食源性产志贺毒素大肠杆菌的分离及菌株特征分析

了解不同食品中产志贺毒素大肠杆菌的流行情况、菌株特征及潜在致病性。方法 对我国不同地区采集的355份食品样品进行产志贺毒素大肠杆菌分离鉴定,对菌株进行stx1/stx2基因分型、eae等毒力基因检测,并对菌株进行多位点序列分型(MLST)分析。结果 355份样品中44份stx2基因阳性,共分离出11株非O157 产志贺毒素大肠杆菌,其中3株携带stx2a亚型,3株携带stx2e亚型,1株携带stx2b亚型,4株不能分型;5株携带ehxA、saa毒力基因,2株携带subA基因,1株携带katP基因;MLST将11株菌分为7个不同的ST型,存在与溶血性尿毒综合症患者肠出血性大肠杆菌分离株(HUS-associated enterohemorrhagic E.coli,HUSEC)及主要流行血清群产志贺毒素大肠杆菌亲缘关系较近的ST型别。结论 我国食品中存在一定程度的非O157产志贺毒素大肠杆菌污染,部分菌株具有潜在致病性,应加强对食品中STEC的监测。     

肠出血性大肠杆菌O157∶H7变种Q蛋白对志贺毒素表达的影响

1株肠出血性大肠杆菌O157∶H7变种EC169菌株,携带stx基因但不表达志贺毒素。通过高效热不对称交错聚合酶链式反应（high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction,hiTAIL-PCR）hiTAILPCR扩增得到EC169 stx1及其上游核苷酸片段并克隆测序,结果表明：EC169 q基因与标准株sakai q基因相比存在6个SNP位点。通过PCR扩增O157∶H7高毒株EC150 q基因全长,并构建表达载体pkk223-q分别转化EC169和低毒株EC157。反转录荧光定量PCR实验结果表明,外源q基因在EC169和EC157重组菌中可高效表达,并引起EC157stx转录水平上调,但EC169重组菌stx转录水平不变。反向乳胶凝集实验结果亦证实EC157重组菌志贺毒素表达量提高,而EC169重组菌志贺毒素表达量不变。Q蛋白变异可能并非EC169志贺毒素不表达的主要原因。     

食品中非O157大肠杆菌志贺毒素基因序列分析

对一株从食品中分离的非O157产志贺毒素1型大肠杆菌(EC6)进行研究。将该菌株所产志贺毒素Stx1用 PCR扩增stx1 基因全长并克隆测序,其stx1 基因与GenBank 数据库收录的stx1 基因最高同源性为99%,表明EC6 发生了一定程度的基因突变。采用邻位相连法构建进化树,结果表明EC6 为stx1 基因亚型。     

蔬菜中大肠杆菌O157的分离与鉴定

对武汉市售蔬菜(50份)进行大肠杆菌O157的检验,经过新生霉素-EC增菌液增菌、免疫磁珠富集、选择性平板培养和血清学鉴定,从一份生菜中筛出1株O157阳性菌株EC9.23。PCR鉴定该菌毒力基因,stx1、stx2、rfbO157基因均为阳性,hly、eae、fliCH7基因均为阴性。说明从武汉市售蔬菜中可检出携带志贺毒素基因的O157菌株。     

产志贺毒素突变株的毒力分析

对2株食物中毒病人体内分离的产志贺毒素突变株EC130和EC169进行毒力分析。EC130和EC169携带stx基因但不能正常表达志贺毒素,具有eae基因和hly基因,仍具有一定毒力。初步探讨了产志贺毒素突变株不能正常表达志贺毒素的机理,高产志贺毒素的对照株携带Q933基因,而EC130和EC169不携带Q933基因。结果表明,单一采用志贺毒素作为检测靶标,容易造成产志贺毒素突变株漏检,今后在检测食品中产志贺毒素株时应增加检验eae基因和hly基因。     

食品中大肠杆菌O157∶H7疑似菌株的分离和鉴定研究

采集117份食品样品,经过PCR扩增毒力基因stx1、stx2和O157特征基因rfbO157初筛。将部分PCR阳性的食品样品,经过新生霉素EC增菌液增菌、免疫磁珠富集、血清学鉴定、菌落PCR复筛,分离出5株O157:H7疑似菌株。其中1株O157∶H7疑似菌株EC5.11不能与O157诊断血清产生良好凝集反应,采用血清学方法该菌容易漏筛。采用PCR扩增rfbO157基因和H7鞭毛抗原编码基因fliCH7,EC5.11均呈阳性反应。最终包括EC5.11在内的4株疑似菌株被证实为O157∶H7血清型。本研究提出了一种改良方法筛选、鉴定食品中O157∶H7疑似菌株,比起传统方法,减少工作量的同时提高了筛选的特异性。     

基于免疫磁分离的7种产志贺毒素大肠埃希氏菌快速检测方法的评价

目的 研究基于免疫磁分离的七种产志贺毒素大肠埃希氏菌快速检测方法的灵敏度与特异性。方法 将大肠埃希氏菌O157：H7和大肠埃希氏菌O103不同稀释度的菌悬液,用免疫磁珠富集后,检测其携带毒力基因stx1、stx2 和黏附基因eae以及O157:H7和O103的抗原基因。同时,对菌悬液进行活菌计数,进行灵敏度研究。对8株携带stx1、stx2、eae基因的目标菌菌悬液,以及25株非目标菌的标准菌株及分离菌株的菌悬液,用免疫磁珠富集后,检测其携带毒力基因stx1、stx2 和黏附基因eae以及抗原基因,进行特异性研究。结果 本方法检测大肠埃希氏菌O157：H7的stx1、stx2、eae以及抗原基因的灵敏度为10_²CFU/mL,检测大肠埃希氏菌O103抗原基因的灵敏度为10_³CFU/mL. 8株目标菌检测结果与其携带的基因一致,没有假阴性,包容性达到100%。25株目标菌检测结果与其携带的基因一致,未发现有假阳性,排他性达到100%。结论 方法具有良好的灵敏性及特异性,适用于食品中七种产志贺毒素大肠埃希氏菌的快速检测。     

检测产志贺毒素大肠杆菌的菌落PCR方法

针对产志贺毒素大肠杆菌的毒力基因stx 设计特异性引物,并建立一种菌落PCR 方法。菌落PCR 模拟实验证实,该方法特异性强,能良好的扩增出O157 的stx1 和stx2 基因,而普通大肠杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌则无PCR 扩增产物。应用分子检测初筛、选择性培养、菌落PCR 相结合的方法,检测实际食品样品,分离检测到一株携带 stx1 的产志贺毒素大肠杆菌。本实验建立的菌落PCR 方法可应用于食品检验。     

肠出血性大肠杆菌变种的RAPD分型研究

对4株肠出血性大肠杆菌(EHEC)进行随机扩增多态性(RAPD)分析,并结合主要毒力基因如eae和hly,以及志贺毒素滴度,探讨RAPD实验对大肠杆菌致病菌进行基因分型结果的可靠性。实验菌株中有两株变种携带stx基因但不能正常表达志贺毒素,其中一株变种EC169与另两株正常表达志贺毒素的O157菌株具有相似的扩增图谱,而另一株非O157变种EC130与其他菌株聚类明显不同。从20条随机引物中筛选出了重复性强且具有多态性的随机引物G2、G7、G8、G11、G12,可用于大肠杆菌致病菌快速鉴别和食物中毒溯源。     

重组酶聚合酶扩增检测产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌的微流控芯片技术

采用重组酶聚合酶扩增技术（recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA）,开发产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌（Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli,STEC）的等温检测方法,结合圆盘式微流控芯片快速检测目标微生物。以stx1和stx2基因为靶点,设计和筛选适宜的RPA检测引物和探针序列,验证了19 株STEC菌株（含9 种stx基因亚型）和21 株非STEC菌株,并采用人工污染的牛肉样品对集成化的微流控芯片进行评价。筛选出检测stx1和stx2基因的高特异性引物、探针组合,与美国农业部微生物实验室技术指南中STEC定量聚合酶链式反应（real-time polymerase chain reaction,real-time PCR）方法相比,目标基因检测的包容性和排他性均为100%。荧光RPA微流控芯片法在20 min内可同时进行32 个反应,可检测STEC菌体灵敏度为9.5×103 CFU/mL。根据GB 4789.6—2016《食品微生物学检验 致泻大肠埃希氏菌检验》的规定经增菌培养后在人工污染牛肉样品中可检测1 CFU/25 g的STEC污染,方法的相对正确度和相对检出水平均为100%。本研究开发了一种荧光RPA微流控芯片检测方法,可检测常见stx基因亚型STEC菌株,操作简单、反应速度快,适用于STEC的高通量快速检测。     

肉类及蔬菜食品中EHEC O157污染分布及分型研究

为深入了解肉类及蔬菜中肠出血性大肠埃希氏菌(EHEC O157)的污染分布规律和遗传多样性,随机采集全国18个城市的食品样品,参考GB/T 4789.36-2008方法进行样品处理,并用rfbE/fliCH7双重PCR对菌株进行鉴定;分别采用单重PCR和ERIC-PCR对菌株进行毒力基因(eae、hlyA、stx1和stx2)检测和分子分型。结果表明,414份样品中检出18份EHEC O157阳性样品,总污染率4.35%,其中生鲜肉12份,速冻肉6份,蔬菜未检出;经过生化、血清鉴定和双重PCR检测,鉴定出52株EHEC O157,包括29株O157:H7,3株O157:NM(fliCH7+,无动力),2株O157:NM(fliCH7-,无动力)和18株O157:hund(未确定H型);毒力基因检测结果发现,52株菌株中有50株携带毒力基因,其中40株(76.92%)携带eae,31株(59.62%)携带hlyA,20株(38.46%)携带stx1,24株(46.15%)携带stx2。ERIC-PCR分型结果表明,在相似系数为0.80时,菌株可分为12个聚类簇,F型为其主要基因簇,分离株的基因型呈现多样性。     

Isolation of shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli from raw beef in Palestine

Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from raw beef samples in northern Palestine during a 1-year period were characterized for virulence genes by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and screened for their antibiotic resistance. STEC was identified in 44 (14.7%) of 300 raw beef samples. Twelve (27.3%) of the STEC isolates were serotype O157. Nine of those were isolated during summer. The majority of STEC isolates (70.5%) harbored both stx1 and stx2 genes, while the others harbored either stx1 or stx2. High levels of resistance against different antimicrobial agents were detected. Resistance to at least three drugs was found in 55% of the isolates.     

Salmonella hadar对喹诺酮类药物耐药性及其耐药基因分析

目的：研究新疆乌鲁木齐市部分农贸市场内检出的21 株Salmonella hadar对2 种喹诺酮类抗生素的药敏性及相关耐药基因,更好地了解耐药性的产生和传播途径,确保食品安全。方法：用琼脂稀释法测定Salmonella hadar的药敏性,用聚合酶链式反应和测定基因序列的方法确定耐药沙门氏菌中与喹诺酮类抗生素耐药性相关的喹诺酮类抗性决定区突变基因以及质粒携带的耐药基因。结果：21 株Salmonella hadar对萘啶酮酸的耐药率达100%,对环丙沙星表现为敏感;qnrB、qnrA、qnrS基因的检出率分别为52.30%、4.76%、4.76%;21 株Salmonella hadar均为gyrA和parC基因同时突变,gyrA基因的突变类型是Ser83Phe,parC基因的突变类型是Thr57Ser。结论：新疆乌鲁木齐Salmonella hadar对喹诺酮类药物的耐药状况应当予以关注,其耐药决定区突变基因及质粒携带的耐药基因在一定程度上会影响Salmonella hadar的耐药机制。     

Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in food products of animal origin as determined by molecular methods

In this study we report on the prevalence and distribution of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in food products of animal origin, collected in the Piedmont region of Italy, as determined by a combination of quantitative PCR (qPCR) protocols, applied directly to the samples, and of culture-dependent isolation and subsequent molecular identification and characterization of isolates. The qPCR protocols were developed and optimized in this study and targeted the rpoB gene (as a marker for total E. coli) and the stx?, stx? and eaeA genes (as markers for potentially virulent E.coli). They were then used to test for STEC in 101 food samples, before and after enrichment. A STEC prevalence of 42% (21/50) for dairy products and 70% (36/51) for meat products was obtained. A total of 54 STEC isolates were recovered from dairy and meat samples, resulting in a prevalence of 36% and 27% in dairy and meat products, respectively, by the culture method. A large number of strains carried the stx? gene (39 out of the 54 STEC strains) compared to strains that carried stx? (30 out of 54); only 11 out of 54 strains contained the eaeA gene, while 14 strains contained both stx? and stx?. Eight of the 54 isolates belonged to the O157 serogroup, and none belonged to serogroups O26, O145, O111 or O103. Strains isolated from meat products were diverse, as determined by Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC), while those isolated from dairy products were more similar and grouped together by cluster analysis. The results of the qPCR approach showed a high prevalence of STEC in dairy and meat based products, mainly fermented, indicating a possible safety risk for these types of food commodities.     

食品中鸡源性成分实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

目的：建立基于实时荧光聚合酶链式反应技术的食品中鸡源性成分快速检测方法。方法：以鸡线粒体细胞 色素b为目的基因,设计特异性引物和探针,通过特异性、灵敏性实验及模拟混合肉样和市售肉制品检测,对该体 系进行验证。结果：该鸡源荧光聚合酶链式反应检测体系具有很好的特异性及灵敏性,可检测3.5 pg/μL鸡源DNA 的存在;经含鸡源成分的模拟混合肉样检测,证实体系抗干扰能力强;并且通过市售食品检测表明体系可用于定性 加工食品中的鸡源成分。结论：所建立的鸡源引物探针体系具有特异性好、灵敏度高、快速高效等优点,可用于对 食品中鸡源性成分的掺假鉴别。     

Rabbit meat as a source of bacterial foodborne pathogens

Even though worldwide production of rabbit meat is >1,000,000 tons, little information is available for rabbit meat microbiology. This study provides data on the prevalence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria spp., motile Aeromonas spp., and Staphylococcus aureus on rabbit meat. A total of 24 rabbit carcasses from two abattoirs and 27 rabbit meat packages from supermarket displays were examined. In addition to culturing methods, associated virulence genes were investigated by PCR in suspect isolates and samples. Neither Salmonella nor E. coli O157:H7 was detected. All samples were negative for virulence-associated invA, stx1, and stx2 genes. At one abattoir, two carcasses (3.9%) carried Y. enterocolitica yst-, and two were positive for the yst gene, although viable Y. enterocolitica cells were not recovered from these samples. Seven samples (13.7%) were contaminated with Listeria. Of them, three were positive for hly and iap genes (Listeria monocytogenes hly+ / iap+), two carried Listeria seeligeri, one carried Listeria ivanovii, and one carried Listeria innocua. For detectable motile Aeromonas spp. (average count, 1.77 +/- 0.62 log CFU/g), the contamination rate was 35.3%, although ca. 90% of the samples were positive for the aerA and/or hlyA genes. The majority of aeromonad isolates were Aeromonas hydrophila aerA+ / hlyA+. Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas popoffii, Aeromonas schubertii, and the two biovars of Aeromonas veronii were also isolated. The prevalence of S. aureus contamination (average count, 1.37 +/- 0.79 log CFU/g) was 52.9%. Among 27 S. aureus isolates, two harbored genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb), and two harbored genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin C (sec). The remaining isolates were negative for sea, seb, sec, sed, and see.     

High prevalence of yadA-positive Yersinia enterocolitica in pig tongues and minced meat at the retail level in Finland

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the prevalence of yadA-positive Yersinia enterocolitica in pig tongues and minced meat at the retail level in Finland and to confirm the yadA-positive Y. enterocolitica isolates recovered from the same samples using the conventional culture method. A total of 51 pig tongues purchased at 12 retail outlets and 255 minced meat samples purchased at 40 retail outlets in the Helsinki area were studied. The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica carrying the yadA gene was 92% in pig tongues and 25% in minced meat using PCR and 78% in tongues and 2% in minced meat with the culture method. The prevalence of yadA-positive tongues was higher (98%) when both PCR- and culture-positive results were included because Y. enterocolitica carrying the yadA gene could also be isolated in three PCR-negative tongue samples. In the minced meat samples, all PCR-negative samples were also culture-negative. With the culture method, 66 of 80 yadA-positive isolates in 38 tongues and all yadA-positive isolates (4) in four minced meat samples were recovered after selective enrichment. A total of 92 isolates of Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 4/O:3 in tongues and 5 isolates in minced meat were found, of which 13% in tongues and 20% in minced meat did not carry the yadA gene.     

An alternative approach for enumeration of Escherichia coli in foods

A study was carried out in France in collaboration with the meat industry to investigate the occurrence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and O157 E. coli in a population of healthy bovines representative of French livestock. A total of 851 animals belonging to three bovine classes (106 young bulls, 374 dairy cows and 371 meat cows) were included in the study. Samples of feces and of the corresponding carcasses were collected from March 97 to August 97 in seven abattoirs spread throughout the national territory. STEC cultures from the 1702 samples were screened using PCR for the presence of stx genes. Positive samples were further subjected to colony blot hybridization and to O157-specific immunomagnetic separation. Probe-positive colonies and O157 colonies were then analyzed for the presence of virulence genes and phenotypic characters (serotype, Stx production). In 154 (18.1%) feces and 91 (10.7%) carcass samples stx genes were detected. Two hundred and twenty-two STEC colonies were isolated from 67 (7.9%) feces and 16 (1.9%) carcass samples, with 183 STEC isolated from feces and 39 from carcasses. Only eight O157 isolates were collected from feces samples. None of these O157 E. coli isolates presented stx genes and thus could not be considered as pathogenic regarding hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). In 3.2% of STEC isolated from feces and in 10.2% of STEC from carcasses eae genes were detected. In 17% of STEC from feces and in 30.7% from carcasses ehx genes were detected. Using these data, the 222 STEC colonies could be classified in 11 different 'virulence patterns' (presence/absence of stx1, stx2, eae and ehx genes), showing that more than 77% of isolates presented only one virulence factor. Only three STEC on 222 colonies (1.3%) presented the three virulence factors stx, eae and ehx in association, none of them reacting with antisera specific for enterohemorrhagic E. coli. (EHEC). These data, together with the fact that only five isolates on the 222 (2.2%) reacted with such antisera (three O111 and two O26 isolates) demonstrated that the natural bacterial populations isolated during this study were clearly distinct from EHEC.