基于DIC技术获取焊接接头单轴拉伸力学性能

目的 获取异种金属焊接接头局部拉伸力学性能.方法 针对压水堆核电机组蒸汽发生器接管与安全端异种金属焊接接头(Dissimilar metal weld joint,DMWJ,其接管材料为20MND 5低合金钢,安全端为Z2 CND 18.12控氮奥氏体不锈钢,焊缝材料为INCONEL 52镍基合金),采用等直圆棒拉伸试...     

残余应力对焊接角接头裂纹扩展性能的影响分析

目的 分析焊接残余应力对角接接头裂纹扩展特性的影响。方法 基于热弹塑性力学法,建立角接头的有限元模型,计算焊接温度场,并采用热机耦合方法计算焊接残余应力。采用断裂力学方法,分析计算焊趾部位的应力强度因子和裂纹扩展寿命,并对比分析残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响。结果 计算得到焊缝的残余应力达到了材料屈服极限,呈拉伸应力状态,其Von Mises应力值为345 MPa。在应力为200 MPa以内,考虑残余应力的前提下,分别使用文献试验得到的数据和IIW标准中的数据作为裂纹扩展参数,应力比R=–1时的裂纹扩展寿命分别为2.61×10⁶和6.84×10⁵次循环;在应力比R=0时的裂纹扩展寿命分别为1.16×10⁵和2.90×10⁴次循环。结论 残余应力会加速裂纹扩展。采用控制变量法,将应力范围设定为常值,当应力比R<0时,残余应力扩大了应力强度因子的范围;在应力比R>0时,残余应力一方面会增大最大应力强度因子,使其接近材料的断裂韧度,同时拉伸残余也提高了平均应力强度因子或者提高了应力比R,在这种情况下,残余应力均会加速裂纹的扩展速度。随着裂纹长度的增加,残余应力对裂纹扩展速率的影响会增大。外载荷和残余应力共同对裂纹扩展产生影响,应力比R和残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响机制相同,在焊接结构寿命评估时,需要综合考虑这2个影响因素。     

直升机桨叶安装螺栓强度与疲劳寿命计算分析

目的 分析桨叶安装螺栓在不同位移载荷真实试车载荷以及螺牙缺齿情况下的剩余强度以及疲劳寿命。方法 基于有限元方法分析不同载荷下桨叶安装螺栓的对数应变,依据失效应变判定其强度,提取有限元模型的单元应力,通过临界平面法计算最大组合应力平面,运用曲线走势、损伤准则预估桨叶安装螺栓的疲劳寿命。结果 0.36 mm位移载荷下螺栓应变未达到破坏值,真实试车载荷超过4倍情况下,螺栓失效的可能性较高,螺栓断牙超过2个,失效风险较高。依据试车载荷谱,初始长度螺栓寿命为20 794 h,初始长度螺栓断1螺牙寿命为10 912 h,拉伸至29.36 mm螺栓疲劳寿命为7 725 h。结论 在额定载荷状态下,材料结构破坏的可能性小。实际载荷超过4倍、螺栓断牙超过2个情况下,应力应变状态显著恶化,桨叶安装螺栓失效的风险较高,需要预防超载荷过大的情况,还需在修理过程中关注螺栓螺纹的损伤情况,即螺纹的正常磨损可不作为故障进行更换,但出现掉牙、断牙情况则需要更换。     

热塑性复合材料高速冲击时不同失效模式对比分析研究

目的准确地对热塑性复合材料前缘结构进行抗鸟撞冲击设计。方法首先基于刚度退化、材料塑性及应变率影响的复合材料本构关系,通过霍普金森拉-压杆测试得到热塑性复合材料的动力学性能参数。基于不同的失效模式,采用PAM-CRASH显式有限元法,针对运输类飞机热塑性复合材料机翼前缘结构在高速冲击时的破坏形式进行对比分析研究。结果热塑性复合材料较其他复合材料在临界拉伸损伤极限值和纵横向及屈服应力的率相关性上具有更好的性能。冲击分析时,失效应变应考虑材料破坏瞬间的强化效应。剪切应变取值为0.1左右时,前缘结构计算仿真失效的结果与试验结果一致性较高,应变误差仅为6.2%,破坏尺寸误差为4.9%。结论在复合材料失效参数较复杂的情况下,抗冲击设计可将拉伸、压缩、剪切及层间失效等多目标优化设计简化为等效剪切应变失效的单目标优化,此方法可推广应用于其他类型复合材料的抗冲击设计。     

基于数字图像相关方法的石墨高温杨氏模量测试

目的为了得到石墨在高温环境下的杨氏模量,为飞行器热防护系统和高温热结构的设计提供可靠的技术保障。方法基于数字图像相关(DIC)方法和通电电阻加热技术,建立一套测量材料在高温环境下力学性能的测试系统。利用该系统,测量高温下石墨试样的表面应变场和应力-应变曲线,计算相应温度下的杨氏模量。在1400℃实验环境下,采用基于DIC与高温引伸计的方法同时测量超高温陶瓷试件的拉伸应变数据,并进行比较验证。结果在1400℃实验环境下,采用基于DIC与高温引伸计方法测得超高温陶瓷的应变-时间曲线吻合良好,方差为1.3×10-7。1200~1900℃高温环境下,石墨的杨氏模量随温度的升高呈线性增长趋势。结论采用基于DIC方法准确有效,该方法可方便快速地实现对石墨材料在高温环境下杨氏模量的测量。另外,该方法也可应用于其他导电材料杨氏模量的测试。     

硫酸盐还原菌对EH40焊接钢海水腐蚀的影响

目的研究无菌和SRB体系中EH40钢焊接接头的母材区、热影响区和焊缝区腐蚀差异。方法利用金相显微镜观察、失重法、电化学测试、扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱仪等分析手段。结果焊缝区微观组织由块状铁素体(BLF)和魏氏组织(W)组成;热影响区可再分为粗晶区(CGHAZ)和细晶区(FGHAZ)两个区;母材区主要由BLF、AF和少量珠光体组成。在无菌对照体系中,焊缝区腐蚀速率为0.0026 mm/a,混合区次之,为0.0023 mm/a,母材区最小,为0.0019 mm/a。含SRB体系中,各区的腐蚀速率为:焊缝区(0.0037 mm/a)混合区(0.0034 mm/a)母材区(0.0030 mm/a)。热影响区腐蚀产物形貌粗大,点蚀孔也较大。结论焊缝区比母材区容易腐蚀,由此易造成小阳极大阴极加速腐蚀,热影响区容易发生点蚀。SRB能促进三个区域试样腐蚀加速。     

船用低合金钢焊接件腐蚀行为研究

目的研究船用低合金钢焊接件在海水中的腐蚀行为。方法采用金相组织观察、极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱测试,以及扫描振动电极技术(SVET),对船用低合金钢焊接件在天然海水中的腐蚀行为进行研究。结果船用低合金钢焊接件中热影响区与焊缝区及母材区金相组织发生明显分化,热影响区腐蚀倾向最大,耐蚀性最差,并且易与母材区形成电偶发生破坏。SVET测试结果表明,最大阳极电流出现在热影响区,随着浸泡时间的延长集中于靠近母材处。结论焊接件各区域间组织存在较大差异,热影响区成为最易发生腐蚀破坏的区域,在海水中阳极反应发生在热影响区,随浸泡时间延长电流增大,腐蚀加重。     

圆冲头压入半无限体的组合解析法

将圆冲头压入半无限体变形区,模拟成实心圆盘与空心圆环压缩的组合,将R_f/R_ο=θ设为特定参量.以上界定理对定冲压力解析解,给出了最小上界值及相对应的变形区形状.     

Experimental investigation on mechanical and metallurgical properties of super duplex stainless steel joints using friction welding process

Friction welding is one of the most economical and highly practicable methods in joining similar and dissimilar metals. In this study, high-quality welds are produced in the super duplex stainless steel by continuous drive friction welding successfully. Design of experiment was done using central composite design of response surface methodology. In the present work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction welded super duplex stainless steel (UNS S32760) were examined. The base material has a microstructure consisting of the ferrite matrix with austenite islands. Ferrite content was analyzed through the phase analyzer software and found that it is in the range of 42–55% in all weld metals. The phases were further analyzed through X-ray diffraction method. All the weld metals have higher hardness than the base metals. Weld transverse tensile failures consistently occurred away from the weld zone and exhibit more hardness, yield and ultimate tensile strengths than the base material. The austenite content increases with nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen could enhance the yield stress and ultimately tensile strength of super duplex stainless steel. Secondary phase precipitation is not observed in the welded joint probably due to the shorter heating times.     

30CrMnSiNi2A超强钢激光熔覆修复试验研究

目的研究激光熔覆技术,解决30CrMnSiNi2A钢制部件表面腐蚀、划伤、裂纹等缺陷的修复问题。方法利用光纤激光器在30CrMnSiNi2A钢表面进行同基体相近成分的合金粉末熔覆试验,优化激光熔覆工艺参数,开展熔覆层的微观组织、硬度、力学性能等方面试验研究,并对拉伸试样的断口进行分析。结果熔覆层与基体呈现牢固的冶金结合,基体热影响区域小,熔覆区的抗拉强度大于基体强度的80%,熔覆区材质的脆性较基材有所增加。结论激光熔覆可用于修复30CrMnSiNi2A钢制零件表面的腐蚀、划伤、裂纹等局部缺陷。     

Influence of welding speed and power on residual stress during gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of thin sections with constant heat input: A study using numerical simulation and experimental validation

The temperature distribution and residual stresses for a GTAW circumferential butt joint of AISI 304 stainless steel using numerical simulation have been evaluated. For evaluation of weld induced residual stresses, the analysis of heat source fitting was carried out with heat inputs ranging from 200 to 500 J/mm to arrive at optimal heat input for obtaining proper weld penetration and heat affected zone (HAZ). For this chosen heat input, the influence of different weld speeds and powers on the temperature distribution and the residual stresses is studied. The heat source analysis revealed the best choice of heat input as 300 J/mm. The residual stresses on the inner and outer surfaces, and along the radial direction were computed. Increase in temperature distribution as well as longitudinal and circumferential residual stresses was observed with the increase in weld speed and power. The validity of the results obtained from numerical simulation is demonstrated with full scale shop floor welding experiments.     

Metallurgical and mechanical characterization of electron beam welded super-duplex stainless steel UNS 32750

This paper addresses the weldability of 6 mm thick plates of super-duplex stainless steel by electron beam welding (EBW) process. Microstructure investigations conducted using optical and SE microscopy showed the presence of large ferrite grains with intra- and inter-granular austenite. Ferrite content studies on the weld zone estimated that there is no significant element partitioning between austenite and ferrite phases. Hardness studies portrayed that the weld hardness is found to be greater than the parent metal which is acquainted due to the solid solution strengthening effect. Tensile results corroborated that the joints obtained by EB welding process have better strength than the base metal. A detailed structure–property relationships has also been carried out through point and line mapping EDAX analysis across the weldment to substantiate the discussions.     

7A52铝合金及25CrMnSiA钢焊接件海洋大气应力腐蚀试验研究

目的研究7A52铝对接焊拉伸试样、25CrMnSiA钢对接焊拉伸试样的海洋大气应力腐蚀行为。方法利用自行设计制作的恒载荷大气应力腐蚀试验装置,在海南万宁站海洋大气环境中,分别采用7A52铝对接焊拉伸试样、25CrMnSiA钢对接焊拉伸试样进行海洋大气应力腐蚀试验研究。对试验中断裂的试样和未断裂的试样,进行表面腐蚀形貌、断口形貌、显微组织、显微硬度分布等分析。结果 7A52铝焊接件断裂在焊接部位,Cl-富集于SCC部分的含钙或含硫的第二相质点,促进了7A52铝焊接件应力腐蚀开裂。海洋大气应力腐蚀试验的25CrMnSiA钢焊接件断裂在母材部位,而实验室拉伸试验断裂在焊接部位。结论两种焊接件在海南海洋大气环境下均存在应力腐蚀开裂,裂纹萌生、扩展于朝向海洋方向的试样表面,存在"风脆"现象。     

Metallurgical characterization of refrigeration tubing formed from plain carbon steel strip stock

Ball indentation hardness testing and metallography were used to investigate the metallurgical changes that occur during the manufacture and bending of plain carbon steel tubing for use in large-scale refrigeration equipment such as evaporative condensers and thermal storage coils. A significant increase in hardness occurred in going from flat strip starting material to creating the electrical resistance welded tubing that was subsequently bent to form coils. The weld region exhibited the greatest hardness. Metallographic examination revealed that the spheroidized ferritic microstructure of the flat strip was retained during welding. However, the accompanying heating did cause small grains to form and a significant rise in the number of carbide particles.