Synthesis and characterization of decyl phosphonic acid,applications in emulsion polymerization and anti-corrosion coating

Alkyl phosphonic acids are amphiphilic structures consisting of non-polar organic hydrophobic groups and anionic inorganic hydrophilic groups, which makes them be able to behave as surfactants as well as smart corrosion inhibitors. A simple and high yield (up to 87%) pathway for synthesizing decyl phosphonic acid (DPA) is described. ¹H and ¹³C-NMR) as well as FTIR spectroscopy were used to characterize chemical structures and purity of the obtained product. Thermal properties and crystal structure of DPA were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The stability of DPA in Oil-in-Water (O/W) and Water-in-Oil (W/O) emulsions was improved in the presence of ammonium persulfate (APS), which allowed us to measure their specific characteristics such as particle size and zeta potential (ξ) of micelles. Both emulsions were used for synthesizing polyaniline (PANI) by emulsion polymerization. Wettability of DPA on the mild steel surface was examined using contact angle measurements. Moreover, corrosion-inhibition properties studied by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique and salt spray test results revealed that DPA can be an efficient ingredient for anti-corrosion coating.     

富勒烯对甲基苯胺衍生物的合成及其对硝化棉安定性的影响

以富勒烯(C₆₀)、溴素(Br₂)、八溴富勒烯(C₆₀Br₈)及对甲基苯胺(C₇H₉N)为原料,经两步反应合成了富勒烯对甲基苯胺衍生物C₆₀(NC₆H₄CH₃)_n;采用核磁共振碳谱(¹³C-NMR)、质谱(MS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)以及紫外-可见光分光光度计(UV-Vis)对合成得到的富勒烯对甲基苯胺衍生物结构进行了表征;采用差热分析(DTA)、真空安定性测试(VST)、热重分析(TGA)、甲基紫实验等热分析方法,并结合电子顺磁共振波谱法研究了富勒烯对甲基苯胺衍生物与硝化棉的相互作用规律和机理。结果表明,富勒烯对甲基苯胺衍生物将甲基紫试纸的变色时间由56min延长至95min;将单位质量硝化棉热分解释放的气体量由2.67mL/g降至1.46mL/g;将硝化棉的热失重率由17.17%降至5.46%;当富勒烯对甲基苯胺衍生物的质量浓度为0.76g/L时,其对氮氧自由基的清除率达到50%。表明富勒烯对甲基苯胺衍生物提高了硝化棉的安定性,且安定性能明显优于传统安定剂DPA和C2。     

A novel self-assembly approach to form tubular poly(diphenylamine) inside the mesoporous silica

MCM-41 materials were synthesized using alkyl(decosane, dodecyl)trimethyl ammonium bromide as structure directing surfactants. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and nitrogen adsorption measurements reveal that the pores are hexagonal with tunable textural properties through the choice of surfactant and experimental condition. Poly(diphenylamine), PDPA was entrapped into the pores of MCM-41 by initial sorption of diphenylamine (DPA, monomer) in a medium (napthalein sulfonic acid) that provides self-assembling of DPA inside the pores and subsequent oxidative of polymerization with peroxydisulphate. Clear presence of an additional peak (around 9-10°) in XRD pattern for the DPA loaded MCM-41 provides evidence for self-assembled structure. Upon polymerization the self-assembly of DPA molecules resulted tubular PDPA inside the pores of MCM-41. PDPA thus formed shows different electronic property than the PDPA prepared by conventional method. XRD and FTIR spectroscopic analysis of PDPA loaded MCM-41 clearly informs that PDPA are entrapped in channels of MCM-41.     

Diluted epoxy adhesives. I. Physical properties and lap shear strengths

A series of epoxy adhesives were prepared from a commercial bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin epoxy resin by diluting it with varying amounts of either phenyl glycidyl ether or 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether and curing with either diethylenetriamine (DTA) or diethylaminopropylamine (DPA). The initial physical properties (density, viscosity, and surface tension) of the epoxy solutions were determined both with and without curing agents. It was found that the surface tensions of adhesives catalyzed with DPA are initially very low (31–32 dynes/cm), and within several hours these solutions attain an equilibrium surface tension of 40–46 dynes/cm. When the steel-to-steel lap shear strengths of these adhesives were measured, a correlation was not observed between the initial properties and the strengths of these materials.     

Epoxy—Polyester IPNs modified with aromatic amines

Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (Semi-IPNs) based on epoxy and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR; added in 5.9 and 11.1 wt %) have been prepared by chemical route. Room temperature curing was attempted using triethylene tetramine as a hardener. Blend with 11.1% UPR is found to exhibit best mechanical properties. Further, blends were also prepared by adding aromatic amines such as diphenylamine (DPA, secondary amine) and benzidine (Bz, primary amine). Structural elucidation of the samples through identification of functional groups was carried out with the help of Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy. Absence of peak at 915 cm⁻¹ (characteristic of epoxy ring) confirmed complete curing in all the blends. The mechanical properties such as hardness, izod impact and tensile strength of blends were compared. The co-cured blends show decrease in shore hardness (≈ 1–6%), while, the izod impact exhibits an opposite trend. Blends with 10% DPA and Bz show an increase in izod impact by 268.6% and 38.8% respectively. Further, the tensile strength is observed to be enhanced by 45% in case of DPA while addition of Bz reduces it by 32.8%. Thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis. TGA shows no significant change in onset and decomposition temperature but temperature at which it melts is lowered almost by 100–150°C together with the onset temperature (by ≈ 200°C) observed in DSC. Scanning electron micrographs reveal granular nature of the samples. The homogeneity of blends appears to be good. The blends co-cured with DPA are relatively crystalline compared with others. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

富勒烯衍生物的制备及其表征

最近太阳能利用技术的快速发展,推动了新材料的研发,特别是在有机聚合物活性材料领域,制备出各种电子供体和受体材料。本研究开发了一条简单的路线,可合成出系列的有机受体材料(富勒烯衍生物),通过利用活性的丙二酸亚异丙酯为起始原料,与对甲氧基苯酚进行酯化反应,高收率的制备了丙二酸对甲氧基苯酚单酯中间体;进一步与含羟基化合物反应(以叔丁醇为例),生成不对称的丙二酸双酯,最后与富勒烯C60进行Bingel反应制备富勒烯衍生物,其电化学性质被表征。     

Modification of styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer by anchoring ferric–dipyridylamine complex

Polystyrene–divinylbenzene (PS–DVB) copolymer was modified by anchoring dipyridylamine (DPA) on it followed by complexation with Fe(III). Under the experimental conditions followed, 9% incorporation of Fe(III) was achieved. PS–DVB–DPA and PS–DVB–DPA–Fe(III) were characterized by IR spectra. Diffuse reflectance spectra for PS–DVB–DPA–Fe(III) and DPA–Fe(III) revealed λ_max at ～ 360 and ～ 310, respectively. This difference could be due to a difference in the nature of the coordinating moieties complexing with Fe(III) in these two systems. Scanning electron micrographs of PS–DVB, PS–DVB–DPA–Fe(III), and heat-treated PS–DVB–DPA–Fe(III) revealed some typical surface features. Thermal stability varied in the order PS–DVB–DPA–Fe(III) > PS–DVB–DPA ?PS–DVB, and DTA showed characteristic exotherms. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids from single cell oil of high docosahexaenoic acid content

The lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of a single-cell oil (SCO) containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) with caprylic acid (CA) was investigated. The targeted products were structured lipids containing CA residues at the sn-1 and -3 positions and a DHA or DPA residue at the sn-2 position of glycerol. Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) and Pseudomonas sp. KWI-56 lipase (PSL) were used as the biocatalysts. When PSL was used > 60 mol% of total SCO fatty acids (FA) were exchanged with CA, with DHA and DPA as well as the other saturated FA being exchanged. The content of the triacylglycerols (TG) containing two CA and one DHA or DPA (number of carbon atoms = 41, i.e., C₄₁) residue was high (36%), and the isomer with the desired configuration (unsaturated FA residue at the sn-2 position) represented 77–78% of C₄₁. In the case of RML, CA content reached only 23 mol% in the TG. A large amount of DHA and DPA residues remained unexchanged with RML, so that the resulting oil was rich in TG species containing two or three DHA or DPA residues (46%). TG C₄₁ amounted to 22%, almost all of which had the desired configuration. This result suggested that the difference in the degree of acidolysis by the two enzymes was due to their different selectivity toward DHA and DPA, as well as the difference in their positional specificities.     

Oxidation of all‐cis‐7,10,13,16,19‐docosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. Hydroperoxide distribution and volatile characterization

The isomeric hydroperoxide distribution and the composition of volatiles generated by oxidation of all‐cis‐7,10,13,16,19‐docosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (DPA Et) were determined. DPA Et was prepared by using seal blubber oils as raw material and purified by urea complexation and reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The DPA Et of over 96% purity thus obtained was dissolved in methanol and subsequently divided into two portions. One portion was added with methylene blue and exposed to a tungsten bulb light at 5 °C for photosensitized oxidation. The other portion was added with 2,2'‐azobis (2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) as an azo‐radical initiator and kept in the dark at room temperature for autoxidation. Positional isomers of hydroperoxides generated by autoxidation or photosensitized oxidation of DPA Et were separated by normal‐phase HPLC and detected by a fluorescence detection system as well as UV absorption. The peak components were identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Eight isomeric hydroperoxides, including certain amounts of 7‐, 10‐, 11‐, 13‐, 14‐, 16‐, 17‐, and 20‐hydroperoxy docosapentaenoate, were generated by autoxidation of DPA Et. The photosensitized oxidation of DPA Et yielded not only the above eight hydroperoxide isomers but also two additional isomeric hydroperoxides, 8‐ and 19‐hydroperoxy docosapentaenoate, which are characteristic hydroperoxide isomers generated by singlet oxygen‐mediated oxidation. Volatiles formed by autoxidation of DPA Et at 50 °C were collected and analyzed by solid‐phase micro‐extraction and GC/GC‐MS. A number of aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, furans and hydrocarbons were identified. The formation mechanisms of certain volatiles are discussed.     

n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid Intake and Relationship with Plasma Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Concentrations in the United States: NHANES 2003–2014

The long-chain n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play a crucial role in health, but previous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) analyses have shown that EPA and DHA intake in the United States is far below recommendations (~250–500 mg/day EPA + DHA). Less is known about docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), the metabolic intermediate of EPA and DHA; however, evidence suggests DPA may be an important contributor to long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake and impart unique benefits. We used NHANES 2003–2014 data (n = 45,347) to assess DPA intake and plasma concentrations, as well as the relationship between intake and plasma concentrations of EPA, DPA, and DHA. Mean DPA intake was 22.3 ± 0.8 mg/day from 2013 to 2014, and increased significantly over time (p < 0.001), with the lowest values from 2003 to 2004 (16.2 ± 1.2 mg/day). DPA intake was higher in adults (20–55 years) and seniors (55+ years) compared to younger individuals. In regression analyses, DPA intake was a significant predictor of plasma EPA (β = 138.5; p < 0.001) and DHA (β = 318.9; p < 0.001). Plasma DPA was predicted by EPA and DHA intake (β = 13.15; p = 0.001 and β = 7.4; p = 0.002), but not dietary DPA (p = 0.3). This indicates that DPA intake is not a good marker of plasma DPA status (or vice versa), and further research is needed to understand the factors that affect the interconversion of EPA and DPA. These findings have implications for future long-chain n-3 fatty acids dietary recommendations.     

三芳胺类空穴传输材料分析测试方法的研究

对三芳胺类空穴传输材料的分析测试方法进行研究。当材料纯度较高时,液相色谱测定结果差别很小,无法比较、评价材料的品质。以一种新型空穴传输材料为对象,将凝胶色谱分析用于材料的纯度评价中,并且通过溶剂提取,将杂质萃取富集后进行液相色谱分析,其浓缩测定结果可以有效体现不同批次的材料间品质的差异,且结果稳定性、重复性好,用于材料品质的评价,与器件评价结果对应良好,为材料工业化生产的品控提供检测方法。     

Polyvinyl alcohol and acidity-regulating KH2PO4 synergistically accelerated degradation of PBAT/PLA composites

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/polylactic acid (PLA) composites were prepared by water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and degradation-promoting agent (DPA) which were made from acidity-regulating KH₂PO₄ and halloysite by a physical layer-by-layer coating method. The effect of PVA and DPA on the biodegradation of PBAT/PLA composites in the cross-sectional morphology, thermal properties, molecular structure, due to degradation was evaluated using a host of characterization methods. The results showed that PVA had a good solubilizing effect on the composite system and improved the overall compatibility. DPA had little effect on the compatibility, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the composite system, but greatly accelerated the degradation. The interior of composite material containing DPA (Com-DPA) was shown to be severely damaged after 29 weeks of degradation, which was attributed to preferential degradation of amorphous regions of the composite by ester hydrolysis. Our results demonstrated the PVA and DPA worked synergistically to promote swelling and diffusivity of degradation products, and provided an acid environment for enhancing ester hydrolysis. This technology may have good prospects for accelerated degradation of materials in agricultural applications.     

Synthesis,characterization, and swelling behavior of new pH‐sensitive hydrogels derived from copolymers of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2‐(diisopropylamino)ethylmethacrylate

The aim of this work was to synthesize and to characterize new pH‐sensitive hydrogels that can be used in the controlled release of drugs, useful for dermal treatments or ophthalmology's therapies. Copolymers containing 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with different amounts of 2‐(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DPA) (10 and 30 wt %) and different amounts of crosslinker agent, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) (1 and 3 wt %) were prepared by bulk photo‐polymerization. The copolymers were fully characterized by using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, UV–visible spectroscopy, and measuring water content and dynamic swelling degree. The results show that modifications in the amount of DPA and/or crosslinker in the hydrogel produce variations in the thermal properties. When adding of DPA, we observed an increase in the thermal stability and decomposition temperature, as well as a change in the mechanism of decomposition. Also a decrease in the glass transition temperature was observed with regard to the value for pure pHEMA, by the addition of DPA. The water content of the hydrogels depends on the DPA content and it is inversely proportional to both the pH value and the crosslinking degree. Pure poly‐HEMA films did not show important changes over the pH range studied in this work. The dynamic swelling curves show the overshooting effect associated with the incorporation of DPA, the pH of the solution, and the crosslinking density. On the other hand, no important variations in the optical properties were observed. The synthesized hydrogels are useful as a drug delivery pH‐sensitive matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Electrochemical synthesis and spectroelectrochemical behavior of poly(diphenylamine-co-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone)

The electroactive copolymer of diphenylamine (DPA) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DADPS) was synthesized electrochemically in 4 M H₂SO₄ and ethanol medium. Both electrochemical synthesis and characterization of the copolymer deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were carried out using cyclic voltammetry. The voltammograms exhibited different patterns of behavior with different feed concentrations of DPA. Equimolar concentrations of DPA and DADPS demonstrated very efficient growth of the copolymer film on the surface of the GCE. The copolymer exhibited high solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The scan rate exerted little-effect on this GCE copolymer film, revealing the film's excellent electroactive adherent properties. The effect of pH on the copolymer film showed that the polymer was electrochemically active up to pH 7.0. Spectroelectrochemical analysis of the copolymer film, carried out on an indium tin oxide (ITO) plate, showed multicolor electrochromic behavior when the applied potential was changed. The copolymer was characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR spectral data. The surface morphology was studied using SEM analysis, the grain size of the copolymer was measured using XRD studies and was found to be 56 nm. The electrical conductivity of the copolymer was 2.65 × 10⁻² S cm⁻¹, as determined using a four-probe conductivity meter.     

Preparation and characterization of LDPE/starch blends containing ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer as compatibilizer

A series of LDPE blends with plasticized (PLST) and granular starch (FILST) were prepared. Ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer was used as a compatibilizer in three different amounts: 10, 25 and 50 wt% based on starch. The blends were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Second derivative IR spectra showed peak shifts similar to those observed in V-type starch complexes with ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymers. The possibility for V-type complex formation is supported by the lower biodegradation rates of the blends containing higher amounts of EVA. Mechanical properties of the blends, especially elongation at break, were satisfactory even for blends containing high amounts of starch (20–30 wt%).     

Estradiol Favors the Formation of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (20:5n-3) and n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (22:5n-3) from Alpha-Linolenic Acid (18:3n-3) in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

Whether neurosteroids regulate the synthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain cells is unknown. We examined the influence of 17-β-estradiol (E2) on the capacity of SH-SY5Y cells supplemented with α-linolenic acid (ALA), to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Cells were incubated for 24 or 72 h with ALA added alone or in combination with E2 (ALA + E2). Fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EtnGpl) and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). Incubation for 24 h with ALA alone increased EPA and DPA in EtnGpl, by 330 and 430% compared to controls (P < 0.001) and DHA by only 10% (P < 0.05). Although DHA increased by 30% (P < 0.001) in ALA + E2-treated cells, the difference between the ALA and ALA + E2 treatments were not significant after 24 h (Anova-1, Fisher’s test). After 72 h, EPA, DPA and DHA further increased in EtnGpl and PtdCho of cells supplemented with ALA or ALA + E2. Incubation for 72 h with ALA + E2 specifically increased EPA (+34% in EtnGpl, P < 0.001) and DPA (+15%, P < 0.001) compared to ALA alone. Thus, SH-SY5Y cells produced membrane EPA, DPA and DHA from supplemental ALA. The formation of DHA was limited, even in the presence of E2. E2 significantly favored EPA and DPA production in cells grown for 72 h. Enhanced synthesis of ALA-elongation products in neuroblastoma cells treated with E2 supports the hypothesis that neurosteroids could modulate the metabolism of PUFA.     

The metabolism and distribution of docosapentaenoic acid (n−6) in rats and rat hepatocytes

In this study, a new marine oil that contains 45% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n−3) and 13% docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22∶5n−6) was administered to rats. The metabolism and distribution of DPA in rats was investigated. In experiment 1, the effects of DHA and n−6 fatty acids (linoleic acid, I A; arachidonic acid, AA; and DPA) on AA contents were investigated in vivo. LA group: LA 25%, DHA 30%; LA-DPA group: LA 15%, DPA 10%, DHA 35%; LA-AA-DPA group: LA 10%, AA 5%, DPA 10%, DHA 35% were administered to rats for 4 wk. In the liver, the AA content in the LA-DPA and LA-AA-DPA groups was significantly higher than in the LA group. The decreased AA contents in the LA group might be caused by DHA administration. Although DHA also was administered in the LA-DPA and LA-AA-DPA groups, the AA contents in these two groups did not decrease. These results suggested that DPA retroconverted to AA, blunting the decrease in AA content caused by DHA administration. To conduct a detailed investigation on DPA metabolism and its relation with AA and DHA, rat hepatocytes were cultured with pruified DPA and DHA for 24 h. We discovered the retroconversion of DPA to AA occurred only when AA content was decreased by a high DHA administration; it did not occur when AA content was maintained at a normal level.     

An Efficient Method for Determination of the Diphenylamine (Stabilizer) in Propellants by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer based Carbon Paste Electrochemical Sensor

In this work we report efficient molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based carbon paste electrode sensor for the determination of diphenylamine in aged propellant. Initially, diphenylamine (DPA)‐MIP was synthesized by using methacrylic acid (monomer) and ethylene glycol dimethyacrylate (cross‐linker). Developed DPA‐MIP was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. The sensor was incorporated as electrode in cyclic voltammetry. The sensor response was linear in the range of 0.5–3 mM DPA concentration. The lower detection limit obtained for sensor was 0.1 mM. The developed sensor was used for the determination of DPA in propellant systems. Same electrode was used for three repeated analysis without significant decrease in efficiency.     

Thermal Decomposition,Kinetics and Compatibility Studies of Poly(3‐difluoroaminomethyl‐3‐methyloxetane) (PDFAMO)

The thermal decomposition of poly(3‐difluoroaminomethyl‐3‐methyloxetane) (PDFAMO) with an average molecular weight of about 6000 was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The kinetics of thermolysis were studied by a model‐free method. The thermal decomposition of PDFAMO occurred in a two‐stage process. The first stage was mainly due to elimination of HF and had an activation energy of 110–120 kJ mol⁻¹. The second stage was due to degradation of the polymer chain. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the degradation residues showed that the difluoroamino groups decomposed in a two‐step HF loss at different temperatures. The remaining monofluoroimino groups produced by the incomplete elimination of HF were responsible for the two‐stage thermolysis process. The compatibility of PDFAMO with some energetic components and inert materials used in polymer‐bonded explosives (PBXs) and solid propellants was studied by DSC. It was concluded that the binary systems of PDFAMO with cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), ammonium perchlorate (AP), aluminum powder (Al), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and 1,3‐diethyl‐1,3‐diphenyl urea (C₁) were compatible, whereas the systems of PDFAMO with lead carbonate (PbCO₃) and 2‐nitrodiphenylamine (NDPA) were slightly sensitized. The systems with cyclotetramethylenetetranitroamine (HMX), hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20), 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO), ammonium nitrate (AN), magnesium powder (Mg), boron powder (B), carbon black (C. B.), diphenylamine (DPA), and p‐nitro‐N‐methylamine (PNMA) were incompatible. The results of compatibility studies fully supported the suggested thermal decomposition mechanism of PDFAMO.     

The thermal behaviour of lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes

The thermal behaviour in air of lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes as well as that of the raw materials of lignins has been investigated using thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry studies of lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes have shown their thermal resistance to be relatively higher than that of the intital raw materials of lignins in concrete kraft lignin and sodium ligninosulfonate. The differential thermal studies have demonstrated that the thermal degradation of products investigated takes place via exothermic processes. The lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes have been shown to be thermal and flame-resistant materials.