超超临界机组叶片钢KT5331晶粒长大行为

通过在不同温度下等温奥氏体化,研究KT5331钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为,并探讨析出相对奥氏体晶粒长大行为的影响机理. 研究表明,KT5331钢奥氏体晶粒长大可分为三个阶段:1075℃以下,由于含W和Nb的析出相钉扎作用,晶粒长大缓慢;1075℃以上,含W和Nb的析出相溶解,钉扎作用减弱,随加热温度和保温时间延长晶粒迅速长大;1225℃及以上,δ铁素体析出,晶粒尺寸随加热温度升高而急剧减小. 通过拟合分别得到晶粒粗化温度以下( 950~1075℃)和晶粒粗化温度以上(1100~1200℃)的晶粒长大模型.     

析出粒子对钛微合金化高强钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

通过析出粒子与奥氏体晶粒尺寸的定量关系,建立奥氏体晶粒长大模型,计算TiN和TiC析出粒子共同作用下钛微合金化钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸. 根据析出相质点理论计算结果表明:随着加热温度的升高,析出粒子体积分数逐渐减少,粒子半径逐渐增大,TiC粒子强烈阻止奥氏体晶粒长大,TiN粒子对奥氏体晶粒长大钉扎效果一般. 采用实验测试手段测量不同加热温度下保温30 min后实验钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸,与理论计算结果吻合较好.     

机车车轮用钢奥氏体晶粒的长大行为

采用金相显微镜和截距法,对不同加热温度和保温时间下机车车轮用钢的奥氏体晶粒长大行为进行研究,分析加热温度和保温时间对奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响,应用简单动力学模型对奥氏体晶粒的长大过程进行分析,同时研究钢中第二相粒子变化对奥氏体晶粒长大的影响.随着加热温度的升高和保温时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒尺寸明显增加,加热温度对晶粒的长大影响更明显.奥氏体晶粒长大的动力学时间指数随着温度升高而增加且其值均接近理论值0.5;奥氏体晶粒长大和钢中第二相粒子AlN体积分数和尺寸的变化呈明显的相关性.     

加热工艺对Nb-Ti微合金化高强钢的影响

采用金相显微镜、透射电镜(TEM)以及电解分析等仪器和方法对不同加热工艺下,含Nb钢、含Ti钢以及Nb-Ti钢的奥氏体晶粒粒径长大规律和第二相固溶规律进行研究。研究结果表明:随着加热温度增加或保温时间延长,奥氏体晶粒粒径逐渐增大,钢中第二相析出物数量减少、粒径增大;在相同加热工艺下,Nb-Ti钢的奥氏体晶粒粒径比含Ti钢和含Nb钢的小;加热至1 200℃时含Nb钢中Nb基本全部固溶,而当加热温度升至1 300℃时,含Ti钢中仍有TiN无法固溶。Nb-Ti的复合添加使Nb元素的全固溶温度从1 200℃提高至1 250℃;当加热温度为1 150℃和1 200℃时,细小的第二相粒子Ti C和NbC的固溶是造成该温度区间奥氏体晶粒粒径显著增加的主要原因。     

一种低焊接裂纹敏感性钢的奥氏体粗化温度研究

通过高温淬火试验观察试验钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸的变化情况.结合金相和TEM观察、显微硬度和第二相粒子的溶解度积公式分析了加热温度和保温时间对试验钢奥氏体晶粒粗化温度、第二相粒子的溶解情况以及显微硬度值的影响.结果表明:试验钢的奥氏体粗化温度在1200℃附近.当加热温度低于1200℃时,大量细小的第二相粒子阻碍奥氏体晶粒粗化;当加热温度高于1200℃时,细小的第二相粒子溶解,奥氏体晶粒出现异常长大.确定试验钢的合理加热温度为1150～1200℃,在此范围内可获得淬火组织的显微硬度值低于HV330.     

DP590级双相钢奥氏体晶粒长大模型

通过改变保温温度和保温时间研究了DP590级双相钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为,并探讨了加热速率对各温度下初始晶粒尺寸的影响规律.初始晶粒尺寸随着加热速率增加而不断降低,并最终趋于定值;奥氏体晶粒尺寸随保温时间的延长不断增大并最终趋于不变.采用Sellars晶粒长大模型对实验数据进行拟合,为避免处理方法不同造成的处理结果偏差,提出了一种新的实验数据处理方法,并建立了双相钢初始晶粒尺寸模型和晶粒长大模型.所得模型参数更加合理可靠,计算结果与实验结果吻合很好.     

DP590级双相钢奥氏体晶粒长大模型

通过改变保温温度和保温时间研究了DP590级双相钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为,并探讨了加热速率对各温度下初始晶粒尺寸的影响规律.初始晶粒尺寸随着加热速率增加而不断降低,并最终趋于定值;奥氏体晶粒尺寸随保温时间的延长不断增大并最终趋于不变.采用Se]lars晶粒长大模型对实验数据进行拟合,为避免处理方法不同造成的处理结果偏差,提出了一种新的实验数据处理方法,并建立了双相钢初始晶粒尺寸模型和晶粒长大模型.所得模型参数更加合理可靠,计算结果与实验结果吻合很好.     

微量Zr添加对Mn-Mo-Nb-Cu-B钢晶粒长大倾向性的影响

设计了一种低碳Mn-Mo-Nb-Cu-Zr-B钢,经热处理工艺,采用中等冷速冷却,可得到以板条贝氏体为主,含粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体的混合组织,轧态屈服强度大于850MPa,达到X120管线钢的强度要求. TEM观察表明,0.015% Zr(质量分数)添加到钢中形成大量含Zr的复杂的碳氮化物,它们的形状不规则,尺寸约为80～200nm;从形态看,它们在高温形成,并且由于其熔点高,再加热到1200℃时,这种析出物中的Ti、Nb会有部分溶解,使其尺寸有所减小,利于控制奥氏体晶粒长大;其他近椭球形的(Ti,Nb)(C,N)则在加热时逐渐溶解直至消失. 由于这种含Zr析出物在钢的基体中均匀分布,加热到高温时,它们会明显阻碍晶界移动,从而使含Zr钢的奥氏体晶粒长大倾向性明显比不含Zr钢小. 可见,添加微量Zr能够起到提高钢材焊接性能的作用.     

奥氏体化温度对低碳铬钼镍轴承钢晶粒尺寸、碳化物及韧性的影响规律

为了探究低碳铬钼镍轴承钢在不同热处理工艺下组织和韧性的变化规律,对其进行奥氏体等温保温实验,研究了加热温度、保温时间对低碳铬钼镍轴承钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸、碳化物和冲击功的影响。结果表明:奥氏体化温度≤1 070℃时,钢中碳化物溶解不明显,碳化物面积占比为1.93%,奥氏体晶粒长大不明显,平均晶粒尺寸为49μm,冲击功>50 J;奥氏体化温度≥1 080℃时,碳化物面积占比为1.23%,1 090℃时碳化物面积占比为0.16%,碳化物大量溶解,产生解钉效应,奥氏体晶粒明显长大,冲击功大幅下降,低于30 J;保温时间大于45 min时,晶粒尺寸趋于稳定。根据实验结果得出试验钢在1 050～1 090℃加热并保温15～60 min的晶粒长大模型,可为该钢种热处理工艺的设计提供理论依据。     

Q1030焊接高强钢的奥氏体晶粒异常长大机理

研究了Q1030钢在不同加热温度下的奥氏体晶粒长大现象.在一定温度范围内加热时,Q1030钢的部分奥氏体晶粒异常长大而出现混晶现象.分析了位于不同位置的析出相粒子对阻碍奥氏体晶粒长大的作用,用热力学方法计算不同加热温度下析出相粒子的大小和体积分数,并得出了析出相粒子钉扎阻力随加热温度的变化关系.结果表明,在一定温度范围内钉扎阻力迅速减小,导致部分晶粒异常长大,产生混晶现象.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-