英国的信息自由法与政府信息共享

2000年通过并在2005年1月1日实施的英国“信息自由法”,赋予了公民依法知道某种政府信息是否存在,并获得这些信息的权利;同时给政府机构增加了依法主动公开政府信息并处理个人信息请求的义务。这不仅促进了英国政府新文化的形成,而且促进了英国知识经济的发展。本文简要介绍“信息自由法”形成的背景、主要内容和配套的法律与政策措施。     

Applicability of public sector reform initiatives of the Yemeni government from the integrated TOE-DOI framework

Effective resource allocation and accountability are critical for public services in countries facing a crisis, to ensure minimum inequality and even save lives. Administrative innovation is introduced as public sector reform to improve the performance and accountability of public sector organizations. Despite the said benefit, little has been done to study public administrative innovation in countries under crisis. This study extends the literature by examining the attitude of civil service managers to the administrative innovation in the Yemeni government representing a country in crisis from an integrated perspective of technology-organization-environment (TOE) and diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory. Data was collected from a survey of 200 civil service managers of the Yemeni central government. The result shows that the attitude of managers to private sector management style is scored the highest representing the key tool of the public administrative innovation. On the other hand, the downsizing elements were ranked the least significant as public sector reform elements. The explanatory model highlights the use of information technology, quality of human resources, and budget management orientation as significant factors for the applicability of public administrative innovation in the Yemeni central government.     

A usability assessment of e-government websites in Sub-Saharan Africa

E-government holds enormous potential for improving the administrative efficiency of public institutions, encouraging democratic governance, and building trust between citizens/private sector and governments. However, most e-government initiatives to date have failed to attain their full potential, because they are increasingly plagued by usability issues. Consequently, there have been increasing calls for evaluating the usability of e-government websites, as they are widely considered to be the primary platform for government interaction with citizens. This study, therefore, seeks to contribute to extant knowledge by evaluating the usability of e-government websites from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This is particularly important as little is known about the usability of e-government websites in the region, and worst still, it is the least advanced region in terms of e-government development. This study evaluated a total of 279 e-government websites from 31 SSA countries. The findings showed that most e-government websites in SSA were characterised by poor usability. The average usability score for the websites was 36.2%, with the most usable website having a score of only 64.8%. The study also showed that the usability of e-government websites was positively associated with the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) and the E-Participation Index (EPI).     

E-government and citizen's engagement with local affairs through e-websites: The case of Spanish municipalities

As a mixture of new technologies, processes and services oriented to the citizen, e-government has become one of the most important keywords for the public sector reform with proponents claiming that it guarantees transparency, accountability and better communication between local and national administrations and their public. Few if any studies have investigated the factors that might contribute to the establishment of trusting relationship between city councils and citizens. This paper examines the relative importance and significance of three types of information communication technologies (ICTs) towards the use of e-government and the development of civic engagement. We conduct an empirical investigation of 179 Spanish official town websites (web sites in the municipalities). The research findings suggest that implementing ICT not only involves a step towards an increase in the use of e-government services by people, but also provides numerous opportunities for their civic engagement. The main conclusion of this study is that although ICT can leverage the adoption of e-government, it cannot create alone engagement with traditional activities of the local government. What is missing from this relationship is a mediating variable (adoption of e-government by government officers), which in turn can greatly help to better understand how ICT impacts relationships between governments and their citizens.     

公众参与环境治理的逻辑、路径与效应

公众作为环境资源的利益相关者,与政府和企业一道,成为推动环境治理的三股力量。本文基于公众在解决信息不对称问题和完善社会舆论监督方面的优势,论述了公众参与环境治理的理论基础和参与路径。在此基础上,本文构建了2011—2015年中国省际平衡面板数据,并将公众参与划分为侧重于后端治理的投诉上访和侧重于前端治理的建言献策两类,对公众参与环境治理的效应进行了评估。研究发现：①在“政府-企业-公众”三元环境治理体系中,公众参与一方面依赖于政府的环境执法迫使企业污染环境的外部成本内部化,进而间接地参与环境治理;另一方面其本身对污染企业的震慑作用也会产生与政府环境执法类似的效果,进而直接地参与环境治理。②两种细分类型的公众参与,其效应表现出异质性,即公众参与环境治理主要体现在以投诉上访为主要形式的后端治理层面,以建言献策为主要形式的前端治理效应不显著。③采用工具变量法来缓解内生性问题后,公众参与环境治理的效应得到了进一步增强,同时发现居民平均受教育程度的提高显著地扩大了公众参与环境治理的水平。据此,本文对进一步扩大公众参与环境治理提出了政策建议。     

Electronic Records Management and Public Accountability: Beyond an Instrumental Approach

In evaluating government actions, accountability fora depend on public records. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) can—depending on how they are used—positively or negatively affect the availability of records for accountability. Dominant trends in the effect of ICTs on records management are (1) the mixing of "on the record" and "off the record" communication, (2) the shift of control over information to the individual, (3) the focus on present rather than on historic information, (4) the interlinking of information managed by several organizations, and (5) the integration of procedures into computer systems. These trends indicate that the introduction of ICTs challenges the existing balance between organizational values (e.g., formality and informality, central control and individual autonomy). Electronic records management is therefore about finding an organizational design that balances values to fit the organization's accountability situation.     

Information, Not Technology, Is Essential to Accountability: Electronic Records and Public-Sector Financial Management

Information technology is often seen by decision makers as a progressive measure for promoting public-sector financial accountability. One of the key assumptions is that electronic access to information increases transparency and thus, automatically, accountability. This linkage is overly simplified. There is potential conflict between the objectives of providing efficient access on the one hand and supporting accountability on the other.In Sub-Saharan Africa, financial functions were among the first to be automated. More recently, information technology is being used to control and decentralize financial systems. The improvement in financial accountability has yet to materialize. Evidence of this includes instances where corruption and thefts of state assets have gone unchecked. Many efforts to strengthen financial controls fail because the fundamental structures needed to underpin them are often overlooked; this includes record keeping.     

基于参与式治理理论的舆情信息质量演化博弈分析

【目的/意义】网络信息环境健康发展受到了多种因素的影响,提高新媒体和政府部门的公信力、营造良好的舆论环境迫在眉睫。【过程/方法】基于参与式治理理论建立舆情信息发布的新媒体组织与政府媒体监管部门之间的演化博弈模型,探寻博弈双方行为的演化过程及演化稳定策略,并进行数值仿真模拟,分析公众参与治理对演化结果的影响。【结果/结论】结果表明:公众参与治理能有效约束新媒体组织的掺假行为,有利于促使监管部门选择从严监管策略,如此才能达到帕累托最优,实现社会效益最大化。     

公众参与下环保PPP项目运营监管演化博弈分析

政府监管部门在PPP项目运营时职能缺位使得公众的权益受到危害,构建以社会私人部门、政府监管部门及公众为主体的环保PPP项目监管演化博弈模型,分析三方策略的影响因素及选择机制,并运用数值仿真展示了基于理想状态下各主体行为策略相互影响的演化过程。研究发现：博弈系统整体具有不稳健性,各主体行为策略受彼此相互影响。降低私人部门运营成本的同时加大外部监管、提高政府监管部门的上级问责制及技术水平,拓宽公众维权渠道的同时降低参与监督成本能够有效实现多赢。     

政策知识管理——政策工具研究的新进展

作为信息管理发展的而级阶段.知识管理在全球企业范围内的实践已经取得了巨大的成功.政府管理在从传统的公共行政转向顾客取向的公共管理过程中,也可以借鉴信息领域的知识管理经验.通过建模实现的政策知识管理系统由政策知识创新环境、政策知识仓库以及政策知识发现等三个环节构成.明确目标、建立机构、创建内网、改造环境、流程再造等构成了政策知识管理的必经途径.     

邻避事件中的公众情绪、政府回应与信息转发意愿研究

[目的/意义]邻避事件中,非利益相关公众在网络空间"借机"宣泄负性情绪而导致的舆情,可能放大当地利益相关公众的负性情绪和风险感知,致使邻避事件的冲突激化。对非利益相关公众这种负性情绪在政府回应前后的变化及其与信息转发意愿的关系进行探讨,是网络时代舆情治理的重要议题,但目前鲜有研究涉及。[方法/过程]采用2(情绪性:高负性情绪、低负性情绪)×2(回应透明度:高透明、低透明)组间设计,以独立样本T检验比较政府回应对个体负性情绪变化状况的影响,同时通过回归分析探讨个体的负性情绪在政府回应前后对其信息转发意愿的影响以及政府信任在其中的调节作用。[结果/结论]研究表明:在政府未回应时,非利益相关公众的负性情绪感受越高,对非官方信息的转发意愿越强,而在政府回应后,负性情绪感受越低,对官方回应信息的转发意愿越强;政府未回应时,对政府的信任能够减弱负性情绪对非官方信息转发意愿的正向影响,政府回应后,对政府的信任能够增强负性情绪对官方回应信息转发意愿的负向影响;政府回应尤其是高透明的回应,能够显著降低非利益相关公众的负性情绪感受。     

技术协同治理框架与机制——基于“价值—结构—过程—关系”视角

技术的快速发展及其治理是满足能源、环境和气候变化挑战前提下实现可持续发展的唯一途径,然而技术治理缺乏一个清晰的概念框架。以协同治理为理论基础,基于技术治理问题"结构-过程-关系"研究框架,认为该框架隐含"价值"要素的后置情境,特别在中国背景下,价值后置给技术政策过程实施产生冲击和扭曲。因此,提出"价值-结构-过程-关系"技术协同治理框架与机制,以解释协同治理主体结构间如何调节、塑造治理技术的形式以及多元主体参与治理网络的角色与关系,以期提高技术政策可接受度。研究结果认为技术协同治理框架应包括科技人员、科协、政府、企业、高校、金融部门、中介等社会组织及公众、国外部门八个主体;技术协同治理机制应包括问责机制、参与机制、评价机制、交流机制以及共享机制。研究结果建议技术协同治理框架与机制可以应用、复制类似的政府治理问题,以供例如我国生态环境协同治理、城市化协同治理提供参考与借鉴。     

应急管理体系数字化转型的思路与对策

通过对我国开展新冠疫情防控应急管理中数字技术应用的实践案例研究发现,数字化治理可以在疫情关联信息获取、疫情传播路径追踪、疫情信息公开与舆情管理、疫情风险预警、健康认证等方面提供强力支撑,服务各地区进行精准防疫和决策支持,但同时也暴露出数字化治理理念尚未形成、数字技术和手段利用不充分、存在"数据鸿沟"和数据安全等若干问题。应对挑战,建议政府在推动应急管理体系的数字化治理实践中,加快顶层设计,将城市公共管理数字化转型融入智慧城市建设和"城市大脑"建设中,推动公共大数据整合共享,加强数据、信息、网络与系统安全建设同步规划和同步运行。     

浅析区县政府的公共管理职能在旅游业中的应用

本文分析了目前我国区县政府公共管理职能在旅游业中的作用,提出了大多数区县政府在发挥促进地区旅游业发展职能的过程中面临的问题,并以广州增城市增江画廊的旅游开发为例,就政府规划、管理体制、政府协调、景区推广及筹资机制创新等方面对我国区县政府如何发挥公共管理职能,促进旅游发展提出建议。     

政府信息资源公共获取的工具性价值取向——基于不同学科视角的分析

基于经济学、管理学、传播学等学科视角,应该坚持政府信息资源公共获取的工具性价值取向,确保政府信息资源公共获取的经济、高效与便捷,推进节约型政府、效能型政府、民本型政府建设.     

应急管理体系数字化转型的思路与对策研究

本文通过对新冠肺炎疫情应急管理中数字技术的实践应用案例研究发现,数字化治理可以在疫情关联信息获取、疫情传播路径追踪、疫情信息公开与舆情管理、疫情风险预警、健康认证等方面提供强力支撑,服务各地区进行精准防疫和决策支持。但同时也暴露出来若干问题,应对这些问题建议政府在推动应急管理体系的数字化治理实践中加快顶层设计;将城市公共管理的数字化转型融入智慧城市建设和城市大脑建设中;推动公共大数据的整合共享;加强数据、信息、网络与系统安全建设的同步规划和同步运行。     

加强我国公共卫生管理的若干建议

公共卫生是事关人民群众健康的公共事业,提供公共卫生服务、进行公共卫生管理是政府的重要职责。我国政府十分重视公共卫生事业发展,尤其是2003年"非典"疫情后,我国公共卫生服务体系建设不断完善、管理不断加强。但这次突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情发生与蔓延,仍然暴露出我国公共卫生管理的一些短板,亟待我们总结经验、深入研究,有针对性地采取措施加以解决。具体建议包括:(1)完善国家安全观;(2)强化法治建设;(3)强化政府治理能力建设;(4)健全信息公开、媒体与互联网管理制度;(5)强化专家的科学精神与职业素养;(6)健全突发公共卫生事件应急管理机制;(7)加强社会组织建设,完善社会力量参与机制;(8)提升公民应对疫情灾情素质;(9)切实把"预防为主"方针落到实处;(10)注重研究突发公共卫生事件期间的经济政策。     

创业生态系统中的政府治理：新创企业成长视角

政府参与和市场调节相结合是现代经济社会的现实选择，政府参与并因情施策对于创业生态系统的健康发展和新创企业的成长至关重要。本文以杭州梦想小镇为例，运用治理理论，采用叙事分析法研究了政府在加速新创企业成长期间所扮演角色的动态演化和作用机理。研究显示：政府作为创业生态系统的主体之一，通过其代理机构的市场化的运作机制，经历了混合型、渐变式的动态演化过程，具体包括孵化期的科层治理、成长期的网络治理和腾飞期的市场治理，由此形成了“政府引导+市场主导”的双重、渐变治理机制，助力新创企业的成长。同时，政府在加速新创企业成长中所起到的作用呈现了多元性和不可或缺性。     

项目导向型地方政府危机管理机制与能力研究

本文基于项目导向型组织管理理论,以组织学习能力理论为视角,采用实证研究的方法对项目导向型地方政府的危机管理机制与能力的关系进行深入研究。研究结果显示:项目导向型地方政府的危机管理机制对其危机管理能力有显著的正向影响作用;项目导向的资源配置机制和首问负责制对危机管理能力的正向影响作用最大,其次是公共信息交流机制,最弱的是基于专家技能决策机制;项目导向型地方政府的组织学习能力在公共信息交流机制与危机管理能力间具有显著的正向调节作用。本研究从实证层面推动了项目导向型地方政府管理机制理论研究的发展,也具有帮助地方政府提高危机管理能力的应用价值。     

Editorial: reflecting on 20 years of Prometheus as a joint effort

Abstract

Australian higher education has undergone radical change aimed at transforming universities into commercial enterprises less dependent on public funding. Despite some significant successes, including dramatic increases in the numbers of domestic and international students, decreased Commonwealth subsidies, and more private sector finance, there are ominous indications that institutional failure is endemic, especially financial accountability. Drawing on various theories of institutional failure, this paper attempts to examine the causes of the current crisis. A fourfold taxonomy of Australian university failure is developed that identifies governance failure, accountability failure, quality failure, and information failure as the primary sources of tertiary education institutional breakdown.