癫癎发作后症状及脑电图分析

目的:探讨癫发作后常见症状的临床特征及在癫发作鉴别诊断中的作用。方法:选择癫患者50例,非癫性发作患者30例,分析发作后症状及脑电图表现。结果:38例癫患者和4例非癫患者发作后头痛、疲劳、嗜睡;脑电图(EEG)第一次检查异常38例,第二次异常44例,非癫发作后EEG异常8例。结论:癫患者有发作后症状,对癫的诊断有非常重要的价值。     

癫痫发作类型与EEG的相关性

目的：分析各种发作类型癫痫及其与脑电图（EEG）表现的关系。方法：对352例确诊癫痫患者行规范的病史询问及长程EEG监测（描记时间10～15h）,并按照1981年ILAE分类和名词委员会推荐的癫痫发作的分类方案进行发作症状的分类,按照1989年II,AE推荐的癫痫和癫痫综合征的分类作出诊断,分析其发作类型和EEG之间的相关性。结果：在352例中,EEG异常246例,异常率为69．9％,24例（6．8％）记录到临床发作。EEG异常率与发作频率相关,每月发作大于4次者较每月发作少于4次者EEG异常率显著升高（P=0．014）。部分性发作和全面性发作的患者异常率比较差异无显著意义（P=0．929）,但前者更多表现为EEG局限性异常（P=0．014）。结论：规范的长程EEG检查异常率较高,EEG异常率与发作频率相关,不同癫痫发作类型患者的EEG表现有差异。     

320例癫(癎)患者的长程脑电图与CT分析

目的：探讨长程脑电图（EEG）和CT在癫痫诊断、鉴别诊断和病因诊断中的作用。方法：分析长程EEG监测，包括动态脑电图（AEEG）、同步录像脑电图（VEEG）和CT对320例癫痫患者的检查结果。结果：长程EEG正常123例（38．4％），异常197例（61．6％），并监测到临床发作48例（15％），占异常EEG的24．4％。异常EEG中见痢样波114例（占异常者的57．9％），非特异性异常83例（42．1％）。AEEG和VEEG的异常率及观察到的临床发作的百分率比较差异均无显著意义（X^2=1．32，P〉0．05及X^2=0．93，P〉0．05）。CT正常229例（71．6％），异常91例（28．4％）。CT与长程EEG两种方法的异常率相比差异有非常显著意义（X^2=10．88，P〈0．001）。结论：长程EEG的临床应用，大大提高了癫痫EEG的阳性率。特别是对不典型临床发作表现和无先兆指征的可疑性癫痫患者进行诊断和分类尤为有用。CT的广泛应用使引起癫痫原因的脑部疾病的检出率大为提高，已成为癫痫病因研究的重要手段。CT与长程EEG监测二者结合在癫痫病因的诊断及定位诊断中起到相辅相成的作用，对指导癫痫的治疗帮助很大。     

长程脑电图对脑梗死后继发癫痫的研究

目的：探讨脑梗死后继发性癫痫长程脑电图（EEG）变化、神经功能的缺损情况及临床疗效与预后。方法：将40例脑梗死后继发性癫痫患者设为研究组，回顾其长程EEG资料，并与对照组40例脑梗死后无癫痫发作患者进行比较分析。结果：常规EEG与长程EEG检查比较：常规EEG检查中度和重度异常16例，占40％；长程EEG检查中度和重度异常35例，占80％，中、重度异常率明显增高，差异有统计学意义。研究组患者长程EEG异常率为95％；发生在脑叶皮质区的患者继发癫痫的概率高于发生在皮质下区的患者，两者间EEG比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：长程EEG监测可显著提高卒中后癫痫发作患者的脑电异常检出率，其检查结果对预测癫痫发作、观察病情变化、评价预后有着重要的价值。     

长程视频脑电图监测癫痫发作及在致痫灶定位中的意义

目的：探讨癫痫发作间期和发作期脑电图（EEG）变化特点与发作症状在致痫灶定位中的作用。方法：对80例癫痫患者进行视频脑电图（VEEG）监测,分析其发作间期、发作期EEG特点及临床发作表现作致痫灶定位。结果：80例癫痫患者中,发作间期38例和发作期60例EEG及59例临床发作症状可提供明确的致痫灶定位信息。结论：在致痫灶定位中,发作期与发作间期EEG相比,可提供较高比例的定位信息;综合分析发作问期、发作期EEG和临床发作症状,可以获得大部分癫痫患者致痫灶的定位信息,为放置颅内电极作准确致痫灶定位的重要参考。     

儿童非癫癎性发作事件的动态脑电图监测

目的：观察儿童非癫痫性发作事件24h动态脑电图（AEEG）的特点及其诊断意义。方法：对AEEG监测到的121例儿童非癫痫性发作事件临床发作期EEG进行分析，并以常规脑电图（REEG）进行对照。结果：REEG非特异性异常13例10.7%)，AEEG非特异性异常30例，（24.8%），痫样放电3例（2.5%），总异常率27.2%。非特异性异常检出率以偏头痛最高（34.8%），其次为晕厥（23.5%）及睡眠障碍（22.2%）。结论：儿童非癫痫性发作事件AEEG多为正常或非特异性异常，这有助于儿童非癫痫性发作事件的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

脑电图在儿童热性惊厥中的应用与分析

目的：探讨热性惊厥（FC）时异常脑电图（EEG）与以后癫痫的发作，与FC的再发及预防性治疗的关系。方法：记录390例0．2～8岁患儿FC后的脑电图。结果：首次FC的EEG异常率为26．7％，随着FC再发次数增多而逐渐增高。结论：EEG异常率与FC临床特征有关系。EEG多次异常FC可发展为癫痫，对EEO异常和有痈性放电的患儿均应投以抗癫痫药物治疗。     

同步录像脑电心电监测对老年癫痫的诊断价值

目的：探讨同步录像-脑电-心电(Video-EEG-ECG)监测对老年癫痫的诊断价值。方法：对46例临床拟诊癫痫且常规脑电图(EEG)检查正常的老年患者进行24h Video—EEG—ECG监测。结果：确诊为癫痫者15例，心源性发作13例，短暂脑缺血发作10例，假性发作6例，癫痫伴假性发作2例。结论：Video-EEG-ECG监测对老年癫痫和非癫痫性发作的诊断与鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

急性病毒性脑炎患者癫痫发作症状42例分析

目的：探讨急性病毒性脑炎患者癫痫发作症状的临床特点、影像学、脑电图（EEG）改变及抗痫药物疗效。方法：回顾性分析42例急性病毒性脑炎患者癫痫发作症状患者的临床特点、影像学、视频脑电图（V—EEG）改变及抗痫药物的治疗。结果：42例急性病毒性脑炎患者癫痫发作症状,以部分性发作为主要发作形式,以颞叶癫痫症状多见,脑部磁共振（MRI）主要表现为局灶性炎性水肿、或合并出血等破坏性病灶,V-EEG以慢波改变及局灶性痫样放电为主。结论：患者的临床表现、影像学、V-EEG改变对病毒性脑炎患者癫痫发作症状的诊断、治疗及预后评价均具有重要作用,临床需个体化选择抗痫药进行有效治疗。     

常染色体显性遗传性枕叶癫癎临床与脑电图1家系6例报告

目的：报道常染色体显性遗传性枕叶癫痫一家系6例。方法：对先证者进行详尽的临床、脑电图(EEG)、录像脑电图(Video—EEG)、头MRA观察。结果：此家系祖孙三代6例，男性女性均有发病，患者大多为8～15岁起病，主要症状为发作性视幻觉、偏身麻木、头痛、呕吐。先证者EEG、Video—EEG、头颅MRA未见异常，家系中继发全面性强直阵挛发作患者EEG见枕颞区异常放电。结论：该家系患者的临床表现、EEG均符合枕叶癫痫诊断，并排除了颅内占位性及血管性病变。该家系符合常染色体显性遗传规律。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.