糯玉米粉对小麦面团流变特性及面包烘焙特性的影响

为探讨糯玉米粉对小麦面粉品质的影响,将不同含量的糯玉米粉添加到小麦粉中,用粉质仪和拉伸仪测定了糯玉米面粉的面团流变学特性,并研究添加糯玉米粉对面包品质的影响。结果表明,随着糯玉米粉添加量从4%增加到16%,小麦面团的形成时间、稳定时间减少,弱化度增加,除4%添加量外其余的综合评价值均降低;面团的R5阻力、拉伸长度、最大拉伸阻力呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在添加量4%时达到较好水平;湿面筋含量、面筋指数在添加量4%时达到峰值。焙烤制得面包比容下降,感官评分在添加量为4%时高于对照组,随后随着糯玉米粉添加量的增加降低。综合研究表明,添加4%糯玉米粉有助于改善面团的流变特性及面包的品质。     

发芽糯玉米粉对面包面团结构和特性的影响

本文研究了添加0%、10%、20%和30%（发芽糯玉米粉的含量）的发芽糯玉米粉到面包面粉中后,面团的淀粉颗粒结构、流变性、老化性和持水性的变化。结果表明：面团的结构和性质与添加发芽糯玉米粉的量有关,发芽糯玉米粉的添加引起面团结构的明显变化。其中B型淀粉含量增加,A型淀粉表面的凹陷越来越多。流变性和老化性变化在20%以上添加量时变化最明显,面团持水力、面团形成时间、稳定性和粉质指数随着发芽糯玉米粉的添加量的增加而降低,软化度和公差指数呈上升趋势。延伸度、拉伸阻力和能量值是呈总体下降趋势。老化性显著高于小麦面团,持水能力要比全部小麦粉的低。这些研究表明发芽糯玉米粉添加比例能够显著影响面团的结构和特性。     

玉米粉在面包制品中的应用

为了考察玉米粉在面包制品中应用的可行性,本研究利用玉米粉制作一种玉米粉面包。以添加羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为主要媒介,考察了不添加CMC的玉米粉面团、添加CMC的玉米粉面团的形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度。最后利用醒发箱醒发面团、烤箱烘焙制得面包,测定面包的高度、比容、色差等基本物理性质,并考察了面包的质构特性(硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、回复力)。结果表明,添加CMC可以改善玉米粉面团的粉质特性,且玉米粉面包的品质得到改善。     

蛋氨酸在面包中应用研究

通过添加不同量蛋氨酸研究其对面粉粉质拉伸特性及对面包焙烤品质和贮存过程中老化程度影响。结果表明:蛋氨酸可改善面团流变特性,适量添加可增加面包体积和比容,改善面包芯硬度和组织结构,对增加面包蛋白质含量和持水能力、提高面包营养和感观品质有促进作用,同时能有效延缓面包老化,延长其货架期;蛋氨酸最适添加量为0．15％。     

脱毒亚麻籽粕在面包中的应用研究

由于亚麻籽富含各种营养成分,目前正作为一种功能食品来源。本文将亚麻籽粕脱除毒性物质生氰糖苷后,将其添加到面粉中,以研究其对面团特性、面包烘焙品质以及面包贮存过程中老化程度的影响。结果表明,水煮法处理对除去生氰糖苷有较好的效果,通过正交实验确定以2%的比例添加可改善面团特性及面包烘焙品质,并增加面包的抗老化作用,延长了货架期。     

改性脱脂豆粕对面包品质的影响研究

通过探讨改性脱脂豆粕添加量对面团的流变学性质与面包焙烤品质以及面包贮存过程中老化程度的影响,以期提高面包蛋白质的质量.试验结果表明,改性脱脂豆粕可以改变面团流变性质,随着改性脱脂豆粕添加量的增加,面团的吸水率逐渐增大,面团的形成时间变长,面团稳定时间变短,面团抗延伸阻力变大,延伸性变小;添加改性脱脂豆粕可以有效降低失水率,延长货架期.在试验条件下,改性脱脂豆粕的添加量以不超过9%为宜.     

脱皮对紫糯小麦粉特性和面包焙烤品质的影响

研究了不同脱皮时间下制得紫糯小麦粉的理化特性和面团的流变特性,以及对面包焙烤品质和贮藏过程中老化程度的影响。紫糯小麦的脱皮时间分别设定为0、1、3、5、7 min,相当于约0%、1%、3%、5%、9%的皮层被去除。结果表明,随着紫糯小麦脱皮时间的延长,小麦粉的出粉率提高,蛋白质和灰分含量及面团的粉质和拉伸特性也发生改变。脱皮5 min后制得的紫糯小麦粉以15%比例添加到普通面包粉中,面包含水量显著增加,体积和质量呈增大趋势,并且面包结构变好,面包评分显著上升。此外,添加紫糯小麦粉的面包较长时间放置后仍然松软,能有效延迟贮藏期间面包的老化,在一定程度上延长了其货架期。     

赖氨酸在面包制作中的应用研究

通过探讨赖氨酸对面粉粉质、面包焙烤品质以及面包贮存过程中老化程度的影响,研究了赖氨酸作为面包添加剂的可行性。结果表明,赖氨酸可改变面团的流变特性,适量添加可以增加面包体积和比容,改善面包芯的硬度和组织结构,对增加成品的蛋白质含量,提高面包营养和感官品质有促进作用,同时有效地延缓面包的老化,延长其货架期。本实验条件下,添加1.2%为最适添加量,体积增加7.7%,比容增加5.3%,含水量增加9.9%,蛋白质增加4.0%,硬度减小36.6%,老化速度放缓。     

异麦芽低聚糖面包的研制

通过探讨添加异麦芽低聚糖对面粉粉质、面包焙烤品质以及面包贮存过程中老化程度的影响,以期制作高质量的异麦芽低聚糖面包。试验结果表明,异麦芽低聚糖可改善面团的流变特性,面粉吸水率下降,面团的形成时间、稳定时间延长,面团弹性增加,但面团的延伸性在添加量0%~20%时逐渐增大,超过20%时有所减弱,添加异麦芽低聚糖可有效降低失水率,改善面包的硬度,延长其货架期。在本试验条件下,异麦芽低聚糖的添加量以不超过20%为宜。     

不同发酵基质的酸面团对酵母面团体系面包烘焙及老化特性的影响

应用分离自我国传统酸面团的区域特色乳酸菌--旧金山乳杆菌分别发酵小麦粉和小麦麸皮基质制成（小麦/麦麸）酸面团,研究了两种不同发酵基质的酸面团及其添加量对酵母面团体系面包烘焙及老化特性的影响。结果表明：与小麦粉制作的空白组面包相比,小麦酸面团可以明显改善面包的比容和感官品质;添加未发酵麦麸制作的非酸面团麦麸面包品质低于空白组,但引入麦麸酸面团（10%、20%、30%）后面包比容和感官评定得分均高于相对应的非酸面团麦麸面包。小麦酸面团和麦麸酸面团以及小麦麸皮均可以改善面包的老化特性,在相同贮藏期内,酸面团面包和麦麸面包的硬度增加量、水分迁移量和老化焓值都低于空白组,并且添加麦麸酸面团的面包其硬度和老化焓值都低于相对应的非酸面团麦麸面包。     

添加剂及储藏温度对糯性粉团抗老化的研究

研究了在不同储藏温度(-18、4、25和37℃)下的糯性粉团,通过分析储藏0-5 d中的水分含量、水分活度、质构特性和热力学特性的变化来研究老化性质,并对食品添加剂对其抗老化作用作了研究。研究表明:(1)在各个储藏温度条件下,食品添加剂的加入可以有效地抑制糯性粉团的老化回生,可使糯性粉团的硬度较小、水分含量较高、水分活度较低、DSC测定的ΔH较小。(2)在-18℃条件下储藏的糯性粉团的老化速率最慢,经过自然解冻后其品质接近于新鲜糯性粉团。当储藏温度位于冰点温度(0℃)以上时,在4℃储藏的糯性粉团的老化速率相比25℃和37℃要快很多,且37℃条件下储藏的糯性粉团的老化速率低于在25℃条件下储藏的糯性粉团。表明糯性粉团最适宜的储藏温度应是-18℃。而当储藏温度位于冰点温度(0℃)以上时,温度越低,糯性粉团的老化回生愈加显著。     

糯麦粉及转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase)在冷冻糯性糕团中的应用

以糯米粉和含10%(以粉质量计)糯麦粉的糯米-糯麦组合粉为研究对象,在研究不同添加量(0、0.5%、1%,以粉质量计)转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase)对其糊化特性影响的基础上,探讨TGase对这2种不同体系制得的糯性糕团样品所产生的影响,并对含TGase的糕团样品的冻藏特性进行研究。结果表明：与糯米粉相比,添加10%糯麦粉会使得组合粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度相对降低。而经TGase处理后,组合粉的峰值黏度和最终黏度分别增加了15.19%和15.23%。在糯米粉中混入糯麦粉可降低糯性糕团的硬度,延缓样品老化。而添加TGase,可明显降低糯米粉和糯米-糯麦组合粉制作的糕团的塌陷度。此外,在用糯麦-糯米组合粉制作的糯性糕团中添加1% TGase,可使冻藏6周的糯性糕团仍保持90%的表面完好率。因此,通过糯麦粉和TGase的应用可制得抗老化的、弹性大且冻藏稳定性好的糯性糕团产品。     

Dough and bread qualities of flours with whole waxy wheat flour substitution

Whole wheat flour has been developed as fiber-rich food for healthy bowel function. In this study, whole waxy wheat flour (WWF) was characterized and applied for breadmaking with the hope that breads made from WWF would improve the quality based on the superior properties of the waxy flour in retardation of bread staling. WWF had significantly higher protein, ash and dietary fiber contents (13.5%, 1.6% and 15.3%, respectively), but lower lipid content (0.8%) than commercial white flour (CWF). Amounts of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in WWF were 4.1% and 11.2% (% total weight), respectively. WWF had lower pasting temperature and viscosities than CWF. Dough made from WWF increased water absorption and showed lower stability during mixing than that from CWF. The high amount of dietary fiber diluted the gluten protein in dough during mixing to form weak and inextensible dough. Bread made from whole waxy wheat flour had significantly low specific volume and big gal cell distribution as compared to that from CWF. Also, dark-brown color and bitter taste are weak points of whole waxy wheat bread. However, the WWF bread was significantly softer than CWF bread during storage. The qualities of breads were also improved using partial WWF substitution (10%, 30% or 50%) for CWF. As a result, whole waxy wheat flour can be used for breadmaking to improve nutritious quality of bread for health benefits.     

Effect of waxy flour blends on dough rheology and bread quality

Although much research has been conducted on wheat flour dough rheology, the principal focus has been the role of the protein fraction. Starch is the main component of flour and plays a key role in dough dynamic properties, particularly during heating. This study assesses the effect of two different waxy flours, a durum and a bread wheat, and their blends with commercial bakers' flour on dough rheology during heating with a concurrent investigation into baking performance. Both waxy flour blends produced similar effects on dough rheological behaviour despite differences in protein content, acting to delay gelatinisation and reduce storage modulus. The main effects in bread were to increase loaf expansion during baking and reduce loaf firmness. It is postulated these effects are largely water mediated, with the higher swelling ability of the waxy starch granules reducing overall water availability and driving complete gelatinisation to higher temperatures.     

添加糯小麦粉对小麦粉及其面条品质特性的影响

糯小麦与普通小麦的主要差异是糯小麦不含直链淀粉或其含量很低,其对面制品的制作品质产生一定的影响。本研究利用"济糯1号"分别与"济麦20"和"济麦22"按20%、40%、60%和80%的添加量进行配粉,研究糯小麦粉对普通小麦粉品质特性的影响及其面条制品品质的改良作用。结果表明:"济糯1号"的淀粉糊化回升值为449 c P,显著低于"济麦20"和"济麦22";籽粒硬度达64.89,籽粒蛋白质含量(干基)达16.14%,面筋指数为66.08%,粉质仪稳定时间为2.00 min,鲜面条色泽变化小,2 h和24 h的ΔE*分别为3.83和5.29;"济糯1号"与"济麦20"的配粉中,随糯小麦粉添加量的增加,配粉的淀粉回升值降低,面筋指数降低,吸水率增加,面团稳定时间变短,鲜面条色泽2 h和24 h的ΔE*逐渐变小,配粉面条的适口性和光滑性更好;"济糯1号"与"济麦22"的配粉中,随糯小麦粉添加量的增加,面粉蛋白含量增加、面筋指数升高、吸水率增加、淀粉糊化的回升值降低,鲜面条色泽2 h和24 h的ΔE*逐渐变小,配粉的面条制作品质好,面条的适口性和光滑性均改善;糯小麦粉的添加使配粉的面粉品质特性和淀粉特性更有利于面条制作品质的改良,"济糯1号"适宜添加量为20%~40%。     

糯麦粉对冷冻面团发酵流变特性和面包烘焙特性的影响

采用发酵流变测定仪和质构分析仪研究不同比例的糯麦粉对冷冻面团发酵流变学特性和面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明：无论面团冷冻与否,随着糯麦比例增加,面团发展的最大高度(Hm)和持气率(R)逐渐下降,而气体释放曲线最大高度(H＇m)和CO2产气量(Vco2)在一定程度上增加。随着冻藏时间的延长,面团各种参数(Hm、H＇m、R等)逐渐降低,但是下降的幅度随糯麦粉添加量的增加而减小,如与冻藏7d相比,添加质量分数0%、10%、20%和30%的糯麦面团经冻藏60d后Hm分别下降了12.9%、9.6%、7.7%和7.5%,而R则分别下降了2.8%、2.1%、1.6%和1.7%。在冷冻贮藏过程中,面包品质虽有一定程度的下降,但添加糯麦粉的面包品质下降程度较慢,抗老化效果好,且由感官评定可知,冻藏不同天数后,添加10%糯麦粉的面包最易受人们喜爱。     

Dough properties and breadmaking qualities of whole waxy wheat flour and effects of additional enzymes

BACKGROUND: Waxy wheat, a new kind of genetically back‐crossed wheat, was applied to make whole bread in this study. Dough properties and bread quality of the whole waxy wheat flour, which was milled from 100% whole grains containing bran and germ, were determined. RESULTS: Whole waxy wheat had lower protein and lipid contents but higher dietary fiber content than whole regular wheat flour. Pasting temperature and viscosity of the whole waxy wheat flour were significantly lower than those of the whole regular wheat. However, the white wheat flour milled from wheat grains with 48% recovery had significantly higher peak viscosity than the whole waxy wheat. Bread made from the whole waxy wheat flour was significantly softer than that from the whole regular wheat flour during storage. However, bread made from whole waxy wheat had significantly lower specific volume than that from the white waxy flour because of the high amount of dietary fiber. Addition of cellulase increased paste viscosity, lowered dough mixing properties and reduced the firmness of the bread. The addition of pentosanase also increased paste viscosity, lowered dough mixing properties, improved loaf volume of bread but increased the firmness of breadcrumbs, while the addition of α‐amylase only increased final viscosity of flour and did not affect dough properties and bread qualities of whole waxy wheat flour. CONCLUSION: As a result, waxy wheat shows superior properties for making whole breads. Additional enzymes are also necessary to improve bread quality and nutritive values of whole waxy bread. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

大豆粉末磷脂对面团流变学特性和馒头品质的影响研究

将大豆粉末磷脂添加到小麦粉中,研究其对小麦粉面团流变学特性和馒头品质的影响.结果表明,在小麦粉中添加大豆粉末磷脂,可以明显地改善面团的稳定时间以及拉伸曲线面积和拉伸阻力,还可以提高馒头的品质,增加馒头的抗老化效果;当在小麦粉中添加0.8%的大豆粉末磷脂时,其对馒头品质有较好的改善作用.     

The application of dextran compared to other hydrocolloids as a novel food ingredient to compensate for low protein in biscuit and wholemeal wheat flour

Wheat is primarily used for bread-making. However, fungal diseases, grain moisture at harvest and low-protein contents strongly influence the quality of the wheat flour, thus creating challenges for traders, millers and commercial bakers who struggle to produce consistently high-quality products. This paper address the replacement of low-protein/wholemeal flour functionality for bread-making purposes. Three hydrocolloids, xanthan gum, dextran and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, were incorporated into bread recipes based on high-protein flours, low-protein flours and coarse wholemeal flour. Hydrocolloid levels of 0–5 % (flour basis) were used in bread recipes to test the water absorption. The quality parameters of dough (farinograph, extensograph, rheofermentometre) and bread (specific volume, crumb structure and staling profile) were determined. Results showed that xanthan had negative impact on the dough and bread quality characteristics. HPMC and dextran generally improved dough and bread quality and showed dosage dependence. Volume of low-protein flour breads were significantly improved by incorporation of 0.5 % of the latter two hydrocolloids. However, dextran outperformed HPMC regarding initial bread hardness and staling shelf life regardless the flour applied in the formulation.