中国特色社区老年照顾的定位及其发展策略

20世纪80年代以来,中国老龄化问题日益严峻,社区老年照顾发展起来。中国社区与西方社区不同,有自身的特点,因此在发展中存在着两个问题:一是定位问题,二是推进策略问题。在定位问题上,宜将社区老年照顾定位为家庭养老的辅助;在发展策略上,宜先行发展收费型老年服务业,然后有选择地实现低偿或无偿照顾。这两个问题的解决对于社区老年照顾事业的均衡发展具有重要意义。     

“官办民助”抑或“官助民办”——政府在老年人社区照顾中的责任定位

老年人社区照顾,兴起于二战之后西方的"反院舍化"运动,主张老年人回归社区受到照顾。作为国家社会福利服务的主要输出途径,老年社区照顾由"官办民助"、政府主导,并充分利用社区资源使老年人不脱离社会。我国借鉴西方的老年人社区照顾,大力发展老年社区服务应对老龄化社会的巨大需求。但现行的"官助民办"政策并不符合我国国情,极大地抑制了老年社区服务的发展,应该尽快确立"官办民助"的指导思想,遵循"政府主导与社会参与相结合"的基本原则,构建完善的老年社区照顾体系。     

文化传统：老年社会工作的成长基因

发展中国的老年社会工作不能脱离固有的文化传统,中西养老文化的明显差异决定了老年社会工作的不同发展路径。应以社区照顾缝合居家养老的“硬肋”,找准老年社会工作的微观着力点,这样才能够发展出本土化的老年社会工作模式。     

北京社区养老照顾的发展困境及对策

当前,社区照顾已经成为共识。文章立足北京目前社区照顾供求结构,对于北京社区照顾供给不足的现状及深层原因进行了分析,提出多功能社区照顾的愿景以创新社会管理。在此基础上,文章勾勒出这一愿景有效实现的路线图:首先,应不断深化关于社区照顾的认识;其次,培育养老服务组织并提升养老服务的社会认同;再次,依托社区老年服务中心构建准入和退出机制。     

从《飞跃疯人院》看院舍化的弊端

社区照顾是社区社会工作中重要的一个组成部分,社区照顾的兴起与院舍化的弊端有直接的关联,因此,深入认识院舍化的弊端才能认识社区照顾的必然发展,影片《飞跃疯人院》为我们提供了一个非常宽广的视角。     

中国社区建设：问题与方向

社区的真正本质是社区精神。人们通过参与社区生活，形成对自己生活和工作社区的认同。中国社会有着自己独特的历史和人文生态环境，它的社区发展和社会结构与西方有着明显区别，中国的社会组织没有得到充分发育，政府在社区发展中起主导作用，社区建设应该培育居民的共同体意识，并针对特定的社会问题（诸如无家可归、失业下岗、家庭照顾、贫困等）。     

农村老年人进城养老：挑战及社会工作干预

农村老年人进城养老是随着中国城市化和农村老年人口分化而出现的社会养老新问题。农村老年人进城养老对现行的家庭养老、机构养老、社区照顾等养老模式形成挑战。应对农村老年人进城养老问题,在制度层面需取消城乡二元户籍限制;在养老服务理念和方式上则需社会工作的介入和干预。     

社区照顾——养老模式的新探索

社区照顾作为一种理念,最先由英国提出。社区照顾的服务对象包括所有有需要的社区成员,而对长者的照顾最能体现社区照顾的特点与优势。社区照顾的养老模式是通过各种社区资源的调动使居家养老的长者能够在他们熟悉的社区环境下维持独立的生活,又获得必要的照顾。这种方式对于目前我国机构养老的床位不足的困境,应该是很好的补充。     

从《飞越疯人院》看院舍化的弊端

社区照顾是社区社会工作中重要的一个组成部分，社区照顾的兴起与院舍化的弊端有直接的关联，因此，深入认识院舍化的弊端才能认识社区照顾的必然发展，影片《飞跃疯人院》为我们提供了一个非常宽广的视角。     

老年健康照顾需求评估与个案管理——基于昆明市实证调查

随着社会经济的发展和医疗卫生条件的改善,高龄化及慢性病的快速增长,老年多元照顾的需求使“个案管理”成为中国社会工作急需解决的课题。本文在对昆明市独居、丧偶、空巢及高血压老人做健康照顾需求评估的基础上,就“个案管理”的制度建设及运作,提出“政府主导、NGO（NPO）资源整合、强化老人（家庭、社区）支援”的建议。     

人口老龄化背景下的社区养老服务

人口老龄化的趋势不断加快是当前人口发展的态势,在传统家庭养老功能趋于弱化的同时,如何有效地建立满足老年人需求的服务体系是老年工作面临的挑战之一。本文结合老年人的身心特点阐述了社区养老服务的内涵及优越性,在分析了社区养老服务的现状及问题的基础上,提出了社区养老的发展思路和建议。     

社区老人—儿童共养模式可行性分析

本文主要探讨了老人—儿童共养这一新型社区养老模式。在探索了中国老年问题现状以及目前社区养老的总体情况后,笔者结合存在的问题和资源,提出了这一特殊的社区养老模式,并从必要性、具体操作和可行性分别进行了考量。藉此逐步拓宽社区养老服务的内容和形式,发挥出社工的专业作用,促进养老事业的发展。     

Caring and the generation of social capital: Two models for a positive relationship

Johansson S, Leonard R, Noonan K. Caring and the generation of social capital: two models for a positive relationship When caring is linked to social capital, it is generally assumed that the nature of the relationship is that social capital is a resource that can be used for care work. When there is inadequate funding of aged care services by the state, then social capital may be seen as a substitute for economic and human capital. Caring, therefore, is seen as a drain on capital. However, this does not have to be the case. Aged care services, if thoughtfully designed, can not only consume social capital, but also generate it. Two models of elder care, one Swedish and one Australian, have been identified which specifically address the generation of social capital. In each case, the services and facilities have been developed by third‐sector organisations with a strong community development focus, often in the face of resistance from state‐run or medically oriented services.     

Aging and Elder Care in Japan: A Call for Empowerment-Oriented Community Development

This article provides a brief overview of the situation of the elderly and their caregivers in Japan, including demographic changes in Japan, development and changes in long-term care policy that have targeted the poorly integrated community care system, and other challenges that the elderly and family caregivers face. Policy direction designed to address these issues is increasingly targeting care by the community versus support care by society (which was initially the main strategy). The potential of empowerment-oriented community development intervention strategies to decrease the gap between available institutional and formal community-based services and the needs of the elderly and their families in their efforts to meet late life challenges is described. The need for an increased role of social workers in community development interventions is explored and strategies are suggested.     

Towards Integrated Community Care for the Frail Aged

The growing awareness of family support among the frail aged has yet to be incorporated into a clear strategy for developing comprehensive community care. A starting point is to identify the characteristics of target populations, the range of tasks associated with aged care, and the capabilities of various informal and formal providers. Fully appropriate services would take into account the availability of family support as well as the needs of older people themselves. It is suggested that services be designed to (1) supplement support from spouses; (2) periodically substitute for other co-resident carers; (3) complement assistance from nonresident family; and (4) substitute for the unavailability of family support. Community services currently provide modest supplements, principally to nonresident support, but do little to address the other contexts of care. Suggestions are made for program developments that would provide genuine alternatives to institutionalisation without devolving the social costs entirely onto families.     

A viable care migration programme for Australia's ageing population: Recruiting migrant personal care workers for Australian aged care

Scholars and stakeholders alike have proposed the recruiting of migrant personal care workers as part of a strategy to respond to a prospective aged care deficit in Australia's ageing population. In recent years, there has been an increase in care migration to fulfil shortages among Australia's culturally and linguistically diverse and more remotely based populations. However, it is a difficult and resource‐intensive process to recruit migrant personal care workers under the labour agreement stream of the Temporary Skills Shortage visa. This article addresses the lacuna in existing literature dealing with the question of how Australia's migration framework ought to be structured to recruit migrant personal care workers as part of a strategy to prevent, or respond to, an aged care crisis. The article argues that the formation of an aged care industry labour agreement based on geographical and niche subsector labour market need is necessary to ensure the accessibility of the programme to aged care organisations. However, it is also argued that the introduction of a new low‐skill visa would better facilitate the recruitment of migrant personal care workers.     

人口老龄化及其对城市养老保障发展的影响——以城市养老保障为研究对象

人口老龄化是关系到社会生产和经济发展的重大问题之一,也关联着社会的各个单细胞——家庭模式和伦理文化体系发生新的变化。我国老年人口的绝对量和人口老龄化的速度在世界居前位。人口老龄化将带来一系列社会问题,健全和发展社会养老保障是保证社会安宁和解决老有所养的重要举措。本文主要从分析人口老龄的特点及发展趋势的这一角度切入,针对这个制度本身在运行过程中出现诸多的问题,对完善中国城市养老保障提出几点建议。     

社区建设的形式化问题与对策分析——以山东省滨州市的社区建设为例

推行社区建设有利于社会的和谐发展,我国早在1990年代就大力推行社区建设,并在一定程度上改善了社区的环境卫生、社区安全等问题。但是,社区在进一步的发展中却遇到了制度性的瓶颈问题。改革的具体策略是在新形势下要充分相信民众的能力,形成民主选举氛围,使民众自觉融入到社区建设中去。只有这样,校地合作才能建立一种真正意义上的合作关系。