Numerical method for unsteady viscous hydrodynamical problem with free boundaries

A finite element method for the transient incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with the ability to handle multiple free boundaries is presented. Problems of liquid–liquid type are treated by solving two coupled Navier–Stokes problems for two separate phases. The possibility to solve problems of liquid–gas, liquid–liquid–gas or liquid–liquid–liquid type is demonstrated too. Surface tension effects are included at deformable interfaces. The method is of Lagrangian type with mesh redefinition. A predictor-corrector scheme is used to compute the position of the deformable interface with automatic control of its accuracy and smoothness. The method is provided with an automatic choice of the time integration step and an optional spline filtration of the truncation error at the free surface. In order to show the accuracy of the method, tests and comparisons are presented. Numerical examples include motion of bubbles and multiple drops.     

An adaptive Lagrangian boundary element approach for three‐dimensional transient free‐surface Stokes flow as applied to extrusion,thermoforming, and rheometry

An adaptive (Lagrangian) boundary element approach is proposed for the general three‐dimensional simulation of confined free‐surface Stokes flow. The method is stable as it includes remeshing capabilities of the deforming free surface and thus can handle large deformations. A simple algorithm is developed for mesh refinement of the deforming free‐surface mesh. Smooth transition between large and small elements is achieved without significant degradation of the aspect ratio of the elements in the mesh. Several flow problems are presented to illustrate the utility of the approach, particularly as encountered in polymer processing and rheology. These problems illustrate the transient nature of the flow during the processes of extrusion and thermoforming, the elongation of a fluid sample in an extensional rheometer, and the coating of a sphere. Surface tension effects are also explored. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于拓扑与形状优化的小型化金属天线设计方法

天线小型化设计需要基于先进的设计方法,基于拓扑优化的设计往往存在灰度单元,因此设计结果无法直接应用,需要进一步规整设计。而对于电磁金属结构,粗糙的规整方法会引起结构性能的很大变化以致偏离最优结果。提出一种拓扑优化和形状优化相结合的方法,用于金属天线结构的小型化设计。该方法通过拓扑优化获得金属天线结构的概念构型,进而利用形状优化对概念构型进行边界规整和精细化设计。形状优化方法采用多控制点贝塞尔曲线描述拓扑概念构型,通过贝塞尔曲线控制点的移动实现天线构型的调控。给出了贝塞尔曲线控制点的设置原则,基于拓扑优化得到场量分布结果,利用较少的贝塞尔曲线控制点实现天线拓扑构型结构特征的有效调控。该方法可以获得无灰度单元残留的拓扑结果,同时可有效避免密度阈值规整方法中天线性能改变的问题,并且获得的拓扑构型边界光滑。数值算例表明拓扑优化和形状优化相结合方法的有效性。此外,该方法可拓展到其他类型电磁器件的优化设计中。     

A consistent splitting scheme for unsteady incompressible viscous flows I. Dirichlet boundary condition and applications

A well‐recognized approach for handling the incompressibility constraint by operating directly on the discretized Navier–Stokes equations is used to obtain the decoupling of the pressure from the velocity field. By following the current developments by Guermond and Shen, the possibilities of obtaining accurate pressure and reducing boundary‐layer effect for the pressure are analysed. The present study mainly reports the numerical solutions of an unsteady Navier–Stokes problem based on the so‐called consistent splitting scheme (J. Comput. Phys. 2003; 192 :262–276). At the same time the Dirichlet boundary value conditions are considered. The accuracy of the method is carefully examined against the exact solution for an unsteady flow physics problem in a simply connected domain. The effectiveness is illustrated viz. several computations of 2D double lid‐driven cavity problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An unfitted interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method for incompressible Navier–Stokes two‐phase flow

A discontinuous Galerkin method for the solution of the immiscible and incompressible two‐phase flow problem based on the nonsymmetric interior penalty method is presented. Therefore, the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation is solved for a domain decomposed into two subdomains with different values of viscosity and density as well as a singular surface tension force. On the basis of a piecewise linear approximation of the interface, meshes for both phases are cut out of a structured mesh. The discontinuous finite elements are defined on the resulting Cartesian cut‐cell mesh and may therefore approximate the discontinuities of the pressure and the velocity derivatives across the interface with high accuracy. As the mesh resolves the interface, regularization of the density and viscosity jumps across the interface is not required. This preserves the local conservation property of the velocity field even in the vicinity of the interface and constitutes a significant advantage compared with standard methods that require regularization of these discontinuities and cannot represent the jumps and kinks in pressure and velocity. A powerful subtessellation algorithm is incorporated to allow the usage of standard time integrators (such as Crank–Nicholson) on the time‐dependent mesh. The presented discretization is applicable to both the two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional cases. The performance of our approach is demonstrated by application to a two‐dimensional benchmark problem, allowing for a thorough comparison with other numerical methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal control of unsteady compressible viscous flows

The control of complex, unsteady flows is a pacing technology for advances in fluid mechanics. Recently, optimal control theory has become popular as a means of predicting best case controls that can guide the design of practical flow control systems. However, most of the prior work in this area has focused on incompressible flow which precludes many of the important physical flow phenomena that must be controlled in practice including the coupling of fluid dynamics, acoustics, and heat transfer. This paper presents the formulation and numerical solution of a class of optimal boundary control problems governed by the unsteady two‐dimensional compressible Navier–Stokes equations. Fundamental issues including the choice of the control space and the associated regularization term in the objective function, as well as issues in the gradient computation via the adjoint equation method are discussed. Numerical results are presented for a model problem consisting of two counter‐rotating viscous vortices above an infinite wall which, due to the self‐induced velocity field, propagate downward and interact with the wall. The wall boundary control is the temporal and spatial distribution of wall‐normal velocity. Optimal controls for objective functions that target kinetic energy, heat transfer, and wall shear stress are presented along with the influence of control regularization for each case. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An adaptive boundary element approach to transient free surface flow as applied to injection molding

An adaptive (Lagrangian) boundary element approach is proposed for the general two‐dimensional simulation of confined moving‐boundary flow of viscous incompressible fluids. Only the quasi‐steady creeping (Stokes) flow of a Newtonian fluid is examined. The method is stable as it includes remeshing capabilities of the deforming moving boundary, and thus it can handle large deformations. An algorithm is developed for mesh refinement of the deforming moving‐boundary mesh. Several flow problems are presented to illustrate the utility of the approach, with particular emphasis on cavity filling and viscous fingering, as applied to conventional and gas‐assisted injection molding. The accuracy of the method is assessed through the problem of jet flow and the transient fountain flow between two flat plates. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hybrid immersed boundary and material point method for simulating 3D fluid–structure interaction problems

A numerical method is developed for solving the 3D, unsteady, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in curvilinear coordinates containing immersed boundaries (IBs) of arbitrary geometrical complexity moving and deforming under forces acting on the body. Since simulations of flow in complex geometries with deformable surfaces require special treatment, the present approach combines a hybrid immersed boundary method (HIBM) for handling complex moving boundaries and a material point method (MPM) for resolving structural stresses and movement. This combined HIBM & MPM approach is presented as an effective approach for solving fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems. In the HIBM, a curvilinear grid is defined and the variable values at grid points adjacent to a boundary are forced or interpolated to satisfy the boundary conditions. The MPM is used for solving the equations of solid structure and communicates with the fluid through appropriate interface‐boundary conditions. The governing flow equations are discretized on a non‐staggered grid layout using second‐order accurate finite‐difference formulas. The discrete equations are integrated in time via a second‐order accurate dual time stepping, artificial compressibility scheme. Unstructured, triangular meshes are employed to discretize the complex surface of the IBs. The nodes of the surface mesh constitute a set of Lagrangian control points used for tracking the motion of the flexible body. The equations of the solid body are integrated in time via the MPM. At every instant in time, the influence of the body on the flow is accounted for by applying boundary conditions at stationary curvilinear grid nodes located in the exterior but in the immediate vicinity of the body by reconstructing the solution along the local normal to the body surface. The influence of the fluid on the body is defined through pressure and shear stresses acting on the surface of the body. The HIBM & MPM approach is validated for FSI problems by solving for a falling rigid and flexible sphere in a fluid‐filled channel. The behavior of a capsule in a shear flow was also examined. Agreement with the published results is excellent. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于物理的变形曲线在结构形状优化中的应用

用各向异性模型定义NURBS曲线的变形能,基于所提出的变形能模型,用有限元法对NURBS曲线表达的设计边界进行模态计算,然后,将设计边界用模态向量的线性组合参数化表示。将这种基于边界特征向量的几何形状表示方法应用于优化参数定义．提出了一种适用于结构形状优化的自适应几何精化方法,它有效地将户型有限元分析、优化方法和设计边界的形状表达集成在一起。     

A hybrid vortex method for the simulation of three‐dimensional flows

This paper presents an integral vorticity method for solving three‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. A finite volume scheme is implemented to solve the vorticity transport equation, which is discretized on a structured hexahedral mesh. A vortex sheet algorithm is used to enforce the no‐slip boundary condition through a vorticity flux at the boundary. The Biot–Savart integral is evaluated to compute the velocity field, in conjunction with a fast algorithm based on multipole expansion. This method is applied to the simulation of uniform flow past a sphere. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Steady‐state solution of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using discrete least‐squares meshless method

A fractional step method for the solution of the steady state incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is proposed in this paper in conjunction with a meshless method, named discrete least‐squares meshless (DLSM). The proposed fractional step method is a first‐order accurate scheme, named semi‐incremental fractional step method, which is a general form of the previous first‐order fractional step methods, i.e. non‐incremental and incremental schemes. One of the most important advantages of the proposed scheme is its capability to use large time step sizes for the solution of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. DLSM method uses moving least‐squares shape functions for function approximation and discrete least‐squares technique for discretization of the governing differential equations and their boundary conditions. As there is no need for a background mesh, the DLSM method can be called a truly meshless method and enjoys symmetric and positive‐definite properties. Several numerical examples are used to demonstrate the ability and the efficiency of the proposed scheme and the discrete least‐squares meshless method. The results are shown to compare favorably with those of the previously published works. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow simulation on moving boundary‐fitted grids and application to fluid–structure interaction problems

We present a method for the parallel numerical simulation of transient three‐dimensional fluid–structure interaction problems. Here, we consider the interaction of incompressible flow in the fluid domain and linear elastic deformation in the solid domain. The coupled problem is tackled by an approach based on the classical alternating Schwarz method with non‐overlapping subdomains, the subproblems are solved alternatingly and the coupling conditions are realized via the exchange of boundary conditions. The elasticity problem is solved by a standard linear finite element method. A main issue is that the flow solver has to be able to handle time‐dependent domains. To this end, we present a technique to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation in three‐dimensional domains with moving boundaries. This numerical method is a generalization of a finite volume discretization using curvilinear coordinates to time‐dependent coordinate transformations. It corresponds to a discretization of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations. Here the grid velocity is treated in such a way that the so‐called Geometric Conservation Law is implicitly satisfied. Altogether, our approach results in a scheme which is an extension of the well‐known MAC‐method to a staggered mesh in moving boundary‐fitted coordinates which uses grid‐dependent velocity components as the primary variables. To validate our method, we present some numerical results which show that second‐order convergence in space is obtained on moving grids. Finally, we give the results of a fully coupled fluid–structure interaction problem. It turns out that already a simple explicit coupling with one iteration of the Schwarz method, i.e. one solution of the fluid problem and one solution of the elasticity problem per time step, yields a convergent, simple, yet efficient overall method for fluid–structure interaction problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A posteriori bounds for linear functional outputs of Crouzeix–Raviart finite element discretizations of the incompressible Stokes problem

A finite element technique is presented for the efficient generation of lower and upper bounds to outputs which are linear functionals of the solutions to the incompressible Stokes equations in two space dimensions. The finite element discretization is effected by Crouzeix–Raviart elements, the discontinuous pressure approximation of which is central to this approach. The bounds are based upon the construction of an augmented Lagrangian: the objective is a quadratic ‘energy’ reformulation of the desired output, the constraints are the finite element equilibrium equations (including the incompressibility constraint), and the inter‐sub‐domain continuity conditions on velocity. Appealing to the dual max–min problem for appropriately chosen candidate Lagrange multipliers then yields inexpensive bounds for the output associated with a fine‐mesh discretization. The Lagrange multipliers are generated by exploiting an associated coarse‐mesh approximation. In addition to the requisite coarse‐mesh calculations, the bound technique requires the solution of only local sub‐domain Stokes problems on the fine mesh. The method is illustrated for the Stokes equations, in which the outputs of interest are the flow rate past and the lift force on a body immersed in a channel. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Unified semi‐analytical wall boundary conditions for inviscid,laminar or turbulent flows in the meshless SPH method

Wall boundary conditions in smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a key issue to perform accurate simulations. We propose here a new approach based on a renormalising factor for writing all boundary terms. This factor depends on the local shape of a wall and on the position of a particle relative to the wall, which is described by segments (in two‐dimensions), instead of the cumbersome fictitious or ghost particles used in most existing SPH models. By solving a dynamic equation for the renormalising factor, we significantly improve traditional wall treatment in SPH, for pressure forces, wall friction and turbulent conditions. The new model is demonstrated for cases including hydrostatic conditions for still water in a tank of complex geometry and a dam break over triangular bed profile with sharp angle where significant improved behaviour is obtained in comparison with the conventional boundary techniques. The latter case is also compared with a finite volume and volume‐of‐fluid scheme. The performance of the model for a two‐dimensional laminar flow in a channel is demonstrated where the profiles of velocity are in agreement with the theoretical ones, demonstrating that the derived wall shear stress balances the pressure gradient. Finally, the performance of the model is demonstrated for flow in a schematic fish pass where both the velocity field and turbulent viscosity fields are satisfactorily reproduced compared with mesh‐based codes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability of algebraic multigrid for Stokes problems

An investigation is made of the performance of algebraic multigrid (AMG) solvers for the discrete Stokes problem. The saddle‐point formulations are based on the direct enforcement of the fundamental conservation laws in discrete spaces and subsequently stabilised with the aid of a regular splitting of the diffusion operator. AMG solvers based on an independent coarsening of the fields (the unknown approach) and also on a common coarsening (the point approach) are investigated. Both mixed‐order and equal‐order interpolations are considered. The dependence of convergence on the ‘degree of coarsening’ is investigated by studying the ‘convergence versus coarsening’ characteristics and their variation with mesh resolution. They show a consistency in shape, which reveals two distinct performance zones, one convergent the other divergent. The transition from the convergent to the divergent zones is discontinuous and occurs at a critical coarsening factor that is largely mesh independent. It signals a breakdown in the stability of the smoothing at the coarser levels of coarse grid approximation. It is shown that the previously observed, mesh‐dependent, scaling of convergence factors, which had suggested inconsistencies in the coarse grid approximation, is not a reliable marker of inconsistency. It is an indirect consequence of the breakdown in the stability of smoothing. For stable smoothing, reduction factors are shown to be largely mesh independent. The ability of mixed‐order interpolation to permit stable smoothing and therefore to deliver mesh‐independent convergence is explained. Two expedient options are suggested for obtaining mesh‐independent convergence for those AMG codes that are based on an equal‐order interpolation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An integral equation method for closely interacting surfactant-covered droplets in wall-confined Stokes flow

A highly accurate method for simulating surfactant-covered droplets in two-dimensional Stokes flow with solid boundaries is presented. The method handles both periodic channel flows of arbitrary shape and stationary solid constrictions. A boundary integral method together with a special quadrature scheme is applied to solve the Stokes equations to high accuracy, also for closely interacting droplets. The problem is considered in a periodic setting and Ewald decompositions for the Stokeslet and stresslet are derived. Computations are accelerated using the spectral Ewald method. The time evolution is handled with a fourth-order, adaptive, implicit-explicit time-stepping scheme. The numerical method is tested through several convergence studies and other challenging examples and is shown to handle drops in close proximity both to other drops and solid objects to high accuracy.     

On the implicit time integration of semi‐discrete viscous fluxes on unstructured dynamic meshes

Numerical simulations of viscous flow problems with complex moving and/or deforming boundaries commonly require the solution of the corresponding fluid equations of motion on unstructured dynamic meshes. In this paper, a systematic investigation of the importance of the choice of the mesh configuration for evaluating the viscous fluxes is performed when the semi‐discrete Navier–Stokes equations are time‐integrated using the popular second‐order implicit backward difference algorithm. The findings are illustrated with the simulation of a laminar viscous flow problem around an oscillating airfoil. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A finite element method for free surface flows of incompressible fluids in three dimensions. Part I. Boundary fitted mesh motion

Computational fluid mechanics techniques for examining free surface problems in two‐dimensional form are now well established. Extending these methods to three dimensions requires a reconsideration of some of the difficult issues from two‐dimensional problems as well as developing new formulations to handle added geometric complexity. This paper presents a new finite element formulation for handling three‐dimensional free surface problems with a boundary‐fitted mesh and full Newton iteration, which solves for velocity, pressure, and mesh variables simultaneously. A boundary‐fitted, pseudo‐solid approach is used for moving the mesh, which treats the interior of the mesh as a fictitious elastic solid that deforms in response to boundary motion. To minimize mesh distortion near free boundary under large deformations, the mesh motion equations are rotated into normal and tangential components prior to applying boundary conditions. The Navier–Stokes equations are discretized using a Galerkin–least square/pressure stabilization formulation, which provides good convergence properties with iterative solvers. The result is a method that can track large deformations and rotations of free surface boundaries in three dimensions. The method is applied to two sample problems: solid body rotation of a fluid and extrusion from a nozzle with a rectangular cross‐section. The extrusion example exhibits a variety of free surface shapes that arise from changing processing conditions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of the finite point method to high‐Reynolds number compressible flow problems

In this work, the finite point method is applied to the solution of high‐Reynolds compressible viscous flows. The aim is to explore this important field of applications focusing on two main aspects: the easiness and automation of the meshless discretization of viscous layers and the construction of a robust numerical approximation in the highly stretched clouds of points resulting in such domain areas. The flow solution scheme adopts an upwind‐biased scheme to solve the averaged Navier–Stokes equations in conjunction with an algebraic turbulence model. The numerical applications presented involve different attached boundary layer flows and are intended to show the performance of the numerical technique. The results obtained are satisfactory and indicative of the possibilities to extend the present meshless technique to more complex flow problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.