音频刺激与光耦合激发蝗虫趋光响应的效应

目的：研究光声耦合和对照光激发蝗虫趋光响应试验,为蝗虫的光电诱导捕集治理及趋光增益调控激发技术提供理论基础。方法：依据蝗虫趋光机理和声频刺激激发蝗虫的响应特性,利用LED光源、声频播放设备和蝗虫行为试验装置,进行了蝗虫对光声耦合和光谱光照趋光响应的对比测定,并探讨了光声耦合对蝗虫趋光效果影响的机理。结果：（1）蝗虫光声感受器对光能和声能接受和神经处理方式的不同,光谱光照和声频耦合刺激激发蝗虫生物活性和趋光v向应的双重叠加效应,增强了蝗虫的趋光活性,强化了蝗虫的趋光行为,提高了蝗虫的趋光响应,达到了推拉驱动蝗虫趋光响应的效应;（2）在光声耦合激发蝗虫趋光响应峰值上,蝗虫对不同声刺激的敏感性参数不同;（3）蝗虫对声刺激敏感参数接受的容限性,导致光谱光照在蝗虫诱导响应行为中起主导作用,而声刺激则起驱动激发蝗虫趋光响应的增益效应。结论：光谱光照和声刺激的合理布置和组合,能够有效提高蝗虫的趋光诱导响应效果。     

我国夜蛾趋光行为的研究及其应用

影响昆虫行为的环境因素很多,一般按自然特征分为气候因素与生物因素两大类,前者如温度、光照、降水等,后者如食料、无教等。气候因素对行为的作用为综合性的,但所起的作用和对生命活动的意义各有特点,其中光对昆虫活动有特殊意义。从间接关系说,光是昆虫不可缺少的条件,但不同昆虫对光的需求各异。昆虫的趋光行为是昆虫行为中最为重要和普遍的行为。许多学者对昆虫的行为影响进行了细致的研宪,特别对夜蛾的趋光行为特点的研究较为深入。了解其趋光行为,对昆虫预测预报及制定防治策略和方法,可提供重要依据。现将夜蛾趋光行为特点…     

昆虫的生物光电效应与虫害治理应用

农业虫害的治理需要依据为害昆虫的特性提出与环境适宜、生态兼容的技术体系和关键技术。为害昆虫表现了对敏感光源具有个体差异性和群体一贯性的趋光性行为特征,并通过视觉神经信号响应和生理光子能量需求的方式呈现出生物光电效应的作用本质。利用昆虫的这种趋性行为诱导增益特性,一些光电诱导杀虫灯技术以及害虫诱导捕集技术广泛地应用于农业虫害的防治,具有良好的应用前景。     

光照对水生动物行为的影响

水生动物的行为受外界环境因素的影响很大,光作为自然界中重要的生态因子,对动物行为的影响极为明显。对于光照的变化,动物能调节自身作出适当的行为反应。本文主要对国外这方面的研究报道作了总结。１光照对水生动物趋光行为的影响动物的趋光性与其视力有关,因而在不...     

麦红吸浆虫成虫对线偏振光的趋性

【目的】本研究旨在探索麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana对线偏振光的趋光效果。【方法】在室内采用自行设计的Y-型管装置,测试了麦红吸浆虫成虫对线偏振光与非偏振光的选择差异,并利用线偏振光诱捕装置进行了田间对比试验。【结果】结果显示,麦红吸浆虫成虫对线偏振光与非偏振光的趋光选择率分别为47.23%和20.31%,且二者之间差异显著;田间设置线偏振光与非偏振光紫外灯对麦红吸浆虫成虫的诱集量分别为:水平线偏振光(60.20)垂直线偏振光(37.60)非偏振光(25.60),且水平线偏振光与非偏振光源对麦红吸浆虫的诱集量具有显著差异。【结论】麦红吸浆虫对线偏振光具有较强的偏好性;水平线偏振紫外光诱捕装置与非偏振相比,对麦红吸浆虫有较强的诱集效果。     

利用隆线趋光行为评价铬的生物毒性

报道了以隆线单克隆Dc42为生物监测器,利用其趋光行为变化评价铬生物毒性的方法.结果表明,隆线趋光行为抑制率能较好地反映水中铬的污染程度.在重铬酸钾标准毒物溶液中,趋光指数与Cr⁶⁺的浓度呈极显著负相关(R²=0.8089,P<0.001),Cr⁶⁺浓度的检测下限为0.056 mg·L^-1,远低于LC₅₀和EC₅₀,平均精度达到5.46%,说明趋光指数法用于监测化学物质生物毒性灵敏度高、精确可靠.     

卵生脊椎动物胚胎对环境变化的行为响应

动物生存在复杂多变的环境中,行为调节是其响应环境变化的重要途径.传统认为胚胎缺乏主动行为调节能力,只能被动响应环境变化.然而,越来越多的研究证据表明,动物胚胎具有主动响应环境变化的行为调节能力.本文回顾了卵生脊椎动物胚胎对环境变化行为响应的研究进展,重点阐述了温度、湿度、光照、声音、震动和有毒物质等环境因子对胚胎发育的影响及胚胎自身的行为响应,并提出未来值得关注的可能研究方向.     

频闪光诱导光觉异常性豚鼠近视模型

目的使用特制的频闪调光器进行持续频闪光刺激,建立一种光觉异常性豚鼠近视模型,观察豚鼠在频闪光刺激后眼球产生的异常改变。方法 24只2周龄普通级豚鼠随机分为3组(n=8),Ⅰ组予0.5 Hz频率等时交替频闪,频闪亮度0～600 lx;Ⅱ组为无频闪等亮度光照组;Ⅲ组为开放环境正常光照组。光照时间6∶00～18∶00。每2周记录屈光度、眼轴长度及曲率半径,12周时眼底拍照后取出眼球,光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察眼球后极部改变。结果光照前各组间生物学测量参数差异无显著性(P>0.05)。随时间延长,Ⅰ组与Ⅱ、Ⅲ组相比近视屈光度明显增加、眼轴延长,12周时3组间近视屈光度及眼轴差异有显著性(P<0.05),Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组相比眼球发生(-5.4±1.5)D的近视,眼轴增加(0.74±0.18)mm。Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组相比眼球发生(-6.6±1.5)D的近视,眼轴增加(0.86±0.24)mm。Ⅰ组眼底普遍出现豹纹状改变,视网膜感觉细胞层外段排列紊乱且有大量脱落节盘。结论通过改变正常光觉环境,频闪光能刺激豚鼠眼球产生过度发育并诱导轴性近视形成。这种光觉的异常最终影响了视网膜感光细胞的正常发育。     

植物光合机构对光环境的适应机制: 状态转换

在自然条件下,植物接受的照光量经常变化,而植物在进化过程中已形成了相应的适应机制,用以维持光环境变化过程中2个光反应之间光能转换的能量平衡.植物的调控系统不但能通过调控叶片和叶绿体的运动以及光合色素的积累调节光的吸收,还可以通过光系统的状态转换灵活地调节捕光色素蛋白复合体吸收的能量分配.特别是在低光强下,植物通过可对电子传递链的氧化还原状态做出响应的激酶和磷酸酶调控光系统Ⅱ捕光色素蛋白复合体(LHCⅡ)的可逆磷酸化,从而调节激发能在PSⅠ与PSⅡ之间的分配.植物的状态转换机制是植物适应光质等光环境变化的重要机制.本文综述了植物状态转换机制的研究进展,阐述了LHCⅡ的磷酸化及其在PSⅠ与PSⅡ两个光系统间的移动及其状态转换在植物适应光环境变化中的生理意义,并展望了今后的主要研究方向.     

越冬期广玉兰阳生叶和阴生叶PSⅡ功能及捕光色素分子内禀特性的比较研究

捕光色素分子的内禀特性不仅决定了光能的吸收与传递,也将影响到激发能向光化学反应、热耗散和叶绿素荧光的分配。本文采用叶绿素荧光技术和光合电子流对光响应机理模型,研究了越冬期广玉兰（Magnolia grandiflora）阳生叶和阴生叶两种不同光环境下叶片PSⅡ功能及其捕光色素分子内禀特性的差异,以探索广玉兰越冬的光保护策略。结果表明：越冬期低温导致叶片轻微光抑制的发生,全光照加剧了阳生叶光抑制程度,而弱光环境有利于阴生叶光抑制的恢复。阳生叶可通过降低叶绿素含量和捕光色素分子数量以减少对光能的吸收,并且具有较强的光化学和热耗散能力以保护光合机构免受低温强光伤害。而阴生叶虽然其光化学反应能力相对较弱,但具有较强的热耗散能力,可有效地保护其免受短时曝露在强光下的伤害。     

Simulations of a model for transmitter kinetics

The influence of the internal water balance on the phototactic behaviour in the walking female fly (Calliphora erythrocephala Meig.) was investigated. The phototactic reaction depends on the age of the flies and the duration of water withdrawal. In young blowflies with progressive dehydration, the strength of the light reaction varies considerably from fly to fly. From the 4th. day of life onwards up to day 21 the flies respond much more homogeneously and elicit a reproduceable temporal pattern of reaction (Figs. 2 and 3). All the following statements refer to the behaviour of 10-day-old, virgin females, which, under optimal humidity conditions, have been shown to be spontancously photonegative (Meyer, 1978). The phototactic reaction of progressively dehydrated flies depends in a characteristic manner on the illumination conditions during the intervals between tests. If the flies are kept in darkness during these intervals, the light reaction varies rhythmically, with a period of almost exactly 12 h (Figs. 4a and 5). Under the test conditions this rhythm is found not to vary with the time of day (Fig.4a), or with the length of the between-test intervals, for intervals up to 4h long (Fig. 6). If the flies are kept under illumination during the intervals between tests, the light reaction becomes arhythmical. After an initial maximum after 2–4h of dehydration, further photopositive responses are severely suppressed (Fig. 4b). When the ocelli are covered, the between-test illumination no longer influences the mean response to light. The arhythmic dehydrationtime vs. light-reaction curve in this case is characterised by a strong sustained enhancement of runs towards the light after 10h of dehydration (Fig. 7). A preliminary model of a possible control system for this moisture-dependent phototactic switching is presented, from which all essential results can be deduced. This system determines the phototactic turning direction from the ocelli afferences. These afferences act upon the central nervous system in two ways: directly and also indirectly via the internal water regulation.This work was supported by the DFG-(Me417/4)     

Evaluating the phototactic behavior responses of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella,to some different wavelength LED lights in laboratory and field

Light traps equipped with light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been applied to manage some phototactic insect pests. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is a cosmopolitan insect pest to be seriously harmful to many cruciferous plants. The present research focused on evaluating the phototactic behavior responses of the moths to several wavelengths and photon flux densities of LED lights under laboratory and field conditions. The results from the laboratory showed that the highest phototactic behavior responses of P. xylostella moths were recorded for UV (380 nm) LED light under 1.5 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and 2.5 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The moths were more attracted to light traps equipped with 4 LEDs and 6 LEDs of 380 nm, respectively, between 20:00 and 22:00 than the other groups and night times in the field. The finding from the field was consistent with the results from the laboratory. We found that the 380 nm LED light results in the strongest attraction rate of the moths by 92.4 % and the moths caught in light trap with the UV LEDs was 1.62 times more than that with a black light. These data clearly demonstrate that P. xylostella moths have a high sensitivity to 380 nm, therefore, a 380 nm LED light trap could be useful for monitoring and controlling the moths.     

昆虫趋光性研究的回顾

利用昆虫的趋光性开展农林卫生害虫诱杀,一直是害虫绿色防控的组成部分。本文综述了昆虫的多种趋光性行为,昆虫趋光性机制—罗盘理论、马赫带效应理论和开放空间理论,对在物理、生物环境条件、光和光源属性条件下昆虫趋光的生态适应性,以及对昆虫抵达光源的位置和移动轨迹进行了讨论。     

Phototactic Behavior of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scleroderma guani</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) - Parasitoid of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pissodes punctatus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Although light trap can be used to control pest populations, they can also kill the natural enemies of pests. Scleroderma guani (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is a parasitoid of a bark-weevil Pissodes punctatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). To understand the phototactic behavior of S. guani, we investigated its diurnal and nocturnal behavior, then examined its phototactic response to nine monochromatic lights and to five intensities of the two most attractive lights. Our results showed that S. guani is most active during the day, while remain still in a dark room or at night. S. guani showed a positive response both to a broad spectrum of monochromatic light and total light (natural light), which implies a broad sensitivity to the light spectrum. S. guani was most sensitive to blue (450 nm) and green (549 nm) lights, suggesting its visual system composed of blue and green receptors. S. guani was least sensitive to ultraviolet (340 nm) light, which may be caused by long-term mass rearing and propagating under artificial conditions. Furthermore, low intensities elicited a positive phototactic response, while high intensities showed a decreased trend under both blue and green lights. Thus, S. guani is a phototactic insect which shows preferences for light in both color and intensity. This study suggests that light trap can only be utilized to control the adult P. punctatus during and after its peak emergence, due to the overlap in the spectral sensitivity of both pest and parasitoid adults.     

Responses of Adult Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Light and Combinations of Attractants and Light

Responses of adult Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to light alone and to a combination of attractant(s) and green/UV lights were studied. When P. interpunctella adults were given a choice between dark areas and areas illuminated with UV, green, or white light, they rested preferentially on surfaces in the illuminated areas. UV light elicited the strongest of the positive phototactic responses. Light traps were not as effective as traps baited with pheromones or food lures in capturing adult moths, and combining green or UV light with these attractants did not significantly increase the trap catches. Gravid females required a period of darkness to realize maximum oviposition, and illumination above 8 lx during the scotophase of a 24-hr light–dark cycle inhibited oviposition.     

Male-Biased Capture in Light Traps in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera exigua</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Results from the Studies of Reproductive Activities

Nocturnal insects show phototactic behavior. Interestingly, males are caught by light traps more often than females in many species. In the present study, the male-biased capture in light traps in the field was evaluated to test the hypothesis that male-biased capture was associated with the reproductive activities of Spodoptera exigua. During a 16-wk. period in 2011, a total of 5075 moths caught by light traps in the field revealed a significant male-biased capture. However, the sex ratio of the natural population was not significantly different from 1:1 from July to October 2011. The ratio of moths caught per hour by light traps showed that females were captured in the first half of the night, whereas the peak capture by light traps for males occurred in the second half of the night. Among the captured adults, the percentage of unmated females was significantly lower than that of the mated females and males. Experiments in the laboratory indicated that the time of activities for both sexes was consistent with the active patterns of oviposition and copulation. The percentage of flight-to-light of the unmated females was significantly lower than that of the mated females and males. Thus, the lower capture of the unmated females, which is associated with reduced positive phototactic responses of S. exigua, probably is one of the reasons resulting in the male-biased sex ratio in light traps.     

In the presence of red light,cucumber and possibly other host plants lose their attractability to the melon thrips <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thrips palmi</Emphasis> (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a serious agricultural pest of many crops. Previous studies have shown that red light decreases the number of Thrips palmi in greenhouses. In order to understand how red light affects T. palmi, we examined the behavioral responses to host plants that were irradiated with a red light-emitting diode panel (660 nm) in an environment with natural or fluorescent (normal-white) light. When T. palmi were allowed to move freely around in the experimental arena, we found that fewer individuals were attracted to plants irradiated by red light than to plants under normal light illumination. We then used a sticky trap of green coloration to exclude olfactory and visual stimuli associated with the host plants in order to test binary choice behavior in T. palmi. The number of thrips attracted to the green sticky trap irradiated with red light was approximately half of that without red light irradiation. This is the first study to show that an addition of red light can change the behavior of insects, leading to an avoidance of green targets in an environment of normal illumination.