干细胞在视神经损伤修复中的应用

许多致盲性眼病是由视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）损伤造成的,目前临床上缺乏有效的治疗方法。最近的研究显示干细胞可以替代或再生RGCs,从而有望修复受损的视功能。这些结果提供了新颖的视神经再生模式,但具体到临床应用,仍存在一系列问题需要解决。就应用干细胞再生视神经的研究进展进行综述。     

Research progress of stem cells on glaucomatous optic nerve injury

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness, is an irreversible optic neuropathy. The mechanism of optic nerve injury caused by glaucoma is undefined at present. There is no effective treatment method for the injury. Stem cells have the capacity of self-renewal and differentiation. These two features have made them become the research focus on improving the injury at present. This paper reviews the application progress on different types of stem cells therapy for optic nerve injury caused by glaucoma.     

视神经再生的研究进展

视神经属于中枢神经的一部分,损伤后难以再生。视神经损伤通常伴随视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglioncells,RGCs)的持续性凋亡及视神经变性坏死,引起视力损害甚至完全失明。目前针对视神经再生的基础研究主要集中于保护和维持视神经损伤后RGCs的存活、促进RGCs轴突再生及重建视神经功能。本文以RGCs保护、轴突再生及视神经功能重建等为关键词,查询国内外最新视神经再生研究类文献,并分析整理,从抗氧化应激、提供外源性细胞因子、炎症刺激、抗胶质瘢痕、基因调控等方面阐述近年的视神经再生研究进展,以期对后续的基础研究开展及临床转化有所帮助。     

青光眼视神经保护治疗的实验研究

视网膜神经节细胞死亡是青光眼视神经损伤的最终共同通路，阻断或延缓神经节细胞原发性和（或）继发性损伤的治疗方法称为青光眼视神经保护治疗。目前这一领域的研究包括谷氨酸拮抗剂、钙通道阻滞剂、抗氧化剂、NO合成酶抑制剂、神经营养、凋亡抑制剂、疫苗等。在未来的青光眼治疗中视神经保护治疗很可能成为一种重要的辅助治疗措施，将和包括降眼压药在内的其他手段一起来减少各种原发性和（或）继发性致病因素对视网膜神经节细胞的损伤。     

Current approaches and future prospects for stem cell rescue and regeneration of the retina and optic nerve

The 3 most common causes of visual impairment and legal blindness in developed countries (age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy) share 1 end point: the loss of neural cells of the eye. Although recent treatment advances can slow down the progression of these conditions, many individuals still suffer irreversible loss of vision. Research is aimed at developing new treatment strategies to rescue damaged photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and to replace lost cells by transplant. The neuroprotective and regenerative potential of stem and progenitor cells from a variety of sources has been explored in models of retinal disease and ganglion cell loss. Continuous intraocular delivery of neurotrophic factors via stem cells (SC) slows down photoreceptor cells and RGC loss in experimental models. Following intraocular transplantation, SC are capable of expressing proteins and of developing a morphology characteristic of photoreceptors or RGC. Recently, recovery of vision has been achieved for the first time in a rodent model of retinal dystrophy, using embryonic SC differentiated into photoreceptors prior to transplant. This indicates that clinically significant synapse formation and acquisition of the functional properties of retinal neurons, and restoration of vision, are distinct future possibilities.     

Up-regulation of cytochrome oxidase in the retina following optic nerve injury

The purpose of this study is to investigate the cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity in the retina and optic nerve following an optic nerve injury. The optic nerve crush of one eye was carried out in Balb/c mice. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR method was then adopted to evaluate the mRNA expression of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) in the retina after surgery. Up-regulation of COX1 mRNA in the retina was detected by RT-PCR at 24 hr following the optic nerve injury. Total retinal mitochondrial mass measured by fluorescent intensity of MitoTracker green was not altered following the injury. COX histochemistry performed on cryostat sections showed an elevated enzyme activity of COX in the retina and in the optic nerve. In the retina, elevation of the COX activity was observed in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the overlying nerve fibre layer. The increase of COX activity began from 24 hr after injury, peaked around day 3, and maintained up to 1 week after the operation. In the optic nerve, increase of COX activity was observed in regions distal to the crush line and distributed either randomly or in a cone shape. In conclusion, both the expression of COX1 mRNA in retina and the activity of COX in inner plexiform layer and retinal ganglion cell layer were elevated following optic nerve injury without affecting total retinal mitochondrial mass. These findings suggested that one of early responses in the retina and in the optic nerve after the optic nerve injury is to scale up the energy production.     

视神经再生的实验研究进展

视神经是中枢神经的一部分，损伤后将无法再生，继而引起进一步视力损害。根据目前视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞（retinal ganglion cells，RGCs）轴突再生的基础研究，视神经损伤后必须采取以下有效措施:提高RGCs内在的再生潜力，改善生长抑制环境，优化RGCs神经再生，而诱导再生轴突靶向延伸是理想的促进视神经的再生与修复方式。本文查阅国内外最新实验性视神经再生研究类文献，从调控眼内炎症因子、提供合适外源性神秘生长因子、激活RGCs再生潜能、阻断抑制性轴突再生信号传导、给予适当的再生刺激信号、改善抑制性细胞外微环境等方面阐述促进视神经再生的研究现状，以期对早日实现基础研究成果尽快向临床应用转化有所帮助。     

利用荧光金逆行示踪技术评价视神经不完全损伤后视网膜神经节细胞的存活率

目的　利用荧光金逆行示踪技术评价正常及视神经不完全损伤后的视网膜神经节细胞 (retinalganglioncells,RGCs)的数目。 方法　正常成年LongEvans大鼠 2 0只 ,体重(2 70± 2 0 ) g ,雌雄不限。按对照组、损伤后 7d、14d、2 1d分组 ,每组 5只大鼠。在球后视神经钳夹伤前 7d行荧光金逆行标记。 7d后损伤组大鼠用反向血管夹于左眼球后 2mm处夹视神经 10s。对照组大鼠只暴露视神经不行钳夹 ,分别于各时间点将大鼠用 4 %多聚甲醛灌注固定后 ,行全视网膜铺片 ,3h内在荧光显微镜下观察。在每张视网膜的上、下、鼻、颞侧距视盘 1/ 6、1/ 2、5 / 6半径处共拍摄 12张荧光照片。对照片上标记的RGCs进行计数 ,求平均值 ,计算损伤后各时间点剩余的RGCs与正常视网膜中RGCs的百分比。结果　视网膜铺片的RGCs边界清晰 ,并可见明显的细胞突起 ,血管走行区未见节细胞分布。正常组每张铺片的平均节细胞数为 (2 0 31± 2 87)个·mm-2 ,损伤后 7d的RGCs存活率为 71% ,14d存活率为 5 1% ,2 1d存活率为 35 %。结论　荧光金逆行标记是评价视神经损伤后RGCs存活率可靠并且有效的方法。     

Neuroprotective effects of BDNF and GDNF in intravitreally transplanted mesenchymal stem cells after optic nerve crush in mice

AIM: To assess the neuro-protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve crush in mice. METHODS: C56BL/6J mice were treated with intravitreal injection of PBS, BMSCs, BDNF-interference BMSCs (BIM), and GDNF-interference BMSCs (GIM) following optic nerve crush, respectively. The number of surviving RGCs was determined by whole-mount retinas and frozen sections, while certain mRNA or protein was detected by q-PCR or ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: The density (cell number/mm2) of RGCs was 410.77±56.70 in the retina 21d after optic nerve crush without any treatment, compared to 1351.39±195.97 in the normal control (P<0.05). RGCs in BMSCs treated eyes was 625.07±89.64/mm2, significantly higher than that of no or PBS treatment (P<0.05). While RGCs was even less in the retina with intravitreal injection of BIM (354.07+39.77) and GIM (326.67+33.37) than that without treatment (P<0.05). BMSCs injection improved the internal BDNF expression in retinas. CONCLUSION: Optic nerve crush caused rust loss of RGCs and intravitreally transplanted BMSCs at some extent protected RGCs from death. The effect of BMSCs and level of BDNF in retinas are both related to BDNF and GDNF expression in BMSCs.     

A biomechanical paradigm for axonal insult within the optic nerve head in aging and glaucoma

This article is dedicated to Rosario Hernandez for her warm support of my own work and her genuine enthusiasm for the work of her colleagues throughout her career. I first met Rosario as a research fellow in Harry Quigley’s laboratory between 1991 and 1993. Along with Harry, John Morrison, Elaine Johnson, Abe Clark, Colm O’Brien and many others, Rosario’s work has provided lamina cribrosa astrocyte cellular mechanisms that are biomechanically plausible and in so doing provided credibility to early notions of the optic nerve head (ONH) as a biomechanical structure.We owe a large intellectual debt to Rosario for her dogged persistence in the characterization of the ONH astrocyte and lamina cribrosacyte in age and disease. Two questions run through her work and remain of central importance today. First, how do astrocytes respond to and alter the biomechanical environment of the ONH and the physiologic stresses created therein? Second, how do these physiologic demands on the astrocyte influence their ability to deliver the support to retinal ganglion cell axon transport and flow against the translaminar pressure gradient?The purpose of this article is to summarize what is known about the biomechanical determinants of retinal ganglion cell axon physiology within the ONH in the optic neuropathy of aging and Glaucoma. My goal is to provide a biomechanical framework for this discussion. This framework assumes that the ONH astrocytes and glia fundamentally support and influence both the lamina cribrosa extracellular matrix and retinal ganglion cell axon physiology. Rosario Hernandez was one of the first investigators to recognize the implications of this unique circumstance. Many of the ideas contained herein have been initially presented within or derived from her work (Hernandez, M.R., 2000. The optic nerve head in glaucoma: role of astrocytes in tissue remodeling. Prog Retin Eye Res. 19, 297–321.; Hernandez, M.R., Pena, J.D., 1997. The optic nerve head in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 115, 389–395.).     

Echographic measurements of the retrobulbar optic nerve in normal and glaucomatous eyes

AIM—A study was designed to investigate whether measurements of the optic nerve diameter (OND) and cross sectional area (ONCSA), as measured by B-scan ultrasonography, are altered in glaucoma. The reproducibility and test-retest variability of echographic estimates of retrobulbar optic nerve dimensions was also tested.
METHODS—One eye of 49 glaucoma patients and 90 control subjects underwent five repeated echographic measurements of the maximal interpial diameter and cross sectional area of the orbital optic nerve on two separate occasions. All measurements were taken by one experienced ultrasonographer.
RESULTS—Mean optic nerve diameter (SD) for the control group was 2.86 (0.46) mm, and was independent of height (multiple regression analysis: p = 0.21), axial length (p = 0.74), spherical equivalent (p = 0.97), sex (ANOVA: p=0.36), or race (p=0.14), but was inversely related to age (p = 0.01). Reproducibility of OND readings in control subjects was 0.149 mm (coefficient of repeatability). Test-retest variability of interpial diameter was −0.02 (0.29) mm. Mean interpial diameter of the optic nerve was significantly smaller among glaucomatous eyes (2.58 (0.501) mm) than controls (Mann-Whitney U test: p < 0.0001). Glaucomatous optic nerves also had a significantly smaller cross sectional area (6.68 (2.58) mm²) than those of healthy volunteers (8.25 (1.67) mm²) (p = 0.004).
CONCLUSION—Echographic measurements of the orbital optic nerve are highly reproducible and not subject to clinically meaningful test-retest variability. Optic nerve interpial diameter and cross sectional area are reduced in glaucomatous eyes, reflecting nerve fibre loss. This technique may be useful in distinguishing between normal and glaucomatous eyes where optic disc morphometry is inconclusive or impossible as a result of opaque media.

Keywords: glaucoma; optic nerve; ultrasound     

氨基胍对视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞的保护性作用

视神经损伤是眼科常见疾病,多并发于颅脑外伤,预后不良,常致患者失明。由于视神经损伤的发病机制尚未完全明了,所以迄今为止其治疗仍是国内外眼科界的一大难题。现将视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞（retinal ganglion cells,RGCs）凋亡及氨基胍（Aminogunidine,AG）对其保护性作用做一综述。     

Reproducibility of topographic measures of the glaucomatous optic nerve head

AIMS/BACKGROUND—Laser scanning tomography provides an assessment of three dimensional optic disc topography. For the clinical purpose of follow up of glaucoma patients, the repeatability of the various measured variables is essential. In the present study, the reproducibility of morphometric variables calculated by the topographic scanning system, TopSS (Laser Diagnostic Technology, San Diego, CA) was investigated.
METHODS—Two independent measurements (30 minutes apart) each consisting of three complete images of the optic disc were performed on 16 eyes of 16 glaucoma patients using a TopSS. The instrument calculates 14 morphometric variables for the characterisation of the optic disc.
RESULTS—From the two tailed paired tests, all variables were seen to have good reproducibility. However, correlation and regression analyses showed that only the three variables, volume below, half depth area, and average cup depth, are acceptably reproducible.
CONCLUSION—The TopSS provides three variables which describe the physiological shape of the optic disc that have high reproducibility. These three variables might be useful for following the progression of optic disc changes in glaucoma patients.

Keywords: optic nerve head; scanning laser; glaucoma; tomography     

Iris colour, optic disc dimensions, degree and progression of glaucomatous optic nerve damage

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether iris colour influences size and shape of the optic nerve head and risk for glaucoma progression. METHODS: The hospital-based observational study included 1973 eyes of 1012 Caucasian subjects with ocular hypertension or chronic open-angle glaucoma. For all patients, colour stereo optic disc photographs were evaluated, and corneal pachymetry and achromatic perimetry were performed. Main outcome measures were optic nerve head parameters, the development or progression of visual field defects and iris colour. RESULTS: In most of the study groups, size of the optic disc, neuroretinal rim, alpha zone and beta zone of parapapillary atrophy, retinal vessel diameter and central corneal thickness did not differ significantly between eyes with blue, green, brown and mixed iris colour. In the normal-pressure glaucoma group, neuroretinal rim area was smallest in the population with mixed-coloured eyes and largest in the group of eyes with brown irides (P = 0.001 after correction for inter-eye dependency and multiple testing). For the ocular hypertensive subjects and glaucoma patients with follow-up examinations, the rate of development or progression of glaucomatous visual field loss was not significantly associated with iris colour (P = 0.060). CONCLUSIONS: In Caucasian subjects, iris colour does not have a major association with the size of the optic nerve head structures, central corneal thickness and retinal arterial diameter. In Caucasian patients with ocular hypertension or chronic open-angle glaucoma, an influence of iris colour on the risk for development or progression of glaucomatous visual field defects could not be confirmed.     

杞贞胶囊对视网膜神经节细胞保护作用及其作用机制的实验研究

目的 探索杞贞胶囊对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用及其作用机制。设计 实验研究。研究对象 SPF级SD大鼠72只。方法 72只SD大鼠随机分为2组：用药组36只;对照组36只。两组大鼠右眼行视神经夹伤,于球后2 mm处用40 g微型视神经夹夹伤视神经60 s。左眼作为正常对照。夹伤后2小时及此后每日予以灌胃给药一次。用药组给予20%杞贞溶液2.5 ml/kg,对照组给予生理盐水2.5 ml/kg。给药第28天取眼球标本,用药组和对照组各取24只行HE染色﹑Tunel试剂盒染色﹑Caspase-3免疫组化染色;剩余每组12只分离视网膜提取mRNA,测定Bax和Bcl-2基因的表达量。主要指标 视网膜厚度﹑Bax和Bcl-2基因表达量。结果 用药组视网膜厚度平均为（109.0±4.4）μm;对照组视网膜厚度为（101.8±7.6）μm（F=29.497,P=0.028）。两组间Bax基因表达差异具有统计学意义（t=1.089,P=0.028）;Bcl-2基因表达差异未见统计学意义（t=0.553,P=0.692）。结论 杞贞胶囊对大鼠视神经夹伤后的视网膜神经节细胞具有保护作用,可能通过下调Bax基因表达和抑制Caspase蛋白活性从而减少视网膜神经节细胞凋亡。     

癌钙蛋白在视神经损伤修复中的作用及研究进展

作为一种特殊的钙调蛋白,癌钙蛋白(oncomodulin,OncoM,OCM)一直被认为只在肿瘤的发生、生长中起调节作用。然而近年来研究发现,OCM对视神经损伤具有修复功能,为神经损伤的治疗提供了更为广阔的视野。本文就目前OCM在视神经损伤修复中的作用及研究进展作一综述。     

Experimental detection of retinal ganglion cell damage in vivo

In vivo detection of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage should have experimental and clinical relevance. A number of experimental models have been recently described to visualize RGCs in vivo. With retrograde injection of fluorescent tracers into the superior colliculus, lateral geniculate body, or optic nerve, RGCs can be detected in vivo with confocal laser scanning microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, or confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Although the resolution of these imaging techniques is limited to detecting only the cell bodies, the addition of adaptive optics has allowed in vivo visualization of axonal and dendritic processes. An ideal experimental model for detection of RGC damage should be non-invasive and reproducible. The introduction of a strain of transgenic mice that express fluorescent proteins under the control of Thy-1 promoter sequence has offered a non-invasive approach to detect RGCs. Long- term serial monitoring of RGCs over a year has been shown possible with this technique. In vivo imaging of RGCs could provide crucial information to investigating the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and evaluating the treatment response of neuroprotective agents.     

睫状神经节烧灼加视神经剪断术治疗绝对期青光眼

目的观察睫状神经节烧灼及视神经剪断术治疗伴有剧烈疼痛的绝对期青光眼的疗效。方法对15例(15眼)确诊为绝对期青光眼并伴有剧烈疼痛者,采用睫状神经节烧灼加视神经剪断术进行治疗。术中先行外直肌剪断。然后剪断视神经,翻转眼球暴露睫状神经节用烧灼器行睫状神经节烧灼。结果15例(15眼)术后1周内所有症状全部消失。出院后3a内定期追踪观察,无1例复发,保留眼球有效率为100％。结论睫状神经节烧灼加视神经剪断术方法简单,易于开展,在绝对期青光眼的治疗中有较好的疗效。     

Advances in researches on the optic nerve protection

The mechanisms of regeneration and protection of optic nerve, the represent of central nerves, are researched more and more profoundly and extensively in recent years. The retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) protection after injury is stopping or preventing it from apoptosis mainly. The methods include glutamic acid inhibitor, nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor, neurotrophic factor, gene therapy, acupuncture, traditional Chinese medicine and so on. However, there are no medicines or operations that play definite curative role in the RGCs protection after injury up to now. So the ganglion cells protection is at its exploratory research stage, which will shoulder heavy responsibilities     

视神经保护的研究进展

视神经作为中枢神经的代表,它的再生和保护机制近年来得到深入而广泛的研究,视神经损伤后对视网膜神经节细胞的保护主要是停止或防止其发生凋亡,主要途径有:谷氨酸抑制剂、一氧化氮抑制剂、神经营养因子、基因治疗、针灸、中药等。但是迄今还没有一种药物或手术方法对视神经损伤的修复有明确的疗效。视神经保护仍处于研究探索阶段,任重而道远。