长江宜昌至武汉段岸线1 km近二十年土地利用及景观格局时空变化研究

长江拥有中国最长、开发条件最好的内陆岸线, 岸线资源的存量大且开发潜力高。了解岸线资源的利用现状, 为保障岸线资源开发、生态环境保护提供科学依据。研究以2000、2005、2010、2015和2019年土地利用为数据源, 分析长江宜昌至武汉段岸线1 km区域不同时期土地利用类型面积与景观格局指数。研究结果表明, 2000—2019年, 研究区域土地利用主要以农田和建筑用地为主, 变化的明显特点是农田面积在2019年较2000年下降了9.39%, 建筑用地和草地/林地面积扩张, 其中农田-建筑用地的转化较为剧烈。研究区域湿地资源丰富, 湿地总面积占比均在70%以上, 人工湿地占总湿地面积比均在92%以上。从斑块类型水平上看, 各用地类型斑块数量增长明显, 均发生了不同程度的景观破碎化现象; 其中草地/林面积虽增加了35.63 km2, 但斑块数量从0.114万个增加到0.618万个, 景观形状指数由34.92增加到95.19, 景观聚集度指数下降了10.82%, 其斑块趋向破碎化、形状不规则化, 这会阻碍种群间的基因交流、改变物种生存的生物地理环境, 减少生物物种多样性, 结构趋向紧凑对某些干扰的蔓延如虫灾、火灾等的抑制作用减弱。在景观类型层级, 斑块数量由1.24万个增加到2.34万个, 香农多样性指数增加了0.14, 蔓延度指数下降了8.48%, 整个研究区域景观的破碎化现象加剧, 区域原本优势的斑块类型破裂, 优势度差距逐渐缩小, 且空间的连通性降低, 空间优势减弱。文章定量揭示了长江宜昌至武汉岸线土地利用景观格局时空变化特征, 可为该区域景观格局的进一步优化提供依据。     

流域尺度上河流水质与土地利用的关系

以苏子河流域内54个水质采样点为基点,生成6种尺度的河岸带缓冲区,并借助FRAGSTATS软件计算景观水平和类型水平上的8种景观指数.分别从景观空间格局与景观类型组成两方面,对景观指数与水质进行相关分析.结果表明:区域景观格局在不同缓冲区内对流域水质具有不同的效应.当缓冲区距离≤300 m时,旱地、建筑用地、水田为主要的景观类型组成,其面积比例、斑块数量、斑块密度、最大斑块指数、最大形状指数、景观斑块聚集度指数均较高,农田的连通性较高,对水质的影响较大.在距离河流较远的区域(缓冲区距离＞300 m),林地面积比例较高,林地聚集连通程度较好,对水质改善具有一定作用,但不明显.该流域耕地、建设用地等对水质有着关键的影响作用.     

快速城市化过程中土地覆盖格局研究——以深圳市为例

研究一个以城市化过程为主的土地利用/覆盖变化可以从不同的角度出发。选择景观生态学中的景观格局的研究方法,对快速城市化地区——深圳市的城市化过程中的土地利用/覆盖的动态变化进行研究。具体选择景观格局指数中的破碎度指数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和聚集度指数,来表征斑块水平、景观水平、区域水平3个不同层次的土地覆盖格局。首先在区域水平上,分析了深圳全市,以及经济特区和特区外的宝安区、龙岗区的土地覆盖格局变化。在此基础上,以研究区的镇级行政单元为景观单元,计算了镇级行政区域以及镇级行政区海拔0～30m的区域的景观格局指数,在景观水平上分析了区域经济发展水平和速度,以及地形因素对土地覆盖格局变化的影响。随后分析了研究区各土地覆盖类型以及不同时期的斑块水平上的土地覆盖格局。最后以城镇用地比例表征城市化水平,讨论了城市化水平与土地覆盖格局变化的关系。在城市化初期,景观类型多样性和斑块破碎化程度出现上升趋势,空间聚集性下降,生态安全问题开始突现。在城市化水平20%～40%之间,其景观类型多样性和斑块破碎化程度达到较高水平,而空间聚集度水平较低,生态安全水平明显下降;随着城市化过程的不断深入,城市化水平不断提高,景观类型多样性和斑块破碎化程度又出现了较为明     

1980-2010年鄱阳湖地区土地覆盖与景观格局变化

以1980、2005和2010年鄱阳湖地区的土地覆盖数据为基础,采用GIS、RS及景观生态学的方法,分析1980-2010年该区土地覆盖及景观格局变化情况,并定量分析了土地覆盖类型变化度、斑块面积指数、斑块形状指数、边缘密度指数以及多样性指数等指标.结果表明：1980-2010年,研究区水田、内陆水体、常绿阔叶林和城镇建设用地不仅是该区域的主要土地覆盖类型,而且变化最强烈.总体上,内陆水体、城镇建设用地面积显著增加,水田和旱地面积有所减少.从景观格局变化来看,虽然鄱阳湖地区受到人口增长和经济发展的影响,其景观破碎度变化和景观多样性指数略呈下降趋势,但变化并不大,这反映出前期环境管理对于区域环境保护已经发挥重要作用,但仍然面临长期挑战.     

1980-2010年鄱阳湖地区土地覆盖与景观格局变化

以1980、2005和2010年鄱阳湖地区的土地覆盖数据为基础,采用GIS、RS及景观生态学的方法,分析1980-2010年该区土地覆盖及景观格局变化情况,并定量分析了土地覆盖类型变化度、斑块面积指数、斑块形状指数、边缘密度指数以及多样性指数等指标,结果表明:1980-2010年,研究区水田、内陆水体、常绿阔叶林和城镇建设用地不仅是该区域的主要土地覆盖类型,而且变化最强烈.总体上,内陆水体、城镇建设用地面积显著增加,水田和旱地面积有所减少.从景观格局变化来看,虽然鄱阳湖地区受到人口增长和经济发展的影响,其景观破碎度变化和景观多样性指数略呈下降趋势,但变化并不大,这反映出前期环境管理对于区域环境保护已经发挥重要作用,但仍然面临长期挑战.     

太湖流域土地利用与景观格局演变研究

基于遥感、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,以太湖流域为研究区域,在1985年、1995年和2000年的土地利用图基础上,分析了土地利用与景观格局演变.结果表明,15年间,太湖流域农田呈减少趋势,建设用地、林地、草地、水体呈增加趋势,其中农田的减少占土地利用总减少量的89.64%,建设用地的增加占土地利用总增加量的79.21%;由于人类活动的干预,太湖流域景观结构与景观异质性发生了较大变化.从景观尺度上看,斑块密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数呈降低趋势,边界密度、优势度指数、景观形状指数呈增加趋势;从斑块尺度上看,各景观组分的异质性指数及其变化过程有较大的差异,体现了景观生态系统的复杂性.人口增长、经济、政策等因素是太湖流域近15年景观格局动态变化的主要驱动力.太湖流域土地利用变化产生了景观碎化、边缘效应、生境退化等景观生态效应.可通过调整景观尺度上的土地利用方式,使太湖流域生态建设及水土资源实现可持续发展.     

河流城市土地利用景观格局变化及其生态风险分析——以江西省德兴市为例

利用德兴市2000年、2005年、2010年和2014年4期的TM遥感解译数据,在GIS和景观格局分析软件支持下,对该区域2000年—2014年的土地利用景观格局变化及其生态风险进行了分析。结果表明:2000—2014年间,林地是区域主导的景观类型,占总面积达80%以上,且德兴市土地利用景观格局发生了较大的变化,其中建设用地景观面积大幅增加(增加了1725.9 hm~2),而耕地、林地、水域和其他用地景观面积减少。2000—2014年德兴市土地利用景观的斑块数、多样性指数和均匀度指数处于降低趋势,斑块结合度指数处于增加趋势;斑块数、斑块密度、边界密度表现为先减后增再减的过程,分离度、分维数、蔓延度指数变化表现为先增后减再增的过程。德兴市的土地生态风险处于低生态风险,但风险指数呈上升趋势。     

不同斑块类型的景观指数粒度效应响应——以无锡市为例

斑块类型与景观格局粒度效应响应关系密切。以无锡市为研究区域,针对地区社会经济活动频繁、人为干扰强烈和生态脆弱等特性,以土地利用类型、热力等级和生态贡献为斑块类型划分依据,构建出对应的3种不同景观格局。在相同粒度变化情况下,选用了19个景观水平指数和Moran's I指数,分析了不同景观格局粒度效应的响应情况。结果表明,随粒度变粗:1)土地利用类型、热力等级和生态贡献斑块的部分景观指数响应曲线变化剧烈程度依次减弱;2)3类斑块的Moran's I指数均存在尺度效应。其中,土地利用类型和生态贡献斑块的Moran's I指数存在负相关,热力等级斑块没有。生态贡献斑块响应曲线在正相关区域内变化相对平缓,土地利用类型与热力等级斑块响应曲线变化趋势相反;3)指数反映的第一临界粒度基本一致,但景观指数响应曲线的临界现象更为明显。总体上,不同类型斑块在同一研究区构成的景观格局、指数响应曲线变化趋势和第一临界粒度都较为相似;斑块类型对景观指数粒度效应响应存在影响,但还有待深入探讨。     

中国高铁沿线区域土地利用景观格局变化分析

高铁建设会对周边土地利用格局产生重要影响, 但目前对中国高铁周边土地利用时空变化缺乏系统性研究。基于土地利用变化分析指标、景观格局指数、缓冲区等方法, 系统研究近年来中国高铁沿线土地利用景观格局时空动态变化。结果表明: (1)耕地和林地是沿线主要地类; 城乡、工矿、居民用地变化幅度和单一动态度最大, 耕地变化幅度位居其次; 各类用地综合动态度不高; 土地利用变化程度逐渐上升。不同类型用地的土地利用转移程度各异。(2)耕地和城乡、工矿、居民用地变化幅度呈距离衰减; 距高铁线越近, 土地利用程度综合指数越高。(3)景观多样性指数先增后减; 各类用地分形维数较接近; 景观破碎化加剧。研究可为高铁规划和建设、沿线区域土地规划和开发利用提供决策参考。     

农田边界生物多样性与边界属性相互关系研究

农田边界 (田埂ｆｉｅｌｄｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙ)可定义为农田(作物田块 )间过渡带 (ｅｃｏｔｏｎｅ) [4 ] 。不同类型农田边界所包含的景观要素不同。农田边界包括的景观要素有树篱、防护林、草带、墙、篱笆、沟渠、道路、作物边界带等。半自然生境的农田边界是重要的动植物栖息地和扩散廊道[6] ,而农田边界的生物多样性和物种的扩散 ,又受边界结构属性、农作系统及农作措施和区域景观结构及动态的影响[1,7] 。随着人口的增加和农业集约化的发展 ,农业景观中非生产性(半自然生境 )用地面积逐渐减少 ,在一定程度上引起生物多样性下降及影响农田…     

A review of influences of land use and land cover change on ecosystems

随着人口的增长和人类社会的发展, 土地利用与土地覆盖变化已经是不可避免。土地利用与土地覆盖变化不仅对生态系统的要素、结构和功能产生深远的影响, 也会对全球变化产生反馈作用。针对土地利用与土地覆盖变化的过程、驱动机制以及在各个方面可能产生的生态环境效应的科学研究已经全面开展。该文综述了土地利用与土地覆盖变化对气候、土壤、生物地球化学循环、生物多样性以及区域生态环境等影响方面的研究进展, 并提出了相关研究的前沿方向展望。随着新技术的不断发展, 学者们将更多地侧重预测未来全球变化背景下的土地利用与土地覆盖变化趋势、合理性以及适应性, 为可持续发展提供基础资料和理论依据。     

土地利用与土地覆盖变化对生态系统的影响

随着人口的增长和人类社会的发展, 土地利用与土地覆盖变化已经是不可避免。土地利用与土地覆盖变化不仅对生态系统的要素、结构和功能产生深远的影响, 也会对全球变化产生反馈作用。针对土地利用与土地覆盖变化的过程、驱动机制以及在各个方面可能产生的生态环境效应的科学研究已经全面开展。该文综述了土地利用与土地覆盖变化对气候、土壤、生物地球化学循环、生物多样性以及区域生态环境等影响方面的研究进展, 并提出了相关研究的前沿方向展望。随着新技术的不断发展, 学者们将更多地侧重预测未来全球变化背景下的土地利用与土地覆盖变化趋势、合理性以及适应性, 为可持续发展提供基础资料和理论依据。     

Review: Associations among goods,impacts and ecosystem services provided by livestock farming

Livestock is a major driver in most rural landscapes and economics, but it also polarises debate over its environmental impacts, animal welfare and human health. Conversely, the various services that livestock farming systems provide to society are often overlooked and have rarely been quantified. The aim of analysing bundles of services is to chart the coexistence and interactions between the various services and impacts provided by livestock farming, and to identify sets of ecosystem services (ES) that appear together repeatedly across sites and through time. We review three types of approaches that analyse associations among impacts and services from local to global scales: (i) detecting ES associations at system or landscape scale, (ii) identifying and mapping bundles of ES and impacts and (iii) exploring potential drivers using prospective scenarios. At a local scale, farming practices interact with landscape heterogeneity in a multi-scale process to shape grassland biodiversity and ES. Production and various ES provided by grasslands to farmers, such as soil fertility, biological regulations and erosion control, benefit to some extent from the functional diversity of grassland species, and length of pasture phase in the crop rotation. Mapping ES from the landscape up to the EU-wide scale reveals a frequent trade-off between livestock production on one side and regulating and cultural services on the other. Maps allow the identification of target areas with higher ecological value or greater sensitivity to risks. Using two key factors (livestock density and the proportion of permanent grassland within utilised agricultural area), we identified six types of European livestock production areas characterised by contrasted bundles of services and impacts. Livestock management also appeared to be a key driver of bundles of services in prospective scenarios. These scenarios simulate a breakaway from current production, legislation (e.g. the use of food waste to fatten pigs) and consumption trends (e.g. halving animal protein consumption across Europe). Overall, strategies that combine a reduction of inputs, of the use of crops from arable land to feed livestock, of food waste and of meat consumption deliver a more sustainable food future. Livestock as part of this sustainable future requires further enhancement, quantification and communication of the services provided by livestock farming to society, which calls for the following: (i) a better targeting of public support, (ii) more precise quantification of bundles of services and (iii) better information to consumers and assessment of their willingness to pay for these services.     

Implications of Fire Policy on Native Land Use in the Yukon Flats, Alaska

Through a process of participatory mapping, this research assessed the impacts of the 1984 change in Alaska fire policy from one of exclusion to one of management on Native land use in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge. Findings suggest that while the change in policy has had little measurable effect on community land use the continued suppression of fire on Native owned lands is having a direct impact on the current availability of wildlife resources to the point of necessitating territorial expansion among Native resource users. However, given the complexity of human nature, the impacts associated with the 1984 policy change should not be reduced to a simplistic cause-and-effect relationship. Rather this analysis demonstrates the interaction as well as the contradiction that occur between policy, culture, and ecology as these factors together have come to influence Native land use.     

Key Elements in a Framework for Land Use Impact Assessment Within LCA (11 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Land use by agriculture, forestry, mining, house-building or industry leads to substantial impacts, particularly on biodiversity and on soil quality as a supplier of life support functions. Unfortunately there is no widely accepted assessment method so far for land use impacts. This paper presents an attempt, within the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative, to provide a framework for the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) of land use. Materials and Methods: This framework builds from previous documents, particularly the SETAC book on LCIA (Lindeijer et al. 2002), developing essential issues such as the reference for occupation impacts; the impact pathways to be included in the analysis; the units of measure in the impact mechanism (land use interventions to impacts); the ways to deal with impacts in the future; and bio-geographical differentiation. Results: The paper describes the selected impact pathways, linking the land use elementary flows (occupation; transformation) and parameters (intensity) registered in the inventory (LCI) to the midpoint impact indicators and to the relevant damage categories (natural environment and natural resources). An impact occurs when the land properties are modified (transformation) and also when the current man-made properties are maintained (occupation). Discussion: The size of impact is the difference between the effect on land quality from the studied case of land use and a suitable reference land use on the same area (dynamic reference situation). The impact depends not only on the type of land use (including coverage and intensity) but is also heavily influenced by the bio-geographical conditions of the area. The time lag between the land use intervention and the impact may be large; thus land use impacts should be calculated over a reasonable time period after the actual land use finishes, at least until a new steady state in land quality is reached. Conclusions: Guidance is provided on the definition of the dynamic reference situation and on methods and time frame to assess the impacts occurring after the actual land use. Including the occupation impacts acknowledges that humans are not the sole users of land. Recommendations and Perspectives: The main damages affected by land use that should be considered by any method to assess land use impacts in LCIA are: biodiversity (existence value); biotic production potential (including soil fertility and use value of biodiversity); ecological soil quality (including life support functions of soil other than biotic production potential). Bio-geographical differentiation is required for land use impacts, because the same intervention may have different consequences depending on the sensitivity and inherent land quality of the environment where it occurs. For the moment, an indication of how such task could be done and likely bio-geographical parameters to be considered are suggested. The recommendation of indicators for the suggested impact categories is a matter of future research.     

Modeling technology innovation: How science, engineering, and industry methods can combine to generate beneficial socioeconomic impacts

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Government-sponsored science, technology, and innovation (STI) programs support the socioeconomic aspects of public policies, in addition to expanding the knowledge base. For example, beneficial healthcare services and devices are expected to result from investments in research and development (R&D) programs, which assume a causal link to commercial innovation. Such programs are increasingly held accountable for evidence of impact--that is, innovative goods and services resulting from R&D activity. However, the absence of comprehensive models and metrics skews evidence gathering toward bibliometrics about research outputs (published discoveries), with less focus on transfer metrics about development outputs (patented prototypes) and almost none on econometrics related to production outputs (commercial innovations). This disparity is particularly problematic for the expressed intent of such programs, as most measurable socioeconomic benefits result from the last category of outputs. METHODS: This paper proposes a conceptual framework integrating all three knowledge-generating methods into a logic model, useful for planning, obtaining, and measuring the intended beneficial impacts through the implementation of knowledge in practice. Additionally, the integration of the Context-Input-Process-Product (CIPP) model of evaluation proactively builds relevance into STI policies and programs while sustaining rigor. RESULTS: The resulting logic model framework explicitly traces the progress of knowledge from inputs, following it through the three knowledge-generating processes and their respective knowledge outputs (discovery, invention, innovation), as it generates the intended sociobeneficial impacts. It is a hybrid model for generating technology-based innovations, where best practices in new product development merge with a widely accepted knowledgetranslation approach. Given the emphasis on evidence-based practice in the medical and health fields and "bench to bedside" expectations for knowledge transfer, sponsors and grantees alike should find the model useful for planning, implementing, and evaluating innovation processes. CONCLUSIONS: High-cost/high-risk industries like healthcare require the market deployment of technologybased innovations to improve domestic society in a global economy. An appropriate balance of relevance and rigor in research, development, and production is crucial to optimize the return on public investment in such programs. The technology-innovation process needs a comprehensive operational model to effectively allocate public funds and thereby deliberately and systematically accomplish socioeconomic benefits.     

土地退化过程、机制与影响——以土地退化与恢复专题评估报告为基础

土地退化已成为威胁32亿人口福祉的全球性重大环境问题之一,近年来受到UN、IPBES、IPCC等组织的广泛关注。然而,当前的土地退化研究中,还存在概念不清、过程和机理不明、影响认识不彻底等问题,因此,厘清土地退化的概念、过程和机制是防止土地退化和恢复退化土地的关键。以生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学-政策平台（IPBES）土地退化与恢复专题评估报告为基础,剖析了土地退化的概念、过程、机制及影响：土地退化过程受自然环境和人类活动两大因素驱动,退化过程包括疑似退化、历史退化、敏感退化、弹性退化、持续退化和永久退化6种状态;土地退化类型可根据土地利用类型分为城市土地退化、农田退化、森林与草地退化、湿地退化等;土地退化具有多重影响,包括威胁食物和水安全,影响生物多样性及生态系统服务,引发地区冲突、大规模人口迁徙和疾病传播,加剧贫困及全球气候变化。土地退化过程、机制及影响的审视将为我国沙漠化、石漠化等土地退化的进一步研究提供理论指导,并为我国"山水林田湖草"土地系统的统筹治理和"美丽中国"、"生态文明"建设提供决策支持。     

Doubling protected land area may be inefficient at preserving the extent of undeveloped land and could cause substantial regional shifts in land use

Projection of land use and land-cover change is highly uncertain yet drives critical estimates of carbon emissions, climate change, and food and bioenergy production. We use new, spatially explicit land availability data in conjunction with a model sensitivity analysis to estimate the effects of additional land protection on land use and land cover. The land availability data include protected land and agricultural suitability and is incorporated into the Moirai land data system for initializing the Global Change Analysis Model. Overall, decreasing land availability is relatively inefficient at preserving undeveloped land while having considerable regional land-use impacts. Current amounts of protected area have little effect on land and crop production estimates, but including the spatial distribution of unsuitable (i.e., unavailable) land dramatically shifts bioenergy production from high northern latitudes to the rest of the world, compared with uniform availability. This highlights the importance of spatial heterogeneity in understanding and managing land change. Approximately doubling the current protected area to emulate a 30% protected area target may avoid land conversion by 2050 of less than half the newly protected extent while reducing bioenergy feedstock land by 10.4% and cropland and grazed pasture by over 3%. Regional bioenergy land may be reduced (increased) by up to 46% (36%), cropland reduced by up to 61%, pasture reduced by up to 100%, and harvested forest reduced by up to 35%. Only a few regions show notable gains in some undeveloped land types of up to 36%. Half of the regions can reach the target using only unsuitable land, which would minimize impacts on agriculture but may not meet conservation goals. Rather than focusing on an area target, a more robust approach may be to carefully select newly protected land to meet well-defined conservation goals while minimizing impacts to agriculture.     

Life cycle assessment of 3D printing geo‐polymer concrete: An ex‐ante study

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing and geo‐polymers are two environmentally oriented innovations in concrete manufacturing. The 3D printing of concrete components aims to reduce raw material consumption and waste generation. Geo‐polymer is being developed to replace ordinary Portland cement and reduce the carbon footprint of the binder in the concrete. The environmental performance of the combined use of the two innovations is evaluated through an ex‐ante life cycle assessment (LCA). First, an attributional LCA was implemented, using data collected from the manufacturer to identify the hotspots for environmental improvements. Then, scaled‐up scenarios were built in collaboration with the company stakeholder. These scenarios were compared with the existing production system to understand the potential advantages/disadvantages of the innovative system and to identify the potential directions for improvement. The results indicate that 3D printing can potentially lead to waste reduction. However, depending on its recipe, geo‐polymer likely has higher environmental impacts than ordinary concrete. The ex‐ante LCA suggests that after step‐by‐step improvements in the production and transportation of raw materials, 3D printing geo‐polymer concrete is able to reduce the carbon footprint of concrete components, while it does still perform worse on impact categories, such as depletion of abiotic resources and stratospheric ozone depletion. We found that the most effective way to lower the environmental impacts of 3D concrete is to reduce silicate in the recipe of the geo‐polymer. This approach is, however, challenging to realize by the company due to the locked‐in effect of the previous innovation investment. The case study shows that to support technological innovation ex‐ante LCA has to be implemented as early as possible in innovation to allow for maintaining technical flexibility and improving on the identified hotspots.