活性炭除碘性能检验的试验装置研制

用于核设施空气净化系统的活性炭必须在规定条件下进行除碘性能的检验试验。为此,本实验室参照美国 ASTM D3803—1980“核级气相吸附剂除碘性能检验的标准试验方法”的要求,建立了核级活性炭除碘性能检验的试验装置。该装置采用常压和高压两套系统进行五种条件下的核级活性炭除碘性能的检验试验。调试试验结果表明,常压系统的气流参数易于控制,试验数据的重复性好;高压系统气流参数的控制可基本达到美国标准试验方法的要求。     

DQ-2型气载放射性碘采样器的研制

本文主要介绍了DQ 2型气载放射性碘采样器的结构特点和技术性能的测试结果。粒子碘单元采用直径 60mm的高效过滤膜 ,气态碘单元采用 2级以粒径 60～ 80目、厚度为 2cm的浸渍椰壳活性炭为吸附剂的活性炭盒采样。测试结果表明 :1 )气密性好 ,气态碘单元未见可检出的泄漏 ,粒子碘单元的泄漏率小于 0 .1 % ;2 )阻力较小 ,在 8.0m3/h的流量下 ,采样器的总阻力为 3 0kPa;3 )效率高 ,对粒子碘的采样效率可达 99.9% ,甲基碘的吸附效率随采样流量和相对湿度的增加而下降 ,当流量为 3 .0m3/h,相对湿度低于 40 % ,炭层厚度为 2cm时 ,对甲基碘的吸附效率达到 99.997% ,可用于碘吸附器的除碘效率试验 ;4)采样器在 80℃下仍可使用 ;在高相对湿度 (95 % )时 ,推荐的采样流量为不超过 3m3/h。     

用非剧毒试剂制备气态放射性甲基碘在碘吸附器检验中的初步应用

采用非剧毒三甲基氯硅烷/碘化钠作为去烷基化试剂与磷酰基乙酸三甲酯反应,代替剧毒品硫酸二甲酯制备用于碘吸附器检验的气态放射性甲基碘。分别在实验室碘吸附器整机检验装置和核电站通风净化系统中,采用替代方法与"硫酸二甲酯法"进行了碘吸附器净化系数测定的对比试验,同时试验观察了替代试剂对甲基碘发生器有机材料部件的影响。试验结果表明,采用替代方法与"硫酸二甲酯法"测得的碘吸附器净化系数基本一致,所用替代试剂与试验装置相容性较好,初步判定可用于碘吸附器整机检验和核电站碘吸附器现场试验,具有广阔的应用前景。     

可移动式除氚器的现场应用试验

在现场闭路循环工作模式下，采用中国辐射防护研究院研制的小型可移动式除氚器对微量(（0.5~1）×10^-6)气态氚进行脱氚试验。试验结果表明：催化床在450℃工作温度下，空气闭路循环流量为3.8m³/h时，除氚器可在114min内将1m³密封不锈钢罐空气中的氚浓度由4.62×10⁶Bq/L降至4.62×10³Bq/L。同时，论证了除氚器在现场使用的适应性与安全性，并对其研制和现场性能试验中发现的技术问题进行了论述。     

DQ—2型气载放射性碘采样的研制

本文主要介绍了DQ－2型气载放射性碘采样器的结构特点和技术性能的测试结果。粒子碘单元采用直径60mm的高效过滤膜，气态碘单元采用2级以粒径60－80目，厚度为2cm的浸渍椰 壳活性炭为吸附剂的活性炭盒采样。结果表明：1）气密性好，气态碘单元未见可检出的泄漏，粒子碘单元的泄漏率小于0．1％；2）阻力较小，在8.0m^3/h的流量下，采样器的总阻力为30kPa;3）效率高，对粒子碘的采样效率可达99．9％，甲基碘的吸附效率随采样流量和相对湿度的增加而下降，当流量为3.0m^3/h，相对湿度低于40％，炭层厚度为2cm时，对甲基碘的吸附效率达到99．997％，可用于碘吸附器的除碘效率试验；4）采样器在80℃下仍可使用；在高相对湿度（95％）时，推荐的采样流量为不超过3m^3/h。     

菱形结构深床式碘吸附器性能研究

本文通过对菱形结构深床式吸附器内部流场模拟分析、抗震模拟分析以及吸附器性能测试,全面考察了菱形结构深床吸附器结构设计合理性、安全性和性能可靠性。研究结果表明：菱形结构深床吸附器内部气流分布均匀,结构设计合理;吸附器结构强度满足规范要求;吸附床能够从流经吸附床的气流中均匀地吸附气态污染物,无明显气流穿透现象;吸附器整机机械泄漏率小于万分之一、对放射性甲基碘的净化效率不低于99.997%,总体满足核设施碘吸附器放射性碘的净化处理需求。     

环己烷在碘吸附器活性炭床上的解吸行为研究

对环己烷气体在碘吸附器用浸渍活性炭上的动态解吸行为进行了实验研究。考察了不同的载气温度、相对湿度、流速、炭床厚度以及进气中环己烷浓度对环己烷在活性炭床上解吸行为的影响,为环己烷试验方法在碘吸附器现场泄漏率试验的研究及推广提供了一定的理论支撑。试验结果表明:(1)在40 ℃,30%相对湿度条件下环己烷在活性炭床上可滞留约500 min,增大气流温度、湿度、浓度和载气流速可以减少滞留时间,其中温度对滞留时间的影响最为显著。(2)在气流相对湿度为80%时,浓度为100 ppm(10^-6)的环己烷在活性炭床上的滞留时间仍达到90 min,这有利于高湿度条件下进行碘吸附器泄漏率试验。     

空气中氚监测仪刻度器

空气中氚监测仪刻度器是参照加拿大 Osborne,R.V.工作研制的实验室专用刻度装置。其鼓泡器是一个φ40×300mm 的铜室,内装150ml 氚水,置于半导体冷阱中,冷阱工作温度在8—12℃之间时,恒温精度在±0.03℃以内。空气流速可高达61/min,鼓出空气中 HTO 的浓度在室温(15—30℃)下可在±3.1%以内预先确定。本文介绍了该刻度器的原理,结构性能及其在国产氘监测仪刻度中的实际应用。     

环己烷法用于碘吸附器泄漏率检测技术研究

环己烷法是人员可居留空间碘吸附器有效性评价试验方法之一。通过泄漏率模拟试验、环己烷法与氟利昂法对比试验、重复性试验、现场应用对比试验等研究结果表明:环己烷试验方法能够有效测量通风系统中碘吸附器微小泄漏,是一种灵敏度高且重复性好的检测方法;采用环己烷法泄漏率测量结果与氟利昂法和放射性甲基碘法结果一致,各项性能指标均满足碘吸附器泄漏率检测要求,可替代氟利昂法和放射性甲基碘法用于碘吸附器泄漏率检测试验。     

可携式甲基碘气体发生装置的研制

放射性甲基碘法是碘吸附器试验的重要方法之一,甲基碘气体发生装置是该方法的核心设备。本文介绍了我们研制的一台可携式甲基碘气体发生装置的结构、技术指标以及性能试验结果。发生装置由甲基碘发生器、气动控制系统、负压箱及附件三部分构成。热试验结果表明,样机各操作参数均可维持在正常范围内,发生过程平稳。甲基碘的发生量及纯度均满足碘吸附器试验要求。装置设置了安全保护系统和排气净化系统,可有效防止放射性气体外逸。装置为可携式,体积小、重量较轻,现场使用方便。     

DQ—01型碘取样器的性能试验

本文报道了一种用于核设施周围环境和工作场所气载放射性碘监测的 DQ—01型碘取样器的性能试验结果。试验测定了采样流量、相对湿度及温度等因素对该取样器捕集放射性碘的效率的影响。试验结果表明,在环境温度和相对湿度小于95%下,即使取样流速高达1061 cm/s,床深6 cm 的取样器对甲基碘的捕集效率也大于95%。     

Synopsis of the results from overpressurizing a reinforced concrete containment model

Sandia National Laboratories completed the testing of a 1:6-scale containment building for a light water reactor in July 1987. Results from this and other containment model testing are being used by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to benchmark analytical techniques. The validated techniques can then be used to predict the behavior of actual nuclear power plant containments to a variety of hypothesized severe accidents.The most recent containment building tested was made of reinforced concrete and had many of the features found in full-size containments. Testing consistent of a structural integrity test, and integrated leak rate test, and concluded with an overpressurization test of the structure. Highlights of the results from the overpressurization of the containment model are presented.     

Leak rate test of personnel airlock for LWR containment subject to pressures and temperatures beyond design

As part of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (USNRC) Containment Integrity Program, a full-size personnel airlock for a nuclear containment building was subjected to conditions simulating a severe accident.The objective of the test was to characterize the performance of an airlock when subjected to conditions that exceeded design. The gasket tested was a “double dog-ear” configuration made from an elastomer known as EPDM E603. The data obtained from this test will be used by SNL as a benchmark for development of analytical methods.Strain, temperature, displacements, pressure, and leak rate data were measured and recorded from over 330 transducers. The test lasted approximately 60 hours. Data were recorded at regular intervals during heating, pressurization and depressurization.The airlock was originally designed for 340°F and 60 psig. The airlock inner door and bulkhead were exposed to a maximum air temperature of approximately 850°F and a maximum air pressure of 300 psig. Two heating and pressurization cycles were planned; one to heat the air to 400°F and pressurize to 300 psig, and the second to heat to 800°F and pressurize to 300 psig. No significant leakage was recorded during these two cycles. A third cycle was added to the test program. The air temperature was increased to approximately 850°F and held at this temperature for nearly 12 hours. Pressure was increased and the inner door seal failed at a pressure of 150.5 psig. The maximum leak rate recorded past the inner door seal was 706 SCFM. The outer door seal did not fail.     

秦山核电厂反应堆安全壳整体密封性能试验

简要介绍秦山核电厂反应堆安全壳的整体密封性能试验,包括试验方法、试验程序及过程、使用的仪表和测量系统;以及试验结果。文中还初步探讨了影响试验结果的一些重要因素。     

Explosive welding method for manufacturing ITER-grade 316L(N)/CuCrZr hollow structural member

In this study, a new explosive welding method provided an effective way for manufacturing ITER-grade 316L(N)/CuCrZr hollow structural member. The welding parameters (stand-off distance and explosion rate) were calculated respectively using equivalent frontal collision wave model and effective energy model. The welded samples were subject to two step heat treatment cycles (solution annealing and aging). Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to analyze the microstructure of bonding interface. The mechanical properties of the welded samples were evaluated through microhardness test and tensile test. Moreover, the sealing property of the welded specimens was measured through helium leak test.Microstructural analysis showed that the welded sample using effective energy model had an ideal wavy interface. The results of microhardness test revealed an increase in hardness for both sides near to the bonding interface. And the hardening phenomenon of interface region disappeared after the solution annealing. SEM observation indicated that the samples with the post heat treatments exhibited a ductile fracture with dimple features after tensile test. After the specimens undergo aging strengthening, there was an obvious increase in the strength for all specimens. The helium leak test results have proven that the welded specimens are soundness.     

用放射性甲基碘做示踪剂测量核通风系统除碘效率不同试验方法的比较研究

研究了硫酸二甲酯法、三甲基氯硅烷-磷酰基乙酸三甲酯法和同位素交换法在碘吸附器性能试验及核通风系统除碘效率试验中应用的优缺点。对三种方法的试验产率、试剂及残液毒性、试验可靠性及设备稳定性等方面进行了综合研究。研究结果表明:硫酸二甲酯法由于试剂毒性而在应用上受到一定限制;三甲基氯硅烷-磷酰基乙酸三甲酯法作为低毒性试验方法总体满足现场试验要求,但由于该方法所用试剂对试验设备会造成一定侵蚀,因此需要作一些改进;同位素交换法作为一种新颖的试验方法具有毒性低、产率高、操控简单稳定、风险较低等优点,推荐使用。