基于混合试验设计生物柴油发动机比油耗优化

在一台国V排放高压共轨柴油机上燃用20%生物柴油混合燃料,通过调节共轨压力、主喷定时、预喷定时、预喷油量、后喷定时和后喷油量等6个喷油控制参数,优化标定生物柴油专用发动机的性能.选择混合试验设计方法制定了6因素同时调节的全局优化试验方案.分别针对低、中、高转速下的低、中、高负荷9个工况点进行试验.通过该方法拟合的发动机油耗数学模型需要的数据样本容量较小且精度更高.以油耗最小为单目标,通过混合优化算法求解各工况下的全局最优喷油参数组合.优化后发动机比油耗(BSFC)相比原机各工况点平均降幅2.71%.混合试验设计标定方法弥补了传统发动机优化标定方法单因素逐一优化所导致的局部最优特性.     

基于Kriging模型的高压共轨柴油机标定应用

为解决电控柴油机随着控制参数的增多造成的标定工作量大、工作效率低的问题,将基于模型的标定方法应用于VMR425DOHC高压共轨柴油机的经济性优化过程中. 采用LHS-ESE算法设计控制参数的试验空间,根据获得的试验数据建立控制参数与响应数据之间的Ordinary Kriging代理模型,并在此基础上进行优化得到最终的控制参数MAP. 试验结果表明,对比常规标定方法,采用基于模型的标定可以使试验样本点选取更加合理,大幅提高试验标定效率,Kriging代理模型的使用使预测结果更为精确,最大误差率在2%以内,满足共轨柴油机建模需要,优化结果使发动机燃油经济性区域得到扩大.      

4JB1柴油机高压喷射系统选型及管路匹配

采用FSEM(fuel system evaluation method)的方法进行柴油机高压喷射系统选型,针对4JB1柴油机选择BOSCH公司的第2代共轨系统.利用AMESim建立高压共轨柴油机供油系统模型,包括高压供油泵子模型、压力调节阀子模型、喷油器子模型和连接它们的高压油管子模型.仿真研究共轨管容积、高压油管长度和内径等参数对共轨管中的压力建立和压力波动的影响,并针对4JB1共轨柴油机进行共轨系统管路参数选择和试验验证,结果表明匹配的管路系统满足共轨柴油机轨压快响应和小波动的要求.     

基于模型的车用柴油机轨压控制器设计及试验验证

针对现代车用柴油机高压共轨燃油系统在全工况范围内连续瞬态过程的轨压控制问题,提出了一种基于模型的轨压控制器.通过对高压共轨燃油系统轨压变化基本原理的分析,设计了一种基于模型的轨压前馈控制算法,并基于发动机转速和轨压偏差设计了轨压分段PID反馈控制算法.利用ETAS公司ASCET软件实现了该轨压控制器,在与自主高压共轨柴油机ECU进行集成后,开展了发动机台架和整车道路试验.试验结果表明:该轨压控制器在稳态过程可将轨压控制在±1.5,MPa波动范围之内,在连续瞬态过程可将轨压控制在±3.5,MPa波动范围之内,具备快速响应性、动态跟踪、高稳定性和高可靠性功能,满足全工况范围内轨压控制要求,为工程实际用轨压控制器设计奠定了基础.     

共轨柴油机轨压控制研究

研究高压共轨柴油机共轨压力的控制策略及其控制参数优化.分析了调压阀特性及其控制参数,研究了调压阀控制频率、共轨压力采样周期和压力闭环调节周期对压力控制的影响及共轨压力对发动机性能的影响,确立了发动机全工况目标轨压控制策略.发动机台架试验表明,选取的调压阀控制频率、轨压采样周期、压力闭环控制周期及轨压的发动机匹配、修正策略可满足共轨柴油机的要求.     

高压共轨喷油器响应特性的仿真分析

为了分析高压共轨喷油器结构参数的变化对喷油器响应特性的影响,以某型号重型柴油机高压共轨喷油器为研究对象,通过AMESim软件建立喷油器仿真模型,进行试验验证模型准确性.结果表明:进油孔孔径增大会提升开启响应速度但降低喷油器的关闭响应速度,出油孔孔径的增大提高喷油器的开启响应速度;控制柱塞直径的增大会提升喷油器的关闭响应速度但降低喷油器的开启响应速度;针阀密封直径的增大会同时提高开启和关闭响应速度;针阀弹簧预紧力的增加会带来针阀开启时间的延长和关闭时间的缩短.因此喷油器设计开发过程中应合理选取进油孔径取值并适当增大出油孔径及针阀密封直径.为高压共轨喷油器结构参数的优化设计提供参考.     

船用电喷主机的原理及日常管理浅析

随着船舶智能化的日益发展以及世界能源危机和环境污染的加重,为了节约能源、降低排放,提高柴油机燃烧工况,电控喷射技术得到了飞速的发展。而高压共轨燃油喷射系统既对满足柴油机的经济性能,又对实现低污染、低排放发挥了重要作用,电控共轨柴油机的排放已达到相当理想的状态。本文主要针对目前市场两大船用主机的船用柴油机高压共轨系统的结构及组成,就电子控制系统的控制策略进行了叙述以及介绍了高压共轨系统在船用柴油机领域的应用实例与管理。本文先就电喷船用主机的电喷共轨原理进行了浅析,并列举了船用电喷柴油主机在使用过程中电喷共轨系统可能发生的几点故障,展开了分析。     

喷油策略对高压共轨柴油机性能的影响

为实现通过优化喷油控制参数提高共轨柴油机性能的目的,在云内动力电控高压共轨柴油机上研究了不同的喷油策略对柴油机的性能影响。柴油机运行在转速为2 000r/min,负荷为-50%的典型工况下,使用Fischer-Tropsch(F-T)煤制油作为柴油机燃料。结果表明:喷油压力由62.8MPa增大至143.8MPa时,燃烧提前7°、滞燃期缩短30.2%,缸压和放热增多,碳烟颗粒物(SOOT)排放降低94.5%,NO_x排放升高16.2%,CO与碳氢化合物(HC)排放分别下降6.7mg/m~3和7.8mg/m~3;推迟喷油导致燃烧推后、滞燃期延长,缸内压力下降,NO_x排放量减少,SOOT,CO和HC排放增多。喷油压力和主喷正时是影响柴油机性能的关键因素,在优化喷油规律时应作为主要因素进行考虑。该工况下,喷油参数的最佳组合为喷油压力103.2 MPa,预喷正时上止点前(BTDC)曲轴转角为15.5°,主喷正时上止点前(BTDC)曲轴转角为8.1°.     

基于AMESim和LS-SVM的高压共轨系统建模与仿真

为了提高高压共轨压力预测模型的精确性,采用AMESim软件建立了柴油机高压共轨仿真模型.利用灰色关联分析方法对共轨压力影响因素进行理论分析计算,并确定了高压共轨压力预测模型的输入输出变量;然后利用最小二乘支持向量机对共轨压力与主要的影响因素之间的数值关系进行了智能拟合,并利用自适应粒子群算法优化了最小二乘支持向量机的初始参数.通过20个预测样本的检测,最小二乘支持向量机模型的最大预测误差为0.079 1,平均相对误差降至0.039 6,其性能明显优于BP神经网络.     

大功率车用柴油机燃用航空煤油的燃烧仿真研究

建立了大功率车用柴油机燃用柴油和航空煤油的缸内燃烧模型。该模型利用喷雾试验结果对KH-RT破碎子模型进行了标定,同时耦合了燃油的化学反应动力学机理,具有较高的仿真精度。计算结果表明:相比柴油,柴油机燃用航空煤油喷雾破碎过程中雾化质量提高;燃烧过程中缸内滞燃期缩短,放热率峰值下降,缸内机械负荷及热负荷均得到缓解;柴油机燃用航空煤油在标定工况点相比燃用柴油功率下降5.8%,油耗率相当。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to