骨髓间质干细胞体外诱导分化为心肌样细胞的实验研究

目的：体外培养并诱导大鼠骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs）分化为心肌细胞。 方法： 采用密度梯度离心法和贴壁培养法分离、纯化大鼠骨髓MSCs，在第3代细胞以5-氮杂胞苷进行诱导，用免疫细胞化学和RT-PCR方法对诱导细胞进行鉴定。 结果： 诱导后细胞体积较诱导前增大，而且更加细长，呈长梭形。14 d后细胞之间出现连接，排列方向渐趋一致。免疫细胞化学染色显示诱导后部分细胞结蛋白(desmin)、横纹肌肌动蛋白(α-sarcomeric actin)和心肌特异性肌钙蛋白(troponin I)呈阳性反应。RT-PCR结果表明诱导细胞有心肌β肌球蛋白重链表达。 结论： 5-氮杂胞苷能在体外诱导MSCs向心肌细胞分化。     

兔骨髓间充质干细胞来源的心肌(样)细胞的诱导分化研究

目的体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)向肌源性细胞分化,探索诱导后的MSCs移植于心肌梗死区的存活和分化情况。方法提取、分离、培养兔的MSCs。经5-氮胞苷诱导后,进行免疫组化,电镜观察。4',6二乙酞基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)标记MSCs,建立兔心肌梗死模型。实验动物随机分两组:实验组(n=10)在心梗区域注入经诱导后的MSCs;对照组(n=10)在心梗区域注入不含MSCs的培养液。移植4周后,进行病理标本观察和免疫组化检测。结果5-氮胞苷诱导MSCs4周,部分细胞表达肌钙蛋白T(troponin T),电镜观察到肌丝形成。MSCs在体外用DAPI标记,用荧光显微镜观察细胞发蓝色荧光。移植4周后,在实验组中用荧光显微镜观察可见梗死区组织标本中可见DAPI标记带蓝色荧光的供体细胞核,移植细胞表达troponin T。结论MSCs经5-氮胞苷诱导后可向心肌细胞转化。移植细胞可在心肌存活,并向心肌细胞(样)转化。     

骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌细胞分化的体外诱导实验

目的:研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)经5-氮杂胞苷诱导在体外分化为心肌样细胞的情况,为心衰的干细胞移植治疗提供实验依据。方法:分离培养大鼠MSCs,用不同浓度5-氮杂胞苷诱导不同时间,用形态学、PAS反应、免疫细胞化学等鉴定。结果:诱导细胞以梭形、柱状为主,部分细胞有分支,单核,核卵圆形、居中,类似心肌细胞形态;PAS反应阳性;诱导培养2周,Sarcomeric actin和Connexin-43表达较弱,以后逐渐增强。以10-5mol/L5-氮杂胞苷诱导24h效果最佳。结论:MSCs在5-氮杂胞苷诱导下可定向分化为心肌样细胞,可望成为自体心肌细胞的一种良好供体来源。     

人脐带间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞的实验研究

目的 探讨人脐带间充质干细胞(MSCs)在体外向心肌细胞分化的能力及移植后对急性心肌梗死大鼠心功能恢复的影响.方法 胶原酶胰酶消化法分离脐带MSCs.取第4-6代脐带干细胞,采用5-氮胞苷诱导,免疫组织化学和免疫荧光法对诱导后细胞进行鉴定.建立大鼠心肌梗死模型,并按完全随机法将其分为2组(n=10):细胞移植组和空白对照组.将培养脐带MSCs移植到大鼠梗死心肌周围,4周后,免疫荧光法鉴定移植细胞,并超声检测心功能改变.结果 体外诱导后,细胞的形态不断发生变化,诱导后的细胞表达心肌特异性α-肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白和肌钙蛋白T,阳性率在50%以上.细胞移植4周后,脐带MSCs在缺血心肌内存活并分化为心肌样细胞,心功能检测显示脐带MSCs移植组大鼠在移植后4周的左心室射血分数[(68.4±15.2)%]比对照组大鼠明显增加[(53.2±13.4)%,P＜0.05].结论 人脐带MSCs能够在体内外分化为心肌样细胞,并能促进心脏功能的恢复.     

5-氮胞苷体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化:超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒的标记

背景:骨髓间充质干细胞体外经多种诱导剂均可成功转化为心肌样细胞,目前国内外报道中普遍采用的诱导剂为5-氮胞苷。超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒直径小,可被干细胞吞噬,加上其顺磁性可被MRI探测到信号,因而成为目前广泛应用于活体检测干细胞移植的理想示踪剂。目的:与未经标记的干细胞相比,观察超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记方式对干细胞体外经5-氮胞苷诱导向心肌样细胞分化效应的影响。方法:分离培养猪骨髓间充质干细胞,实验组采用P3代细胞经超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记,标记后细胞经5-氮胞苷体外诱导24h后继续培养,对照组直接经5-氮胞苷诱导。2周后用抗结蛋白、肌球蛋白重链、心肌特异性肌钙蛋白I、连接蛋白43进行免疫细胞化学染色鉴定,经普鲁士蓝染色观察细胞内铁颗粒。结果与结论:5-氮胞苷诱导分化后细胞表达抗结蛋白、肌球蛋白重链、心肌特异性肌钙蛋白I和连接蛋白43,且超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记诱导细胞内普鲁士蓝染色呈阳性。提示超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记骨髓间充质干细胞经5-氮胞苷体外诱导后可以分化为心肌样细胞。     

骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞的研究

目的目的研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞经5-氮杂胞苷诱导在体外转化为心肌样细胞的情况,为心衰的干细胞移植治疗提供基础。方法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,用不同浓度5-氮杂胞苷诱导不同时间,通过形态学、PAS反应、免疫细胞化学等鉴定。结果诱导细胞以梭形、柱状为主,部分细胞有分支,核一个、卵圆形、居中,类似心肌细胞形态;PAS反应阳性;诱导后培养2周,Sarcomeric Actin和Connexin-43表达较弱,以后逐渐增强。以10×10-6mol/L5-氮杂胞苷诱导24h效果最佳。结论骨髓间充质干细胞在5-氮杂胞苷诱导下可定向分化为心肌样细胞,是自体心肌细胞的一种良好供体来源。     

定向诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌细胞分化

目的:采用骨髓间充质干细胞体外转化为心肌样细胞,为心衰的干细胞移植治疗提供基础。方法:分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,5-氮杂胞苷诱导24h后正常培养,通过形态学、PAS反应、磷钨酸苏木素染色(PTAH)、免疫细胞化学染色作鉴定。结果:诱导细胞以梭形、柱状为主,部分细胞有分支,单个核、卵圆形、居中,似心肌细胞,PAS及PTAH染色均为阳性。诱导后培养2周的细胞表达Sarcomeric Actin和Connexin-43较弱,以后表达逐渐增强,而且1、3、5代细胞均稳定表达。结论:骨髓MSCs可在体外被诱导分化为心肌样细胞,有望成为心衰干细胞移植治疗的理想细胞材料。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化为心肌样细胞

目的 采用骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)体外诱导为心肌样细胞,为干细胞移植治疗心衰提供一种新的细胞材料.方法 取SD大鼠四肢骨骨髓,分离培养MSCs,分别用终浓度为5、10、15、20 μmol/L的5-氮胞苷(5-aza)定向诱导,相差显微镜观察细胞形态学变化,应用免疫细胞化学、激光扫描共焦显微镜技术检测结蛋白(desmin),α-横纹肌肌动蛋白(α-sarcomeric actin)、心肌特异性肌钙蛋白(C-TnT)的表达,透射电镜鉴定.在诱导后7d、21 d和28 d,3个时间点以半定量RT-PCR方法检测细胞心肌早期转录因子GATA4和心肌特异性肌凝蛋白重链αMHC的表达.结果 MSCs体外经5-aza诱导后分化的细胞desmin、α-sarcomericactin、C-TnT均表达阳性,5 μmol/L组阳性表达较高,透射电镜下可见到平行排列的肌丝.RT-PCR结果显示,GATA4于诱导后7 d弱表达,21 d表达增强,28 d表达减弱.αMHC在诱导后7 d不表达,21 d弱表达,28 d表达明显.结论 骨髓间充质干细胞能够在体外被诱导分化为心肌样细胞,是自体心肌细胞一种良好的供体来源.     

5-氮胞苷诱导和未诱导骨髓间充质干细胞移植入梗死心肌后心功能变化的比较

背景:已证实在体外经5-氮胞苷诱导后,骨髓间充质干细胞可向类心肌细胞转化,但移植这种经诱导的髓间充质干细胞是否更有利于急性心肌梗死后心功能改善,尚有争议。目的:对比观察经5-氮胞苷诱导和未经诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞移植入急性心肌梗死组织后心功能的变化。方法:开胸结扎左冠状动脉前降支建立新西兰兔急性心肌梗死模型,分别在心肌梗死组织周边区注射PBS,经5-氮胞苷诱导或未诱导的兔骨髓间充质干细胞。移植后3d、4周超声心动图测定左室舒张末期容积,左室收缩末期容积及射血分数以评价心功能变化。结果与结论:兔前降支结扎后,心功能明显下降;移植3d后,各组动物左室舒张末期容积、左室收缩末期容积及射血分数均无显著差异,说明无论是否在体外经5-氮胞苷诱导过,骨髓间充质干细胞移植短期对兔心功能无明显改善;移植4周后,与注射PBS的动物比较,移植骨髓间充质干细胞可降低心肌梗死兔的左室舒张末期容积、左室收缩末期容积,提高射血分数,但骨髓间充质干细胞在体外是否经5-氮胞苷诱导对心功能改善程度无影响。     

骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞的实验研究

目的通过体外诱导研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞的分化,为心衰的干细胞移植治疗提供实验依据。方法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,采用5-氮杂胞苷定向诱导,通过形态学、免疫细胞化学及磷钨酸苏木素染色(PTAH)鉴定。结果诱导后细胞以梭形、柱状为主;部分细胞有分支,核一个、卵圆形、居中,类似心肌细胞形态;诱导24h后培养2周,Sarcomeric Actin和Connexin-43表达较弱,以后表达逐渐增强;诱导细胞PTAH阳性。结论骨髓间充质干细胞能在体外被诱导分化为心肌样细胞,有望成为心衰时干细胞移植治疗的理想细胞材料。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.