓扑优化结果影响规律。     

考虑疲劳性能的柔顺机构拓扑优化设计

柔顺机构需要承受多次往复运动,交变应力导致机构容易发生疲劳损伤及失效.为了满足疲劳性能要求,提出一种考虑疲劳性能的柔顺机构拓扑优化设计方法.考虑恒定振幅的比例载荷作用,采用修正的Goodman疲劳准则评定柔顺机构的疲劳强度,以柔顺机构的输出位移最大化为目标函数,以疲劳性能和结构体积作为约束,采用改进的P范数方法进行疲劳约束凝聚,建立基于疲劳性能约束的柔顺机构拓扑优化模型,利用映射过滤方法避免数值不稳定性现象,采用移动渐近优化算法求解柔顺机构疲劳约束拓扑优化的多约束优化问题.数值算例结果表明基于疲劳约束拓扑优化获得的柔顺机构能够满足疲劳要求,机构的von Mises等效应力分布更加均匀;并且分析不同的作用载荷条件对柔顺机构构型及其性能的影响规律.     

基于转动约束策略的柔顺机构拓扑优化

柔顺机构在航天航空、生物医疗、及仿生机器人等高新科技领域的精密微机械系统中拥有巨大的应用潜力。目前,拓扑优化是柔顺机构构型设计的主要方法之一。为了解决传统柔顺机构拓扑优化设计中存在虚铰的问题,首先,将旋转角引入柔顺机构构型设计中,以旋转角为观测指标,分析拓扑优化结果中存在虚铰的原因。其次,通过约束设计域内的旋转角平方的平均值不超过许用值,建立无铰链式柔顺机构拓扑优化模型,并且利用伴随法推导与之相应的灵敏度分析列式。最后,采用反向位移机构与柔性夹钳这两个经典算例的拓扑优化设计验证了所提优化模型的可行性和有效性。研究结果表明：基于转动约束策略获得的具有类桁架构型无铰链式柔顺机构,虽然在输入位移与输出位移方面表现出一定程度的减少,但避免了局部应变过大、应力集中问题的出现。     

含有Heaviside密度映射的构型平稳变化的柔性机构拓扑优化设计

现有柔性机构拓扑优化方法在解决柔性机构拓扑优化的类铰链和灰度问题仍存在一些困难。为获得清晰和不含类铰链的优化拓扑,提出了一种构型平稳变化的结构拓扑优化求解方法。首先,构建了一种能综合表征柔性机构输入和输出端的局部刚度特性的加权组合柔顺度函数;而后,引入加权组合柔顺度的小量变化约束、Heaviside密度映射和变约束限方案,建立了柔性机构构型平稳变化的优化模型;最后结合MMA算法,形成了一种构型平稳变化的柔性机构拓扑优化方法。给出的算例结果表明,相比于现有方法,该方法计算公式简单,可获得清晰且无类铰链的拓扑构型。     

基于混合元胞自动机的柔顺机构多目标拓扑优化方法

采用无梯度优化方法——混合元胞自动机方法进行体积约束下柔顺机构多目标拓扑优化设计。以应变能最小化和互应变能最大化为目标,以结构体积为约束,采用标准化方法定义多目标拓扑优化的目标函数,消除不同性质目标函数在数量级上的差异。将混合元胞自动机方法用于多目标优化问题的求解,以比例控制作为局部控制规律。数值算例结果表明,该方法用于柔顺机构多目标拓扑优化设计是有效的,优化迭代次数较少,且结构不易出现单节点铰链现象。     

基于应力约束的多相材料结构拓扑优化设计

传统的固体各向同性材料惩罚模型(SIMP)难以准确描述多相材料结构应力约束拓扑优化问题,鉴于此,提出一种基于可分离应力插值模型的多相材料结构应力约束拓扑优化设计方法.利用可分离应力插值模型计算多相材料结构的刚度和应力,以结构的体积最小化作为目标函数,采用改进的P范数求解各相材料结构的最大应力,以各相材料结构的最大应力作为约束,建立多相材料的结构全局应力约束拓扑优化模型,利用设计变量过滤技术避免数值不稳定性现象,采用移动渐近线优化算法求解多相材料结构应力约束拓扑优化问题.数值算例结果表明,采用多相材料结构全局应力约束拓扑优化获得的结构更加合理,能够有效地避免应力集中现象.     

热弹性结构全局应力约束拓扑优化设计

针对静强度失效问题,提出一种基于全局应力约束的热弹性结构拓扑优化设计方法。考虑热载荷和机械载荷共同作用下,以结构的体积最小化为目标函数,利用应力松弛方法来消除奇异解现象,采用改进的P范数方法将所有的单元应力凝聚化为一个近似等于结构最大应力的全局应力,利用全局应力作为约束,建立热弹性结构全局应力约束拓扑优化模型,采用移动近似线算法进行拓扑优化问题的求解。数值算例表明热弹性结构全局应力约束拓扑优化设计方法是有效的。随着温度载荷增大,应力约束拓扑优化获得的拓扑结构不同,最优结构的用材有所增加。     

基于等几何分析的电热驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化设计

为了提高计算效率,提出一种基于等几何分析(Isogeometricanalysis, IGA)的电热驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化设计方法。采用NURBS曲线表达几何模型和分析模型,利用改进的固体各向同性材料惩罚法和密度分布函数描述材料分布,采用顺序耦合方法进行电-热-结构多物理场耦合有限元分析,以电热驱动柔顺机构的输出位移最大化为目标函数,以机构的体积为约束,建立基于等几何分析的电热驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化数学模型,利用移动渐近线算法求解拓扑优化问题。数值算例验证了提出的设计方法的有效性。与基于有限元分析的优化结果相比,基于等几何分析获得的电热驱动柔顺机构拓扑构型有所不同,边界更加光滑,机构的输出位移更大;并且等几何分析能够有效地减少迭代步数,显著地提高了计算效率。分析不同的输出刚度对电热驱动柔顺机构拓扑构型和机构性能的影响规律。     

多输入多输出柔顺机构拓扑优化及输出耦合的抑制

多自由度柔顺机构在微动精密定位和精密操作等领域有广泛的应用,因而研究多自由度柔顺机构的拓扑优化方法就显得十分必要。给出了一种多输入多输出柔顺机构拓扑优化设计的新方法。首先,推导了描述多输入多输出柔顺机构柔性的互应变能公式和描述机构刚性的应变能公式,研究了抑制耦合输出的策略,进一步给出了描述输出耦合效应的计算公式,在此基础上建立了考虑抑制输入输出耦合效应时柔顺机构的多目标拓扑优化设计模型。其次,基于改进的优化准则法给出了优化模型的有效求解算法。最后,通过算例说明了该方法的正确性和有效性,研究结果表明,拓扑优化后柔顺机构可以按照预定的要求运动,其输出耦合现象得到了有效抑制。     

连续体结构的柔顺机构拓扑优化设计

通过对连续体结构柔顺机构的拓扑分析,提出了连续体柔顺机构拓扑优化方法,即同时考虑最大化的互应变能和应变能,即系统的刚度和柔度;建立其数学模型并用此分析其约束的敏度。     

区间参数柔性机构设计的混合元胞自动机方法

进行柔性机构设计时,应考虑不确定性参数对机构性能的影响。基于此,将柔性机构物理参数及其外载荷视为区间变量,基于柔性机构的刚性测度和柔性测度,建立在连续域中利用结构拓扑优化设计柔性机构的数学模型。采用固体各向同性惩罚方法进行设计域材料的参数化,将材料相对密度作为设计变量,结构受载时的应变能和交互势能线性加权的极大化作为目标函数,结构体积作为约束。优化设计求解策略采用混合元胞自动机方法,用区间有限元法进行结构总体分析以获取优化过程中的每次迭代信息,设计变量中的局部改变由基于比例—积分—微分控制律的局部设计规则来确定。数值算例证明了所建模型及其解法的有效性。按照数值算例结果之一进行等比例尺寸放大后的实物制造,并进行简单试验验证。     

Topological and Shape Optimization of Flexure Hinges for Designing Compliant Mechanisms Using the Level Set Method

A flexure hinge is a major component in designing compliant mechanisms that o ers unique possibilities in a wide range of application fields in which high positioning accuracy is required. Although various flexure hinges with di erent configurations have been successively proposed, they are often designed based on designers' experiences and inspirations. This study presents a systematic method for topological optimization of flexure hinges by using the level set method. Optimization formulations are developed by considering the functional requirements and geometrical constraints of flexure hinges. The functional requirements are first constructed by maximizing the compliance in the desired direction while minimizing the compliances in the other directions. The weighting sum method is used to construct an objective function in which a self-adjust method is used to set the weighting factors. A constraint on the symmetry of the obtained configuration is developed. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. The obtained results reveal that the design of a flexure hinge starting from the topology level can yield more choices for compliant mechanism design and obtain better designs that achieve higher performance.     

基于双向渐进结构优化法的柔性机构设计

基于双向渐进结构优化法提出一种面向柔性机构的拓扑优化设计策略。由于采用0/1离散拓扑设计变量和启发式变量更新机制,双向渐进结构优化法一般适用于结构刚度相关的凸优化设计问题。柔性机构以最大化驱动端的位移为设计目标,属于典型的非凸优化问题,难以直接应用该方法开展相应的设计。针对于此,通过定义一种由驱动位移和刚度特性（柔顺度）加权平均的优化目标函数,实现基于双向渐进结构优化法的柔性机构设计。该优化目标函数具有双重功效：（1）通过逐步（设计迭代步）衰减刚度特性的贡献,实现优化问题由刚度设计向驱动设计的动态演化,可应用双向渐进结构优化法开展机构的拓扑构型设计;（2）通过调节加权系数,实现对设计机构的驱动性能和刚度特性的灵活匹配调控,可有效抑制铰链的形成、防止应力集中引起的失效。典型算例的设计结果显示,提出的发展的演化式设计策略可实现稳健且高效的柔性机构设计。     

Design and fabrication of miniature compliant hinges for multi-material compliant mechanisms

Multi-material molding (MMM) enables the creation of multi-material mechanisms that combine compliant hinges, serving as revolute joints, and rigid links in a single part. There are three important challenges in creating these structures: (1) bonding between the materials used, (2) the ability of the hinge to transfer the required loads in the mechanism while allowing for the prescribed degree(s) of freedom, and (3) incorporating the process-specific requirements in the design stage. This paper presents the approach for design and fabrication of miniature compliant hinges in multi-material compliant mechanisms. The methodology described in this paper allows for the concurrent design of the part and the manufacturing process. For the first challenge, mechanical interlocking strategies are presented. For the second challenge, the development of a simulation-based optimization model of the hinge is presented, involving functional and manufacturing constrains. For the third challenge, the development of hinge positioning features and gate positioning constraints is presented. The developed MMM process is described, along with the main constraints and performance measures. This includes the process sequence, the mold cavity design, gate selection, and runner system development. A case study is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of creating multi-material mechanisms with miniature hinges serving as joints through MMM process. The approach described in this paper was utilized to design a drive mechanism for a flapping wing micro air vehicle. The methods described in this paper are applicable to any lightweight, load-bearing compliant mechanism manufactured using multi-material injection molding.     

A modified post-processing technique to design a compliant based microgripper with a plunger using topological optimization

The precision of microobject manipulation is predominantly based on the appropriate design of micromanipulation devices such as microgrippers. A compliant mechanism-based microgripper is an appropriate choice to achieve a highly precise and controlled motion. This research article proposes a refined technique to design a compliant-based microgripper with a plunger. The topological optimization technique has been adopted in this research work to develop the conceptual design of the mechanism. Flexure hinges are introduced in the topologically optimized design to overcome the senseless regions developed during the optimization process which is highly complicated to manufacture. Various flexure hinge contours such as rectangular, circular, and elliptical are introduced in the conceptual design domain, and their effects are investigated. Various parameters of flexure hinges are considered; the stress, the displacements, and the strain energy stored in the mechanism are studied through finite element analysis (FEA). In addition to FEA, experimental verification of the design was also performed. Both results are convincing about the structural performance of the microgripper design. In general, microdevices possess higher surface forces than volumetric forces; hence, this design is introduced with a plunger segment which is used to push the microobject for an active release during micromanipulation.     

基于均匀化方法的柔顺机构的拓扑优化设计

基于柔顺机构拓扑优化设计的均匀化方法，给出了柔顺机构应变能和互应变能的算法，建立了柔顺机构多目标优化设计的模型并给出了相应的求解方法。最后通过算例说明了方法的可行性。