美国农地保护方法及其借鉴

研究目的：探讨美国农地保护方法及其对中国的借鉴。研究方法：逻辑分析,对比分析。研究结果：中国现行农地保护政策存在不足。美国农地保护的启示：（1）农地保护目标应包括保证粮食安全、农业产业发展、环境、城乡土地的合理利用,实现数量、质量、生态的综合保护;（2）发挥中央政府、地方政府、农地保护组织和农民的主体作用,促进农地的保护和保持;（3）完善法规调控体系,改革政府参与方式,减少土地套利,完善市场配套设施、引入市场激励机制,根据地区资源和经济发展情况实行差异化方法。研究结论：美国农地保护目标、管理体系及具体方法等对中国有借鉴作用。     

美国农民土地权益保护机制及评价启示

研究目的：总结美国农民土地权益保护方式和特点,对美国农民土地权益保护机制进行分析,为中国农民土地权益保护提供借鉴意义。研究方法：文献研究法。研究结果：美国土地交易和土地立法实践形成了美国农民土地权益“三层次”保护机制,即美国农民土地权益保护机制价值层、机制制度层、机制实体层。研究结论：美国农民土地权益“三层次”保护机制对中国有借鉴作用;中国应建立法治化、市场化、国际化和现代化的农民土地权益保护机制价值层;加快颁布实施《农村集体土地征收补偿条例》,完善中国农民土地权益保护机制制度层;发展集体经济组织,创新中国农民土地权益保护机制实体层。     

农地外部效益保护研究

研究目的:从农地外部效益角度,探讨农地保护产生机制及其政策缺陷,寻求改进措施。研究方法:现象溯因法、逻辑分析法。研究结果:农地保护实质主要是出于农地外部效益的考虑,政策缺乏公平补偿的经济激励而易失效。对症下药的构想是:增设农地外部效益财产权赋予农民,国家筹资组织购买以实现补偿。研究结论:界定与保障农地外部效益财产权是未来农地保护政策改进值得思考的选择。     

农地赋权与农村内部收入不平等 ——基于农地流转与劳动力转移的中介作用

研究目的：基于“环境—努力”二元因素机会不平等理论,构建农地赋权与收入不平等的概念性分析框架,探索农地赋权影响农村内部收入不平等的作用机制,为实现农村经济均衡、增进民生福祉提供土地产权制度改革的政策启示。研究方法：OLS方法、分位数回归、中介效应模型。研究结果：（1）农地赋权显著降低家庭相对剥夺指数和村庄基尼系数,即抑制农村内部收入不平等,主要通过提高低收入农户群体收入水平发挥作用;（2）劳动力转移在农地赋权影响收入不平等的机制中起到传导作用;（3）家庭人力资本和政治资本的提升增强了农地赋权对收入不平等的作用机制。研究结论：在赋予和保障农民自由处置土地的权利的同时,应当完善非农就业市场和增加农村教育投资,促进农民非农就业。     

加拿大农地保护机制以及对我国的借鉴意义

过去几十年的探索和积累,加拿大在农地保护方面取得了一些经验和成果。文章从政府调控机制与市场激励机制两方面,介绍加拿大农地保护的若干代表性或创新型措施,并结合案例对其进行应用评价。对比中加两国在农地保护背景上的差异,有如下四点可资借鉴:一是完善法律制度规范;二是农地规划因地制宜,规划方式灵活多变;三是全民参与多边合作;四是跳出保护再论保护,全面统筹共商大计。     

自主参与式农地休养政策：模式和启示

研究目的：梳理自主参与式农地休养政策进展,为中国开展“耕地休养”提供政策启示。研究方法：文献综述法。研究结果：农户自主选择是否参与农地休养项目的实施机制能够一定程度上弥补传统强制实施模式下农户抵触、成本过高等不足;自主参与式农地休养政策的具体实施模式是多元的,各具不同特点;这种实施方式下可能会出现一些新的问题,但可以采取措施加以应对。研究结论：自主参与式农地休养政策的实施方式充分体现了对农户意愿和产权的尊重,具有重要借鉴意义。     

居民参与农地保护的认知程度及支付意愿研究——以湖北省为例

本文在调查分析湖北省武汉、宜昌、荆门、仙桃、汉川5市县1255户居民家庭对农地保护认知程度及支付意愿的基础上，对湖北省农地非市场价值进行了估算。研究表明：随着农地保护意识的增强，78．09％受访居民已经意识到农地资源非市场价值的存在，91．79％的受访居民认为所在地目前需要加强农地保护工作，83．82％的受访居民愿意以捐资或参加义务劳动的方式参与农地保护；从居民家庭参与农地保护的支付意愿出发，湖北省居民每年保护农地的支付意愿总价值达572574．59万元，折合单位公顷农地非市场价值为13081．90元。文章提出组建农地保护的民间平台，增强公众监管机制；增设农地保护专项补贴政策，激励农民保护农地的积极性；界定基本农田保护的价值内涵，建立区域基本农田保护补偿机制等相关政策建议。     

基于主成分分析的流转农地用途变化动力研究

研究目的：以重庆市忠县为例,分析2002—2007年流转农地用途变化的特征,揭示流转农地用途变化的驱动力和制动力,为严格流转农地用途管制提供建议。研究方法：实证分析法,主成分分析法。研究结果：流转农地用途变化驱动力主要为农地流转市场、土地利用比较利益、地方行为驱动;制动力主要为耕地保护政策和农地流转管理制动。研究结论：流转农地用途变化是驱动力与制动力的共同作用。在实际流转中,应建立耕地保护的共同责任机制,发挥市场的基础性作用,严格流转农地的用途管制。     

农村居民点集中与农地流转的关系及其影响因素研究

研究目的：以中国东部、中部和西部三个典型地区的农户作为案例,分析农村居民点用地集中与农地流转的关系及其影响因素,为推动农村土地综合整治提供决策参考。研究方法：问卷调查法,Logistic模型。研究结果：（1）农村居民点集中意愿由低到高顺序为：东部地区＜中部地区＜西部地区;（2）农村居民点集中意愿受农地规模经营显著影响,而自种+转包/租赁方式影响都不显著;（3）年龄、家庭收入、补偿方案等因素对农村居民点集中影响显著,而承包地经营方式影响不显著。研究结论：三个典型地区的农村居民点集中与农地流转中的规模经营具有显著相关性,且受到年龄、家庭收入、补偿方式等因素的影响。     

中国农地保护政策的理性反思

基于净收益最大为基础的土地资源利用私人最优决策与社会最优决策的不相一致是中国政府实施积极的农地保护政策的经济诱因,但是以耕地总量动态平衡、土地用途管制、农地征用管制为主要内容的农地保护政策并没有达到预期的政策目标,其原因就在于农地保护政策目标出现偏差及农地保护政策执行具有不完全性.要切实实现土地资源的社会最优配置,就必须在理顺国家经济关系的同时,采取诸如修正农地保护政策目标、完善农地保护政策执行合约、强化农地保护政策执行机制等措施.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。