全球变暖和海洋酸化背景下珊瑚礁生态响应的研究进展

生物礁是由珊瑚虫、藻类等造礁生物组成、具有抗浪结构的海相碳酸盐岩,是全球主要碳库之一,也是观察热带海洋影响中-高纬度环境过程的重要窗口。近二、三十年以来,伴随着海洋水体的显著酸化和增温,全球热带海洋生物礁的主体——珊瑚礁系统遭受了不同程度的影响。其中,对于高温强迫而言,海水温度上升诱发珊瑚白化、抑制珊瑚的自我修复;海洋酸化可以显著改变珊瑚钙化率、抑制珊瑚幼虫发育、引发珊瑚礁的溶解;两大因素均可改变珊瑚礁的群落结构。针对这些环境要素的改变,珊瑚自身可以通过共生藻的种类转换以及调控基因表达等手段在一定程度上抵抗高温胁迫;但若温室气体的排放不受控制,绝大多数珊瑚礁到21世纪末都将遭受灾难性打击。为应对未来不同场景下的珊瑚礁变化,还需要对高温、酸化等关键因子响应特征进行更深入的研究;珊瑚礁长序列研究有可能为珊瑚的长周期演化特征提供关键认识,也为现代观测提供有益补充。     

海洋酸化没有显著影响成体鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化作用和光合能力

工业革命以来,人类活动释放的大量CO2进入大气层,不仅产生严重的温室效应,也使得全球海洋出现酸化的现象。造礁珊瑚被认为是受海水酸化影响最大的类群。本研究以鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)为研究对象,通过气体交换法模拟未来的酸化环境(2100年)研究鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化率和光合能力(Fv/Fm)对酸化的响应。实验设置两个pH组(分别为7.8和8.1),自然光下进行4周的实验,水温控制在(27.5±1)℃。由于珊瑚等生物的代谢过程(主要是呼吸作用),实验系统的pH昼夜变化显著,酸化处理组和对照组的pH分别介于7.69~7.91和7.99~8.29。鹿角杯形珊瑚的生长率介于1.15%~2.09%/周,酸化对鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化率和光合效率没有显著的影响,鹿角杯形珊瑚对酸化的敏感度低。对比历史研究数据,本研究的结果进一步表明酸化对造礁珊瑚的影响存在种的特异性。推测鹿角杯形珊瑚对酸化的抗性可能与该珊瑚在有光的条件下能够利用HCO-3以及能够上调钙化位点的pH有关。这种特异性的pH缓冲能力使得珊瑚能维持钙化位点钙质基质高的文石饱和度(Ωarag),因此能以小的额外能耗提高造礁珊瑚的钙化率。     

海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑复合暴露对大马蹄螺抗氧化酶活性和脂质过氧化的影响

为探讨海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑环境残留对珊瑚礁区生物的影响，本文以南海珊瑚礁区关键礁栖生物大马蹄螺（Trochus niloticus） 为研究对象，探究了两种环境胁迫因素对大马蹄螺的氧化胁迫作用。分别采用两个 pH 水平 （pH 8.1、 pH 7.6） 和三个磺胺甲恶唑浓度水平 （0 ng/L、100 ng/L 和 1 000 ng/L） 单独和复合暴露 28 天，测定其对大马蹄螺鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶 （SOD）、过氧化氢酶 （CAT） 和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶 （GST） 活性以及谷胱甘肽 （GSH） 含量和脂质过氧化水平 （LPO） 的影响。结果发现：海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑单独暴露能够导致大马蹄螺鳃组织出现不同程度的氧化应激现象，表现为抗氧化酶 （CAT、SOD 和 GST） 活性和谷胱甘肽含量的升高。在复合暴露条件下，大马蹄螺鳃组织的抗氧化酶（CAT、SOD 和 GST） 活性和谷胱甘肽含量均受到不同程度的抑制，同时伴随着脂质过氧化水平的显著升高。这表明短期海水酸化和磺胺甲恶唑复合暴露可导致大马蹄螺鳃组织出现氧化损伤现象，进而可能对个体存活和种群繁衍造成负面影响。     

海水pH对颗石藻生长以及二甲基硫产生的影响

海洋酸化是目前海洋环境所面临的严峻问题之一,而钙化藻-颗石藻(Emiliania huxleyi)是大洋中二甲基硫(Dimethylsulfide,DMS)产生的主要藻种。本文初步研究了3种海水pH(8.1、7.9、7.7)对颗石藻生长、细胞直径以及DMS/DMSP(Dimethylsulfoniopropionate,二甲基巯基丙酸内盐)产生的影响。研究结果表明3种pH(8.1、7.9、7.7)条件下颗石藻的细胞密度、比生长率没有显著差异,颗石藻培养第10天的扫描电镜细胞形态以及藻细胞直径测定结果显示,pH=7.9和pH=7.7的颗石藻直径比pH=8.1的颗石藻直径显著降低;颗石藻DMS总量、单细胞DMS/单细胞DMSP产量在3种pH(8.1、7.9、7.7)中两两之间没有显著差异;而pH=7.7的DMSP总量显著低于pH=8.1的DMSP总量。Pearson相关分析结果表明,细胞分裂导致3种pH的单细胞DMSP含量与细胞密度、比生长率均呈负相关,3种pH的总DMS/总DMSP含量与细胞密度均呈正相关。CO2浓度升高引起的海洋酸化不仅导致pH降低,而且海水中的碳酸盐体系也会发生变化,因此本实验结果外推到现实环境时还要考虑碳酸盐体系变化对DMS产生的影响。     

pCO2增加引起的海洋酸化对造礁珊瑚光合效率的影响研究

海洋酸化是近年来人类所遇到的重大全球环境问题之一,它指的是大气CO2浓度增加引起的海水pH降低的现象。海洋酸化已经威胁到珊瑚礁及其它钙质生物的生存与发展。近期的预测模型与野外实验均表明,海洋酸化的后果可能比以前想象的更为严峻。本研究采用叶绿素荧光技术,选取3种鹿回头珊瑚礁区常见的珊瑚种类（Acropora valida、Galaxea astreata和Favites abdita）,分别设置海水环境为450 μatm、650 μatm（IPCC预测的2065年的水平）和750 μatm（IPCC预测的2100年的水平）的3个pCO2浓度梯度,监测珊瑚在不同CO2浓度背景下10天内的光合荧光参数的变化。实验结果表明,水体pCO2为650μatm时,珊瑚的总体光合效率最高,但随着时间的延长,珊瑚荧光参数在3个浓度梯度下都会显示不同程度的下降趋势。虽然3种珊瑚对不同浓度CO2响应的程度不同,但基本上显示出,在低浓度pCO2时,pH下降引起的酸化作用控制着珊瑚共生藻的光合效率;而随着浓度的增加,CO2增加引起的施肥效应愈加明显,与酸化作用竞争,共同作用于珊瑚共生藻,使得光合荧光参数在波动中变化。     

海水酸化和Cu2+暴露对虫黄藻Cladocopium goreaui营养同化和能量分配的影响

近年来,全球气候变化和人类活动导致的环境胁迫加剧了珊瑚礁白化事件的发生;其中,海水酸化和Cu2+污染已成为部分礁区面临的主要胁迫因子。本研究设置两个pH水平（pH 8.1和pH 7.6）和两个Cu2+水平（4.25 μg/L和16.47 μg/L）的暴露实验,以探讨海水酸化和Cu2+污染短期暴露对虫黄藻Cladocopium goreaui营养同化、能量消耗和能量分配的影响。结果发现,短期海水酸化暴露能够增加虫黄藻的营养同化（糖类和蛋白质含量增加）,同时显著减少了虫黄藻的能量消耗,进而增加了虫黄藻细胞内的能量分配比例;然而,单独Cu2+暴露显著增加了虫黄藻的能量消耗,进而降低了虫黄藻细胞内的能量分配比例;此外,与单独Cu2+暴露相比,海水酸化和Cu2+复合暴露促进了虫黄藻的营养同化和能量分配。综上,本研究表明,礁区海水酸化和Cu2+污染能够对虫黄藻的营养代谢和能量分配带来负面影响,长期持续暴露可能会对其生长和繁殖构成潜在威胁。     

海洋酸化对青蛤免疫指标的影响

通过向水体中通入CO_2的方法模拟海洋酸化环境,测定青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)在酸化条件下各免疫指标的变化情况。结果显示:将青蛤置于酸化的海中(pH分别为7.4和7.7),并以自然海水做对照组(pH 8.1)后,血细胞总数随海水酸化胁迫时间的延长,表现为下降趋势,且差异显著(P0.05);海水pH降低抑制了溶菌酶的活性,但差异性不显著(P0.05);ACP活性总体呈下降趋势,对照组活性要高于酸化组,而ALP活性表现为上升趋势。酸化胁迫初期诱导SOD活性升高,后期SOD活性受到抑制,而CAT变化却截然相反;脂质过氧化产物MDA在酸化后期出现显著降低(P0.05)。     

海洋酸化对日本虎斑猛水蚤发育、繁殖以及ATP酶活性的影响

大气中二氧化碳浓度增加造成海洋酸化并改变海洋化学环境,可能对海洋生物造成不利影响。桡足类是海洋生态系统中重要的次级生产者,研究桡足类如何应对海洋酸化的影响对海洋生态风险评估具有重要作用。本文分别在自然海水(pH 8.1,对照)和二氧化碳酸化海水(pH 7.3)条件下培养日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus Mori,1938),研究海水酸化对其发育、繁殖以及ATP酶活性的影响效应。结果显示,海水酸化能使日本虎斑猛水蚤无节幼体发育时间显著延长并使雌体产生的无节幼体数量显著减少,Na~+/K~+-ATP酶和Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性在酸化条件下均显著增强。研究结果表明,海水酸化胁迫下日本虎斑猛水蚤能量消耗增加,应用于发育和繁殖的能量可能减少,从而引起早期幼体发育延滞和雌体繁殖力下降的负面反应。     

不同海水酸化模式对马粪海胆胚胎和浮游幼体骨针发育的影响（英文）

为了比较CO_2引起的海水酸化和HCI引起的海水酸化对棘皮动物的影响,本研究以中国北方海岸带土著种-马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)为对象,分析比较了两种海水酸化模式对马粪海胆胚胎和骨针发育的影响。根据IPCC对2100年海水酸化程度的预测,在实验室条件下,建立了自然海水组(pH=8.06±0.01)和六个海水酸化处理组(三个CO_2处理组和三个HCI处理组)。结果表明:(1)与自然海水组相比,酸化处理组马粪海胆胚胎的卵裂率呈现随海水pH下降而延长的趋势,与HCI酸化处理相比,CO_2处理对马粪海胆胚胎卵裂率的影响更为严重;(2)两种海水酸化模式下,马粪海胆浮游幼体四腕浮游幼体均出现对称性缺失和骨针外露现象;(3)与自然海水组相比,两种海水酸化模式对马粪海胆四腕浮游幼体骨针发育具有不同影响,HCI酸化处理组浮游幼体呈现骨针变短现象,而CO_2处理组四腕幼体的骨针则出现变长现象;(4)扫描电镜结果显示,海水酸化可影响马粪海胆浮游幼体骨针的钙化结构,当海水△pH=-0.5时,CO_2处理组马粪海胆浮游幼体骨针的腐蚀程度要比HCI处理组更为严重。本研究结果提示,不同的海水酸化模式对马粪海胆胚胎和骨针发育有不同程度的影响,相比强酸(HCI)引起的海水酸化而言,CO_2引起的海水酸化对马粪海胆的影响更为严重。     

海洋酸化对马氏珠母贝受精及早期发育的影响

自2010年7月1日至3日,在pH值为8.1、7.7和7.4条件下研究了海洋酸化对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii Dunker)受精及早期发育的影响。结果显示,海洋酸化对不同pH值下马氏珠母贝的受精率无显著影响。pH8.1、pH 7.7和pH 7.4试验组幼虫的壳长、壳高的值逐渐增大,pH 8.1组幼虫的壳长、壳高的值大于同期其他两组的值,且在实验的第24、36、48小时与其他两组同期幼虫的壳长、壳高的值差异显著,这表明海洋酸化显著影响马氏珠母贝幼虫的生长。实验期间,pH 8.1试验组幼虫的存活率和畸形率没有显著变化,而pH 7.7和pH 7.4组幼虫的存活率显著低于pH 8.1组。pH 7.4组幼虫的畸形率显著高于同期pH 8.1和pH 7.7组幼虫的畸形率,表明在海洋酸化的环境中幼虫的发育受到影响。本文将为海洋酸化的相关研究提供基础数据。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.