A Single-Ridged Coaxial Hybrid TE011 Coupler with High Mode Purity

We design a single-ridged coaxial hybrid coupler which excites a TE₀₁₁ mode of high mode content in a cylindrical cavity, resonating at 28.2GHz. The coupler consists of a WR-28 rectangular waveguide, a coaxial TE_n11 cavity, and a cylindrical TE₀₁₁ cavity. Both TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity and TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity are analyzed to examine the TE₀₁₁ mode purity in the central cavity. Mode purity analysis is performed by a field expansion method using Fourier-Bessel orthonormal basis functions. Numerical calculations predict that the TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity excites the TE₀₁₁ mode with mode purity of 98.6%, which is improved by 3% higher compared with the TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity. Measurements on the single-ridged coaxial coupler show a resonant frequency at 28.078GHz and ohmic and external Qs of 1560, 473 respectively, which are in good agreement with the simulated results of a 3-D finite element electromagnetic code.     

Experimental Study of a High Power Coupler for a Tunable Cavity Formed by a Vane-Type Structure

In this study, a high power coupler designed for a tunable planar cavity is experimentally tested. The cavity consists of a periodical vane-type structure, of which the height of the vane can be mechanically adjusted so that the resonance frequency can be fine tuned. The cavity is designed to be operated at π mode and resonant at 2.45 GHz. The high power coupler is composed of a rectangular waveguide and a cylindrical ceramic rod with tapered ends. One end of the ceramic rod is intruded into the gap between two vanes of the cavity. Through this coupler, the TE₁₀ mode of the rectangular waveguide is converted into the TE₁₁ mode of the ceramic rod and then couples to the TEM mode in the gap between vanes of the cavity. Experimental results show that a microwave power up to 5 kW can be effectively transmitted to excite the π mode of the cavity . This cavity can be used to excite large area plasmas     

Input coupler for Ka band TE021 circular electric mode operation in a gyroklystron amplifier

An input coupler for the TE₀₂₁ circular electric mode in a gyroklystron amplifier through using TE₈₁₁ as a transition coupling mode in a coaxial cavity has been proposed and numerically simulated in a frequency range of Ka-Band with HFSS code. The coupling efficiency of the TE₀₂₁ mode and the suppression for the TE₈₁₁ mode in the main cylindrical cavity are deliberately considered by adjusting the position and size of coupling holes as well as the radius of the drift tubes. The numerical results show that the TE₀₂₁ mode can successfully be excited, and rational coupling efficiency and high mode purity for the TE₀₂₁ mode in the cylindrical cavity can be reached for the engineering application of gyroklystron amplifier study.     

CMOS prototype image sensor with edge enhancement to compensate for blurring

Small signal analytical analysis and large signal numerical calculations are presented for a gyroklystron in which a low order (TE₀₁₁) mode in the bunching cavity is coupled by the electron beam to a high order (TE₀₄₁) mode in the output cavity. A drift region separates the two cavities. We demonstrate that the probunching of the beam before entering the output cavity not only enhances the interaction efficiency of the TE₀₄₁ mode but also improves the mode stability by suppressing the TE₂₄₁ mode. The gyroklystron may be operated either as an oscillator or as an amplifier by a small variation of the applied magnetic field. The effect of the beam velocity spread on the efficiency is also investigated. It is found that the operation of the gyroklystron is more sensitive to beam velocity spread than that of a gyromonotron. Optimum conditions for a cold beam are not necessarily those for a wam beam.     

Higher order mode impedances and cut-off frequencies of overmoded coaxial waveguides

Using both theoretical and experimental methods the critical geometrical ratios for effective higher order mode superposition in coaxial waveguides are identified for SDMA beam forming antenna applications. Higher order mode impedances are also important in the design of such antennas and a closed form expression for the power-voltage definition of impedance is derived together with estimates for the voltage-current and power-current forms. An industry standard finite element solver is used to confirm the accuracy of these formulations for a 60?mm radius overmoded coaxial waveguide. In the second part of the paper, the mode chart is used to design a coaxially fed, overmoded air-spaced coaxial waveguide “T” junction supporting the TEM, TE ₁₁ and TE ₂₁ modes. A Green's function based model of the input impedance of this junction establishes that the power-voltage characteristic impedance occurs naturally in calculations requiring absolute impedance values. Finally, this input impedance model, which includes higher order and evanescent mode propagation, is demonstrated to agree well with experimental data for this junction.     

Numerical calculation of gyromonotron parameters using orbital theory

In this paper, the orbital equations of electron motion in the gyroton are derived, starting from the fundamental equations of relativistic electron motion. These equations are applicable to the general case of arbitrary TE_mnl mode with varying DC magnetic field B₀(z) and consider the effect of the RF magnetic field. The calculation formulae for gyromonotron parameters are given, The effect of the longitudinal field profile in an open-ended cavity is discussed, and the computation method and program are briefly described. As examples, numerical results for the gyromonotron in the X and Ka bands in terms of orbital theory are given. For the gyromonotron operating at the TE₀₁₁ mode and fundamental cyclotron harmonic in the X band, and at the TE₀₂₁, mode and second harmonic in the Ka band, orbital efficiencies of 72% and 40% are obtained respectively. Some problems about making use of the orbital equations to calculate the case with varying DC magnetic field or higher TE modes are also discussed.     

Design of a TE42,7 coaxial cavity for a 1 MW, 280 GHz gyrotron

To provide the required mode selectivity for a 1 MW, 280 GHz gyrotron, a coaxial resonator operating in the high order TE_42,7 mode is considered. Mode discrimination is achieved both by exploring selective ohmic effects and examining the electrodynamic properties of the coaxial cylindrical waveguide. Analytic results indicate the effectiveness of a coaxial insert with a low electrical conductivity in rarefying the mode density of overmoded, megawatt hollow cavities.     

Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) asymmetric dual-mode filter and diplexer

Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) can be used to implement high Q waveguide components with the same easy and low-cost fabrication process as planar circuits. In this paper two inline three-pole dual-mode filters with asymmetric transmission response based on SIW are presented. These two filters, consisting of a TE₁₀₂-TE₃₀₁ dual-mode SIW cavity and a TE₁₀₁ mode SIW cavity, are centred at around 10?GHz with a transmission zero on the left of the passband and the right of the passband, respectively. Based on the two kinds of three-pole deal-mode filters, a diplexer with isolation better than 35?dB is developed. A linear microstrip taper is used to implement the transition between microstrip and SIW. The measured results agree with simulated results.     

Demonstration of a High-Order Mode Input Coupler for a 220-GHz Confocal Gyrotron Traveling Wave Tube

A design of high-order mode input coupler for 220-GHz confocal gyrotron travelling wave tube is proposed, simulated, and demonstrated by experimental tests. This input coupler is designed to excite confocal TE ₀₆ mode from rectangle waveguide TE ₁₀ mode over a broadband frequency range. Simulation results predict that the optimized conversion loss is about 2.72 dB with a mode purity excess of 99%. Considering of the gyrotron interaction theory, an effective bandwidth of 5 GHz is obtained, in which the beam-wave coupling efficiency is higher than half of maximum. The field pattern under low power demonstrates that TE ₀₆ mode is successfully excited in confocal waveguide at 220 GHz. Cold test results from the vector network analyzer perform good agreements with simulation results. Both simulation and experimental results illustrate that the reflection at input port S11 is sensitive to the perpendicular separation of two mirrors. It provides an engineering possibility for estimating the assembly precision.     

Quansi-optical mode converter for Ka-band application on a gyrotron

A series of electron cyclotron masers (ECMs) has been designed and successfully operated in the frequency range of 6 to 200 GHz over the past 10 years at Strathclyde University. The current Mk. VI ECM operated between 35–200 GHz, the TE _{0 1} ⁰ mode (35.2 GHz) being the lowest order cavity mode excited. Investigation of this ECM and quasi-optical converter combination was made to establish to what extent a Gaussian beam could be produced from the TE _{0 1} ⁰ gyrotron cavity mode. An antenna of the Vlasov (step-cut radiator) configuration was chosen and successfully developed in a series of low-power experiments up to the W-band frequency regime. The low-power experiments demonstrated that such an antenna system could be constructed and operated in the K_a-band frequency region without resorting to high precision quasi-optical components. The final version of the quasi-optical antenna was externally coupled to the output window of the maser and a plane polarized pencil beam was successfully obtained from the combined maser/Vlasov antenna mode converter. A theoretical model involving a single TE _0n ⁰ input mode was chosen to analyse the output beam characteristics from the Vlasov antenna system. Comparison was made between the single mode theoretical model and the experimental results obtained from the maser.     

Cold tests of A 10-GHz gyrotron cavity

Experiments have been conducted to characterize a gyrotron cavity designed to operate in theTE ₀₂₁ mode at 10 GHz. Cavity excitation was accomplished via a coupling hole introduced into the cavity wall and mode detection was carried out by means of two experimental arrangements. In the first, electromagnetic energy is coupled into a receiving waveguide through a small second hole drilled in the opposite side of the cavity. The other scheme uses a horn antenna to receive the power reradiated by the open resonator. Both schemes are discussed regarding mode detection, and measured data includes resonant frequency, loadedQ factor, axial electric field profile and farfield radiation pattern. Evaluation of the loadedQ factor is based on bandwidth measurements whereas standing-wave electric field profile is determined by using perturbation techniques. For severalTE modes, close agreeent between theory and experiment is found.     

An Ultrahigh-order-mode, Higher-harmonic Coaxial Gyrotron Oscillator in Sub-terahertz Wave Range

A coaxial cavity gyrotron oscillator at a frequency of 0.34 THz is studied, which operates with a quite low magnetic field of 4.55 Tesla at the third cyclotron harmonic of the ultrahigh-order mode TE_43,4. Properly choosing the depth of the longitudinal corrugations on the inner rod and optimizing the electron-beam position significantly suppress the mode competition. Nonlinear multimode simulations show the feasibility of the single-mode operation with an output power of 163 kW by using an electron beam with a voltage of 70kV and a current of 30A, which corresponds to an interaction efficiency of 9.2 % with maxim density of ohmic losses 2.9 kW/cm².     

Coaxial resonator for a megawatt 280 GHz gyrotron

To provide the required mode selectivity for a megawatt 280 GHz gyrotron, a coaxial resonator operating in a high order TE mode is considered. Mode discrimination is achieved both by exploring the differences in the transverse structures of the competing modes and investigating a suitable geometry for the coaxial insert. For modes with close eigenfrequencies the associated diffractionQ factors can be widely different in value, thereby ensuring an effective mode selection. In the resonator studied here, the frequency separation between the design mode TE_26,10,1 and its nearest competing mode TE_20,12,1 is about 0.6% and the ratio of the correspondingQ factors is as high as 6.5. Unlike the coaxial resonator, in the hollow cavity without the inner conductor the fundamental spectrum of eigenfrequencies is more dense, and all TE modes within the frequency interval 271–288 GHz have approximately the sameQ factor.     

Linear and nonlinear analyses on gyropeniotron in a rectangular waveguide

The dispersion equation of the gyropeniotron using TE_n0 mode in a rectangular waveguide is derived in this paper. Through detailed numerical calculations of the dispersion equation using the TE₂₀ mode, dispersion curves of the peniotron are obtained. Some clear viewpoints are proposed here. In the nonlinear analysis, the model is assumed to be a rectangular cavity with two close ends, constant DC magnetic field and an axis-rotating electron beam. The analytical results of the peniotron using the TE₂₀₁ cavity mode assuming two operating conditions of ω = ω_c, and ω 3ω_c show 51% efficiency for to ω ω_c and 11% efficiency for ω3ω_c.     

Design of Cavities for a Short Pulse Powerful Large Orbit Gyrotron

Designs of cavities for fundamental and high harmonic operation in Large Orbit Gyrotron (LOG) are discussed. The fundamental operation allows one to use beam currents in the range from 200 A to 300 A achieve output power of the order of 9–10 MW at frequency 143.6 GHz. Mode competition calculations show that stable oscillations in the TE^1,4 mode using high beam currents are possible even with the pitch factor 1.3 which is significantly lower than the design value 1.55. For the second harmonic operation, the maximum current used for excitation of the TE^2,4 mode is 60 A and the optimum magnetic field is 7.6 T. A cavity design for fourth harmonic operation using the TE^4,4 mode is also presented.     

Experimental study of a high efficiency quasi-optical mode converter for whispering gallery mode gyrotrons

A mode converter for whispering gallery mode gyrotrons has been designed and experimentally demonstrated. Experiments were performed on a megawatt power level, 3μs pulsed gyrotron operating in the TE_16,2,1 whispering gallery mode at 146 GHz. The gyrotron cavity employs a non-linear uptaper to minimize radial mode conversion. About 99% of the output power is in the TE_16,2 mode. The quasi-optical converter consists of a helically cut Vlasov-type waveguide launcher and a reflector. The doubly curved reflector, designed using geometric optics and vector diffraction theory, was built to focus the full radiation pattern to a small, gaussian-like focal spot. Of the power incident in the TE_16,2 mode, 96% is directed by the launcher and reflector to a gaussian-like focal spot in the far field. Small fractions of other modes were found to form distinct focal spots in the far field. Analysis of the power in the other focal spots allows for a good quantitative measurement of gyrotron output mode content, potentially on a single shot basis.     

A W-band Third Harmonic Gyrotron with an Iris Cavity

The design and experimental results of a W-band gyrotron operating at the third cyclotron harmonic are presented. The gyrotron is designed to operate at the TE₆₁ mode, which is significantly distinct from competing modes. An iris cavity is employed for the purpose of trapping the third harmonic mode more effectively and lowering its start current. In the experiment, the gyrotron is drived by a triode magnetron injection gun (MIG) which can produce a 45 kV, 3 A electron beam. When maximum axial magnetic field is 1.22 T, a single mode third harmonic gyrotron radiation is observed with the frequency of 94.86 GHz. The maximum output power is 5.5 kW, corresponding to an efficiency of 4%. Another third harmonic mode TE₀₂ is also detected at 88.8 GHz, with maximum output power of 1.5 kW.     

Analyses of two-cavity gyroklystron with feedback

Making use of the linear kinetic theory and the perturbation approach, a gyroklystron with feedback, in which a low order (TE₀₁₁) mode is presented in the bunching cavity by the feedback of the output cavity, and the low order mode in the bunching cavity is coupled by the electron beam to a high order (TE₀₂₁) mode in the output cavity, has been investigated in detail. And electron beam to wave interaction in each cavity and electron bunching mechanism in the bunching cavity have been analysed. The formulas of electron beam to wave interaction power and starting current etc. have been derived. Then some calculations are carried out.     

Ohmic selection in open coaxial resonators: An experimental study

A study of ohmic selective properties of open coaxial cylindrical resonators has been conducted experimentally and compared with theory. The resonator consists of an inner cylinder made of silicon carbide symmetrically located inside an outer cylindrical, tube shaped waveguide. Several fundamental TE modes were identified over the range 9 to 17 GHz through measurements of the resonant frequencies and the associated quality factors. Mode discrimination is achieved both by exploring selective ohmic effects and examining the electrodynamical properties of the coaxial cylindrical waveguide. The effectiveness of a silicon carbide coaxial insert in providing ohmic mode selection is demonstrated in that the totalQ factors of TE _mp modes with radial indexp≥2 become well below the quality factors for surface TE _m1 modes. It has been verified that both structure and number of resonant modes are strongly dependent on the diameter and the resistivity of the coaxial insert.     

Mode competition in Bragg resonator cyclotron resonance maser experiments driven by a microsecond,intense electron beam accelerator

We report an experimental study on mode competition in a high-g Bragg resonator cyclotron resonance maser (CRM) employing a microsecond, relativistic electron beam. The high quality annular electron beam of 20-80 A was produced through an apertured mask-anode. The high-Q Bragg resonator was designed to excite the TE₃₁, mode CARM oscillation at 18-9GHz. Two configurations of Bragg resonators were used; with ripples half inward and with ripples fully outward with respect to a smooth tubular centre section. Bragg resonator microwave emission was compared to radiation emitted when the electron beam interacted with smooth tubes with the same diameter as the Bragg resonator centre sections. In the present Bragg resonator CRM experiments, three parasitic oscillations were the most serious competing modes, apparently suppressing the TE31 CARM oscillation: TE₂₁, absolute instability, TE₁₁ gyro-BWO, second and third harmonic TE₅₁, mode. When a high current annular beam of 150-200 A was injected into the Bragg resonator, we observed the TE₂₁ absolute instability at B≥6-9kG, and a TE₁₁ gyro-BWO interaction at B≤5-2kG. Experimental evidence on the modes of the absolute instabilities were provided by gas breakdown patterns in fluorescent light tubes and frequency measurements.