应用地球化学进行地震预报研究的现状

一、引言地震化学是一从地球化学的角度解释地震现象的科学领域。其主要研究课题是与地震预报直接相关的研究。然而,与大地构造学和固体地球动力学有关的地球化学研究,在提高对地震现象的基础知识方面也是至关重要的。有关地球内的逸气现象和断层活动性的研究,以及与地震密切相关的火山活动的研究等也在蓬勃开展。不仅在陆地上进行研究和观测,海域和地下深部的研究也是不可缺少的。目前,在这个领域中,正为积累以检测前兆现象为目的的观测数据和开发新的观测技术而努力。本文列举出地球化学观测中观测时间最长、观测点最多的地下水氡观测,就其观测数据的特性、前兆变化的实例和在检测异常变     

我国地震地下流体科学40年探索历程回顾

通过回顾40年来中国大陆地震地下流体科学研究与实践的发展历程,总结了早期在该领域具启迪性的研究工作和主要成果。纵观历史,无论是观测技术和理论方法的创新,还是对各种参量的观测分析以及预测方法的研究,地震地下流体科学都与地震监测预报这一关键需求紧密相关。地下流体观测网建设的历史沿革表明,对强地震的监测与预测需求推进了观测网的建设和发展;观测技术的发展过程体现出基于多手段、综合性和数字化的趋势;地下流体理论与前兆机理的研究成果表明,前兆模型(或模式)、数值模拟、室内和野外实验研究等是推进学科创新工作的主要技术途径;地震预测方法的研究成果体现出探索基于具有物理基础的预报技术,以及重视实用性与科学性相统一的思想;预测实践证明,地下流体学科在我国大陆地震预测实践中发挥着重要作用。文章最后介绍了本学科主要的论著及技术规范,简要回顾了不同的历史发展阶段、有关学术团体和专家对地下流体学科主要科学问题的认识以及该学科的重点发展方向。     

辽宁省地下流体观测网发展过程及其映震规律

应用地球化学、水文地质及形变场的观点，结合辽宁省地下流体地震前兆观测30多年的资料，重点介绍了近20年辽宁省地下流体观测网的发展过程及其映震规律。     

面向21世纪的地震地下流体科学问题与发展

对地下流体科学国内外最新研究动态和成果进行了介绍。并在此基础上指出：基于先进观测技术的可靠观测资料是提高地震地下流体理论研究水平的关键。最后分析了目前存在的主要问题,并相应地提出今后我国地震地下流体学科的发展方向：建设新一代地震地下流体科学观测台网;发展地震地下流体前兆观测台阵和深井观测;开展野外观测实验研究、室内高温高压实验研究和高精度大型数值模拟研究。     

地震前地下流体前兆异常特征的研究

针对鲁甸6.5级地震、唐山4.0级地震前地下流体异常现象,结合异常时段地下流体观测数据,对震前地下流体异常现象及指标进行总结分析。研究表明,鲁甸地震前及唐山地震前地下流体长期与中期异常特征均主要出现在距离震中心500 km范围内。地下流体震前异常特征现象观测的目的是判断地震危险区高密度观测特征,对地震高发区的中短期异常指标仅进行中短期分析。地震区域应力叠加导致地震前兆现象的开启,引起断裂带裂隙,地下水温度和地下深部气体异常变化,水岩变化使得地下流体混合前兆增强。在地震前兆观测范围内,获取地下流体异常指标变化可以为震前预测提供数据支持,推动地震预测理论的发展。     

地下流体前兆模糊识别

在地震的孕育、发生到发展的过程中，可能会出现多项地下流体观测量不同程度的前兆异常变化，这些异常变化是复杂多样、模糊不清的。引入模糊识别法对一定区域和一定时间段的地下流体观测数据进行了分析和处理，表明模糊识别法可较好地识别和分辨出地下流体前兆的地震异常。     

苏联水文地球化学地震预报研究的最新成果

本文回顾了在苏联所有地震区就地震预报而进行的水文地球化学和流体地球动力学的主要研究成果。从83个台站组成的庞大的观测网收集了大量的资料,这些资料涉及到大约40个水文地球化学和流体地球动力学参数的变化。联系本地区的地震活动对这些资料进行了分析研究。在对常规观测结果进行统计分析的基础上,对水文地球化学前兆进行了分类。指出了由前兆物理化学性质而定的水文地球化学异常的几个特点、给定地区的地质条件和预期地震活动的特点。给出了数据分析的一些复杂的统计方法和根据水文地球化学方法预报的几个地震实例。发现水文地球化学和流体地球动力学前兆对短期预报非常有效。讨论了能引起水文地球化学前兆的可能机制。简短地叙述了苏联用于水文地球化学和流体地球动力学观测的精密自记装置的进展。     

地下流体附加力源的研究新思路

提出地下流体储量变化是地震和多种前兆发生的附加力源的新观点，认为多种天然的和人为的因素所引起的地下流体储量变化。是一种附加力源。它通过流体载荷、孔隙压力、动水压力及化学腐蚀等作用，促进地壳的构造变形，并导致多种地震前兆异常的产生；而流体载荷和构造变形，又可促进地震的孕育和发生。对于降水、地表水、开采等因素造成的异常变化，不能简单地当做干扰来加以排除，它本身包含有大量的地震前兆信息。论述了该思路的科     

对地震地下流体学科研究与发展问题的思考

依据地下流体存在趋势性异常和短临异常的基本观测事实, 提出“应力-应变效应说与水诱发异常说并重”的地下流体地震预报研究的科学思路。按照这一思路, 对地震地下流体观测的布网与选井原则提出了新的补充意见; 认为降水及其相关的地表水、地下水及大范围抽水等是地形变、地应变、地应力、水化及地电阻率等多种前兆异常产生的调制与诱发因素, 因而需要对原来的干扰因素的内涵作修正; 对地下流体前兆异常做了新定义及主要特征的归纳; 对于今后的工作, 提出了加强对地下流体短临前兆异常重现性的研究、加强对浅层地下流体的调制与诱发作用的研究以及积极促进地震地下流体学与其他相关学科的交叉与融合等建议。     

同位素地球化学在地震监测预测研究中的应用进展

随着新观测技术和理论的进一步发展,同位素地球化学方法在地震监测预测研究中发挥了越来越重要的作用。通过同位素地球化学方法确定地下流体来源,研究地下流体循环特征,分析地震前兆异常的成因,评估地质构造活动的程度,开展地震预测研究。同位素示踪技术还可以结合深源流体监测和地球物理方法,揭示地震孕育、流体与震源之间的关系。此外,同位素地球化学还可以构建断裂带流体地球化学背景特征,用于地震监测点映震效能的评估,提高地震监测预测的准确性,为地震新监测点的布设和震情跟踪提供技术支撑。通过对现今同位素在地震监测预测中所使用的方法、技术及国内外应用情况的总结分析,力图全面认识同位素地球化学在地震监测预测应用中的现状及发展趋势。     

我国地震地下流体学科的“八五”进展概述

本文根据１９９２－１９９４年间发表的１２５篇有关论文和“八五”短临预报攻关三级课题研究报告，简要地介绍了我国地震地下流体学科在观测技术、震例与预报方法、映震理论与数据处理、干扰因素与映震灵敏条件等方面取得的科学进展，为“九五”立项提供背景材料。     

Advances in research on earthquake fluids hydrogeology in China: a review

Monitoring of subsurface fluid (underground fluid) is an important part of efforts for earthquake prediction in China. The nationwide network, which monitors groundwater level, water temperature, and radon and mercury in groundwater, has been constructed in the last decades. Large amounts of abnormal fluid changes before and after major earthquakes have been recorded, providing precious data for research in earthquake sciences. Many studies have been done in earthquake fluid hydrogeology in order to probe the nature of the earthquake. Much progress in earthquake fluid hydrogeology has been made in the last decades. The paper provides a review of the advances in research on earthquake fluid hydrogeology over the last 40 years in China. It deals with the following five aspects: (1) an introduction to the development history of monitoring networks construction; (2) cases of different subsurface fluid changes recorded before some major earthquakes which occurred in the last decades; (3) characteristics of subsurface fluid changes following major earthquakes; (4) mechanism of subsurface fluid changes before and following earthquakes; (5) application of earthquake fluids in the hydrogeology field.     

Geochemical precursors to seismic activity

Studies of earthquake precursory phenomena during the last several decades have found that significant geophysical and geochemical changes can occur prior to intermediate and large earthquakes. Among the more intensely investigated geochemical phenomena have been: (1) changes in the concentrations of dissolved ions and gases in groundwaters and (2) variations in the concentrations of crustal and mantle volatiles in ground gases. The concentration changes have typically showed no conanomalies trend (either increasing or decreasing), and the spatial and temporal distribution of the observed anomalies have been highly variable. As a result, there is little agreement on the physical or chemical processes responsible for the observed anomalies. Mechanisms proposed to account for precursory groundwater anomalies include ultrasonic vibration, pressure sensitive solubility, pore volume collapse, fracture induced increases in reactive surfaces, and aquifer breaching/fluid mixing. Precursory changes in soil gas composition have been suggested to result from pore volume collapse, micro-fracture induced exposure of fresh reactive silicate surfaces, and breaching of buried gas-rich horizons. An analysis of the available field and laboratory data suggests that the aquifer breaching/fluid mixing (AB/FM) model can best account for many of the reported changes in temperature, dissolved ion and dissolved gas concentrations in groundwater. Ultrasonic vibration and pressure sensitive solubility models cannot reasonably account for the geochemical variations observed and, although the pore collapse model could explain some of the observed chemical changes in groundwater and ground gas, uncertainties remain regarding its ability to generate anomalies of the magnitude observed. Other geochemical anomalies, in particular those associated with hydrogen and radon, seem best accounted for by increases in reactive surface areas (IRSA model) that may accompany precursory deformation around the epicenter of an impending earthquake. Analysis of the probable response of these models to the earthquake preparation process, as well as to other environmental factors, suggests that geochemical monitoring programs can provide information that may be valuable in forecasting the probability of an earthquake; however, because of the complexity of the earthquake preparation process, the absolute prediction of seismic events using geochemical methods alone, does not presently appear to be feasible.     

The earthquake-related disturbances in ionosphere and project of the first China seismo-electromagnetic satellite

Based on the case studies and statistical analysis of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances mainly from DEMETER satellite, ground-based GPS and ionosounding data, this paper summarizes the statistical characteristics of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances, including electromagnetic emissions, plasma perturbations and variation of energetic particle flux. According to the main results done by Chinese scientists, fusing with the existed study from global researches, seismo-ionospheric disturbances usually occurred a few days or hours before earthquake occurrence. Paralleling to these case studies, lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere (LAI) coupling mechanisms are checked and optimized. A thermo-electric model was proposed to explain the seismo-electromagnetic effects before earthquakes. A propagation model was put forward to explain the electromagnetic waves into the ionosphere. According to the requirement of earthquake prediction research, China seismo-electromagnetic satellite, the first space-based platform of Chinese earthquake stereoscopic observation system, is proposed and planned to launch at about the end of 2014. It focuses on checking the LAI model and distinguishing earthquake-related ionospheric disturbance. The preliminary design for the satellite will adopt CAST-2000 platform with eight payloads onboard. It is believed that the satellite will work together with the ground monitoring network to improve the capability to capture seismo-electromagnetic information, which is beneficial for earthquake monitoring and prediction researches.     

The subsurface fluid anomaly field and its genesis of Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake

IntroductionOn11f50,January10of1998,anMs=6.2earthquakeoccurredattheconjunctionareaofZhangbeiandShangyiCounties,HebeiProvince.TheeaFthquakewasoneofthreemajorstrongearthquakesatthenorthernpartofNorthChinaaftertheMS=7.8earthquakeofTangshan,HebeiProvinceinJuly,1976.Thestrongearthquake,whichoccurredwithintheearthquakeriskareaofconjunctionregionofnorthernBeding-Shanxi,Hebeiandinner-Mongoliathatwasdeterminedastheannuallykeymonitoringareaformanyyears,wasfairlywellforecastedbythemiddle-longandm…     

Tracing Subsurface Fluid Anomalies Before Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake and Prediction of the Earthquake

High-value subsurface fluid anomalies appeared in the northern part of North China region for more than two years before the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake. Some of the anomalies have appeared alternately and were correlated with moderate and moderately strong earthquakes in the region during the last year (1997). Typical short-term subsurface fluid anomalies have appeared in the area at 100 km ~ 200 km distance from the epicenter for two months before an earthquake. Tracing these anomalies during the last two years and repeatedly improving the knowledge of seismic regime, we have more successfully performed short-term and imminent earthquake prediction at half a month before its occurrence.     

华南地区流体地震预测指标建立、应用和反思

为提高华南地区流体地震预测水平和实效,在中国震例及日常工作经验积累的基础上建立华南地区流体地震预测指标体系,并在日常震情跟踪工作中进行检验,以2019年广西北流5.2级地震为例,对该指标体系的异常与干扰及会商机制等进行反思。结果表明:①指标体系中的空间指标、地球化学指标存在应用的局限性;基于M_L4.5震例基础上建立的震级强度指标在震级的判定上存在一定的偏差;②任何单一的预测指标用于地震预测时,都应根据不同区域特点,并结合多测项及其它学科资料进行综合判定,才能得到更为准确的判定结果;③空间分析不能只关注一条断裂带,应从更大的区域范围对成组断裂带进行分析;④地震异常和干扰有时是共生或伴生关系,不能因周围有干扰就直接否定其构造成因;异常分析不能仅局限在省域范围,应加强片区内各省学科间的交流协作,搭建一个可以充分勾通、交流的平台。     

汶川8.0级地震前地下流体长趋势变化特征讨论

通过对汶川M_S8.0地震震中周围地区震前地下流体长期观测资料的分析表明, 震前地下流体出现了长趋势变化, 其特征是时间早、 范围广, 具有协调性以及向未来震中迁移等特征, 形态主要为趋势转折、 破年变、 加速等, 其中大多数为趋势转折变化。 进一步对比研究地壳形变、 地下流体长趋势变化发现, 地壳形变和地下流体长趋势变化迁移特征一致, 地壳形变长趋势时间较早于地下流体长趋势变化时间, 形变出现张压变化与水位变化有比较密切的关系, 即形变大部分出现缓慢压性变化或张性减缓变化, 水位大部分出现缓慢上升或下降减缓变化。 最后讨论了地下流体长趋势变化机理。     

民乐—山丹地震地下流体异常场特征及其成因分析

介绍了2003年10月25日民乐-山丹MS6.1地震前地下流体异常场的时空特征及其演化,分析了地下流体异常场的成因。研究结果表明,民乐-山丹地震地下流体前兆场具有异常时间长、异常项次多、异常范围大的特征,其原因是受青藏块体整体构造和地震活动水平增强以及2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1地震的影响。