激光相变硬化对轴承钢组织与性能的影响研究

本文对低温回火态Gcr15轴承钢的激光相变硬化处理进行了研究.试验了激光处理的工艺参数对硬化过程的显微组织、淬硬层的硬度变化、残余应力分布、残留奥氏体形貌与数量以及耐磨性能等的影响.结果表明:经激光相变硬化处理后,Gcr15钢的表面硬度可达HV1000以上,硬化层的显微组织为缺陷密度高的隐针马氏体,晶粒度为ASTM 14级,残留奥氏体约达20%,呈膜态分布于马氏体条片之间及碳化物周围,超细的碳化物非常弥散地分布着,表面层保持较大的压应力而耐磨性能明显提高.据此,可以认为激光相变硬化的强韧化机制是:晶粒细化强化、亚结构强化,弥散析出强化以及残留奥氏体强化等的综合贡献.     

航空轴承钢渗碳热处理组织演变行为研究

利用EPMA与XRD等实验方法对航空轴承钢在渗碳热处理过程中的微观组织演变行为进行定性及定量分析.结果表明:在渗碳淬火处理后,试样表层及次表层组织中有大量的碳化物及少量的残留奥氏体,其中碳化物为M₂₃C₆和M₆C.随着渗层深度的增加,碳化物含量减少,残留奥氏体含量增加.经过二次淬火处理后,奥氏体与马氏体中碳质量分数增加,使得淬火后残留奥氏体质量分数大幅度增加,在渗层0.1mm处达到22.7%.经过两次深冷与回火处理后,马氏体与奥氏体中碳质量分数降低,碳化物含量增加,渗层硬度提升.     

锰系球墨铸铁成分、组织与性能的研究

应用铸态淬火研究了碳量（２．５～４．０％）、硅量（２．５～３．５％）、锰量（０．５～５．５％） 对球墨铸铁组织与性能的影响。结果表明，锰含量增加。试样中针状组织减少，残余奥氏体　增 多、碳化物也增多．低硅时锰对碳化物数量、中硅时锰对残余奥氏体数量影响突出。针状组织数 量及针状组织含碳量对硬度影响较大。适当的碳量可使试样中石墨球、碳化物、针状组织有较佳 的配合，具有较好的综合机械性能。     

超低温温度场中轴承钢显微组织转变对机械性能的影响

在超低温温度场中对GCr15轴承钢基体亚稳态组织发生相变的过程进行研究,结果表明,在一定的降温速度、温度和等温时间下,基体中的回火马氏体沉淀出碳化物弥散相,残留奥氏体继续向马氏体转变,强化了基体组织,延缓疲劳微裂纹的萌生和扩展,从而提高了轴承钢的机械性能和耐磨性.     

高碳钢与球墨铸铁的两体磨粒磨损和基体显微组织的特性关系

基体组织对材料的性能有重要影响．本文以高锰钢、高碳低铬钢（ＧＣｒ１５）、球墨铸铁为试验材料，研究了不同热处理条件下获得的非平衡基体组织试样的碳化硅两体磨损特性．结果表明，在所试验的马氏体、马氏体十残余奥氏体、单相奥氏体以及贝氏体＋马氏体＋奥氏体复合基体中，以淬火马氏体最耐磨，贝氏体复合组织的耐磨性仅与高锰钢单相奥氏体相当．适当地增加残余奥氏体含量．即提高淬火温度可提高马氏体基体组织的耐磨性．     

残留碳化物在等温球化处理中的作用

本文研究了5种钢在等温球化处理中残留碳化物的分布形态（数量、有效尺寸、弥散度、形状）的作用，结果表明，残留碳化物的有效尺寸越小，数目越多，形状为圆形时，效果较为理想。经过电子显微镜、金相显微镜以及理论上的分析，证实了点状残留碳化物起的作用为：使碳化物以短棒状和颗粒状析出，为以后碳化物长大做好准备，同时，本文还制定了GCr15和T12最佳的等温球化工艺。     

基于TiC-VC耐磨粒磨损堆焊的显微组织与性能

采用H08A焊芯及石墨、钛铁、钒铁、人造金红石等药皮组分研制了新型耐磨粒磨损堆焊焊条，研究了堆焊层的显微组织与性能．结果表明，通过高温电弧冶金反应生成的碳化物比较均匀地弥散分布于基体组织中，大部分分布于基体组织的晶界上，呈不规则块状、角状或条状．碳化物是TiC、VC的密集集合体．基体组织是典型的低碳马氏体形貌，低碳马氏体基体组织配合弥散分布的碳化物是获得良好抗裂性和高耐磨性堆焊金属的微观基础．堆焊金属主要相构成为α-Fe γ-Fe VC TiC Fe3C．药皮中钛铁、钒铁、石墨加入量增加，堆焊层硬度提高，工艺性能和抗裂性能恶化．堆焊层硬度可达到HRC60以上，相对耐磨性是D667焊条的5倍．     

模具钢表面激光涂覆硬面合金层的研究

本文应用１．５ｋＷ横流式ＣＯ２气体激光器将ＮｉＷＣ２５，Ｎｉ５５，Ｆｅ４５０，ｓｔｅｌｉｔｅ１２等四种硬面合金粉末涂覆在Ｙ４模具钢的表面，用扫描电镜能谱仪、光学显微镜、Ｘ射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、耐磨实验机等分别对合金层的剖面元素分布、合金层的微观组织、相组成、显微硬度及耐磨性等进行了较详细的测定分析．研究结果表明：合金涂覆层与基材在激光作用下能形成良好的冶金结合；合金层的组织是以过饱和奥氏体基相上弥散分布着碳化物和硼化物的多元共晶组织；该合金层具有优于Ｙ４模具钢的耐磨性能，其中以ＮｉＷＣ２５合金层的耐磨性最优异．     

六面锻造和超深冷处理对Cr12Mo1V钢耐磨性能的影响

研究六面锻造和液氮处理对Cr12Mo1V钢耐磨性能的影响。结果表明，六面锻造加余热淬火处理，使钢中碳化物级别降低1～2级，使钢的奥氏体晶粒度降低2级，从而提高了耐磨性。淬火后再经液氮处理，既降低残余奥氏体含量，提高硬度，又降低钢中残余应力，明显地提高了钢的耐磨性。     

提高M12螺帽冷镦模具耐磨性的研究

Cr12MoV钢制造的M12螺帽冷镦模经超低温改性处理后，其显微组织发生了转变：钢组织中的残留奥氏体向马氏体转变，析出大量高弥散的碳化物微粒，强化了模具性能，尤其是耐磨性能显著增加，从而提高了冷镦模具的使用寿命。     

Influence of cryogenic treatment on the wear characteristics of 100Cr6 bearing steel

A series of reciprocating wear tests were performed on the deep cryogenically treated and conventionally heat-treated samples of 100Cr6 bearing steel to study the wear resistance. The worn surfaces as well as the wear debris were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The improvement in wear resistance of the deep cryogenically treated samples ranges from 49% to 52%. This significant improvement in wear resistance can be attributed to finer carbide precipitation in the tempered martensitic matrix and the transformation of retained austenite into martensite. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the volume fraction of retained austenite in the conventionally heat-treated samples is 14% and that of the deep cryogenically treated samples is only 3%.     

奥氏体—贝氏体球铁滑动摩擦磨损特性的试验研究

在MM-200型和MHK-500型磨损试验机上对ADI的滑动摩擦磨损行为进行了试验研究,运用扫描电镜和X射线衍射对试样进行了测试分析.结果表明,在摩擦磨损过程中ADI表层的奥氏体量和奥氏体中的固溶碳量有所减少,硬度升高.在此基础上讨论了ADI的耐磨性能,并与40Cr钢和V-Ti球铁作了耐磨性对比试验.     

淬火分配处理对高碳钢组织、力学性能和磨损性能的影响

The present work employed the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and electron probe microanalysis techniques to identify the microstructural evolution and mechanical and abrasive behavior of high carbon steel during quenching-partitioning treatment with an aim to enhance the toughness and wear resistance of high carbon steel. Results showed that, with the increase in partitioning temperature from 250 to 400°C, the amount of retained austenite (RA) decreased resulting from the carbide precipitation effect after longer partitioning times. Moreover, the stability of RA generally increased because of the enhanced degree of carbon enrichment in RA. Given the factors affecting the toughness of high carbon steel, the stability of RA associated with size, carbon content, and morphology plays a significant role in determining the toughness of high carbon steel. The analysis of the wear resistance of samples with different mechanical properties shows that hardness is the primary factor affecting the wear resistance of high carbon steel, and the toughness is the secondary one.     

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the properties of 80CrMo12 5 tool steel

The effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 80CrMo12 5 tool steel was investigated. Moreover, the effects of stabilization (holding at room temperature for some periods before deep cryogenic treatment) and tempering before deep cryogenic treatment were studied. The results show that deep cryogenic treatment can eliminate the retained austenite, making a better carbide distribution and a higher carbide amount. As a result, a remarkable improvement in wear resistance of cryogenically treated specimens is observed. Moreover, the ultimate tensile strength increases, and the toughness of the sample decreases. It is also found that both stabilization and tempering before deep cryogenic treatment decrease the wear resistance, hardness, and carbides homogeneity compared to the deep cryogenically treated samples. It is concluded that deep cryogenic treatment should be performed without any delay on samples after quenching to reach the highest wear resistance and hardness.     

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the formation of nano-sized carbides and the wear behavior of D2 tool steel

The effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure, hardness, and wear behavior of D2 tool steel was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), hardness test, pin-on-disk wear test, and the reciprocating pin-on-flat wear test. The results show that deep cryogenic treatment eliminates retained austenite, makes a better carbide distribution, and increases the carbide content. Furthermore, some new nano-sized carbides form during the deep cryogenic treatment, thereby increasing the hardness and improving the wear behavior of the samples.     

65Nb钢冷镦模具回火组织变化与耐磨性的关系

基体钢(65Nb)冷镦模具经超低温工艺处理后微观组织发生了变化,即从回火马氏体中析出碳化物微粒,残余奥氏体转变成马氏体并析出微细碳化物。这种组织变化可显著提高模具的耐磨性和冲击韧度,因而也大大延长了模具的使用寿命     

稀土在WC颗粒复合耐磨材料中的作用

为了提高ＷＣ硬质合金颗粒复合材料的耐磨性,向复合材料的金属基体中加入了不同数量的稀土。采用扫描电镜、Ｘ射线能谱仪、显微硬度计、台式冲击试验机以及销盘式磨损试验机等试验手段,对稀土加入量不同的几种ＷＣ硬质合金颗粒复合材料的金属基体进行了稀土分布及显微组织的分析,测定了基体组织的显微硬度及复合材料的韧性和耐磨性。研究结果表明,稀土富集于奥氏体与碳化物和奥氏体与共晶体两种界面处,少量固溶于奥氏体中。加入适量的稀土产生了明显的微合金化作用,使共晶组织显著细化,提高了金属基体的硬度和韧性以及复合材料的耐磨性。     

Abrasive resistance of metastable V–Cr–Mn–Ni spheroidal carbide cast irons using the factorial design method

Full factorial design was used to evaluate the two-body abrasive resistance of 3wt%C–4wt%Mn–1.5wt%Ni spheroidal carbide cast irons with varying vanadium (5.0wt%–10.0wt%) and chromium (up to 9.0wt%) contents. The alloys were quenched at 920℃. The regression equation of wear rate as a function of V and Cr contents was proposed. This regression equation shows that the wear rate decreases with increasing V content because of the growth of spheroidal VC carbide amount. Cr influences the overall response in a complex manner both by reducing the wear rate owing to eutectic carbides (M₇C₃) and by increasing the wear rate though stabilizing austenite to deformation-induced martensite transformation. This transformation is recognized as an important factor in increasing the abrasive response of the alloys. By analyzing the regression equation, the optimal content ranges are found to be 7.5wt%–10.0wt% for V and 2.5wt%–4.5wt% for Cr, which corresponds to the alloys containing 9vol%–15vol% spheroidal VC carbides, 8vol%–16vol% M₇C₃, and a metastable austenite/martensite matrix. The wear resistance is 1.9–2.3 times that of the traditional 12wt% V–13wt% Mn spheroidal carbide cast iron.     

Machining studies of die cast aluminum alloy-silicon carbide composites

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with high specific stiffness, high strength, improved wear resistance, and thermal properties are being increasingly used in advanced structural, aerospace, automotive, electronics, and wear applications. Aluminum alloy-silicon carbide composites were developed using a new combination of the vortex method and the pressure die-casting technique in the present work. Machining studies were conducted on the aluminum alloy-silicon carbide (SiC) composite work pieces using high speed steel (HSS) end-mill tools in a milling machine at different speeds and feeds. The quantitative studies on the machined work piece show that the surface finish is better for higher speeds and lower feeds. The surface roughness of the plain aluminum alloy is better than that of the aluminum alloy-silicon carbide composites. The studies on tool wear show that flank wear increases with speed and feed. The end-mill tool wear is higher on machining the aluminum alloy-silicon carbide composites than on machining the plain aluminum alloy.